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Loenneke JP, Hammert WB, Kataoka R, Yamada Y, Abe T. Twenty-five years of blood flow restriction training: What we know, what we don't, and where to next? J Sports Sci 2025:1-18. [PMID: 40079571 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2474329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2025]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction is a technique that involves inflating a cuff at the proximal portion of the limb with the goal of reducing arterial inflow into the muscle and venous outflow from the muscle. Low-load or low-intensity exercise in combination with blood flow restriction has been consistently shown to augment adaptations over the same/similar exercise without restriction, with changes in muscle size and strength being two of the most commonly measured adaptations. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an updated narrative review on blood flow restriction. Blood flow restriction's history, methodology, safety, and efficacy are highlighted. We discuss the effects of blood flow restriction on changes in muscle size and strength, and also review work completed on other variables (e.g. bone, resting blood flow, tendon, pain sensitivity, cognition, orthostatic intolerance). We finish by highlighting six possible areas for future research: 1) identifying mechanisms for growth and strength; 2) sex differences in the effects of blood flow restriction; 3) individual responses to blood flow restriction; 4) influence of pressure versus amount of blood flow restricted; 5) application of blood flow restriction with higher-loads; and 6) what considerations should be made to test the effects of blood flow restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, USA
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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Orsatti FL, de Queiroz Freitas AC, Borges AVBE, Santato AS, de Oliveira Assumpção C, Souza MVC, da Silva MV, Orsatti CL. Unveiling the role of exercise in modulating plasma heat shock protein 27 levels: insights for exercise immunology and cardiovascular health. Mol Cell Biochem 2025; 480:1381-1401. [PMID: 39172352 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, primarily driven by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition contributing significantly to fatalities. Various biological determinants affecting cardiovascular health across different age and sex groups have been identified. In this context, recent attention has focused on the potential therapeutic and preventive role of increasing circulating levels of heat shock protein 27 (plasma HSP27) in combating atherosclerosis. Plasma HSP27 is recognized for its protective function in inflammatory atherogenesis, offering promising avenues for intervention and management strategies against this prevalent cardiovascular ailment. Exercise has emerged as a pivotal strategy in preventing and managing cardiovascular disease, with literature indicating an increase in plasma HSP27 levels post-exercise. However, there is limited understanding of the impact of exercise on the release of HSP27 into circulation. Clarifying these aspects is crucial for understanding the role of exercise in modulating plasma HSP27 levels and its potential implications for cardiovascular health across diverse populations. Therefore, this review aims to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plasma HSP27 and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Lera Orsatti
- Exercise Biology Laboratory (BioEx), Department of Sport Science, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Av. Frei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, MG, 38025-180, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Corrêa de Queiroz Freitas
- Exercise Biology Laboratory (BioEx), Department of Sport Science, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Av. Frei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, MG, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Anna Victória Bernardes E Borges
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil
| | - Alexia Souza Santato
- Exercise Biology Laboratory (BioEx), Department of Sport Science, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Av. Frei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, MG, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Claudio de Oliveira Assumpção
- Exercise Biology Laboratory (BioEx), Department of Sport Science, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Av. Frei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, MG, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Markus Vinicius Campos Souza
- Exercise Biology Laboratory (BioEx), Department of Sport Science, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Av. Frei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, MG, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, And Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38025-350, Brazil
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Jing J, Zheng Q, Dong H, Wang Y, Wang P, Fan D, Xu Z. Effects of upper extremity blood flow restriction training on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2025; 15:1488305. [PMID: 39835205 PMCID: PMC11743574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1488305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Low load resistance training with blood flow restriction (LL-BFRT) has been shown to improve muscle strength and hypertrophic function. The effect of LL-BFRT on lower extremity muscle improvement has been widely discussed. However, no studies have discussed the effect of this training method on the upper extremity muscles until now. This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on the use of LL-BFRT in the upper extremity muscles. Methods The relevant literature was searched in four major databases including Pubmed, Web of science, the Cochrane Library and Embase from 10 June 2024. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool and GRADE methodology were used to assess the risk of bias and quality in included studies. Results The meta-analysis included a total of 11 articles with 220 participants. LL-BFRT and high load resistance training (HLRT) produced similar effects in improving upper extremity muscle strength (low certainty evidence, SMD: -0.35; 95%CI: -0.73 to 0.03; p: 0.07; I2: 2%) and hypertrophy (moderate certainty evidence, SMD: -0.36; 95%CI: -0.73 to 0.01; p: 0.05; I2: 0%). Compared with low load resistance training (LLRT), LL-BFRT showed greater advantages in improving upper extremity muscle strength (low certainty evidence, SMD: 0.67; 95%CI: 0.33 to 1.01; p: 0.0001; I2: 0%) and hypertrophy (low certainty evidence, SMD: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.06 to 0.67; p: 0.02; I2: 0%). Conclusion In general, LL-BFRT can be used as an alternative training method for HLRT to improve upper extremity muscle strength and hypertrophy. Our study shows that the effect of LL-BFRT on upper extremity muscle is limited by age and region. It is necessary to formulate reasonable exercise programs according to the characteristics of different demographic groups. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024555514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Jing
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Rehabilitation Therapeutics, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinzhi Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Rehabilitation Therapeutics, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongfei Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peiji Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Mendonca GV, Alves DL, Fitas A, Pezarat-Correia P. Minimum velocity threshold in response to the free-weight back squat: reliability and validity of different submaximal loading schemes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2909-2922. [PMID: 38730035 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore if mean concentric velocity (MCV) of the last repetition before set failure differs between free-weight back squat protocols with greater emphasis on metabolic accumulation vs. mechanical loading. The between-set and between-day reliability of terminal MCV obtained with these different loading schemes was also determined. METHODS Fifteen healthy male participants (18-30 years) were included. They all were required to exhibit a relative strength ≥ 1.5 times their body mass. MCVs were obtained at one-repetition maximum (1RM) and with two submaximal protocols (metabolic emphasis: three sets of 40%1RM with blood-flow restriction vs. mechanical emphasis: three sets 80%1RM without blood-flow restriction). Participants were instructed to reach maximal intended concentric velocity in each repetition up to failure. RESULTS Set failure was achieved at a faster MCV with the metabolic protocol (p < 0.05). The reliability of MCV at failure reached higher values for the metabolic loading scheme. However, while the MCV achieved at failure during the metabolic protocol was systematically higher than the MCV at 1RM (p < 0.05), this was not entirely the case for the mechanical protocol (similar to 1RM MCV during the last sets in both testing days). Finally, the absolute error derived from estimating the MCV at 1RM based on the MCV obtained at set failure with the mechanical protocol was considerably high (≥ 0.05 m/s). CONCLUSION This study indicates that MCV obtained at set failure is dependent on the specificity of the physiological demands of exercise. Thus, MCVs obtained at failure with submaximal loads should not be used to estimate 1RM MCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.
| | - Diogo L Alves
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Afonso Fitas
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
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Proppe CE, Rivera PM, Gonzalez-Rojas DH, Fukuda DH, Wilson AT, Mansy HA, Hill EC. Muscle Swelling and Neuromuscular Responses Following Blood Flow Restricted Exercise in Untrained Women. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39231592 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2391422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: There is conflicting evidence related to the prevalence and magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) following four sets to volitional failure with BFR (BFR-F) or 75 total repetitions with BFR (1 × 30, 3 × 15, BFR-75). The purpose of this investigation was to examine muscle swelling, peak torque, and neuromuscular responses following BFR-75 and BFR-F. Methods: Thirteen untrained women completed unilateral isokinetic (120°s-1) leg extensions concentric-eccentric at 30% of their maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) using BFR-75 and BFR-F protocols, separated by 15 minutes. Ultrasound was used to assess muscle thickness, cross sectional area, and echo intensity of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis before, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hours post-exercise. Peak torque and surface electromyography (sEMG) were recorded during MVICs before, 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hours post-exercise to determine sEMG amplitude, frequency, and neuromuscular efficiency. Results: There were no differences between conditions. Collapsed across conditions, muscle thickness and cross-sectional area increased at 0-hours for the rectus femoris (2.5 ± 0.4, 2.8 ± 0.4 cm, 10.6 ± 1.8, 12.1 ± 1.8 cm2, respectively) and vastus lateralis (2.1 ± 0.5, 2.5 ± 0.7 cm; 22.2 ± 3.9, 25.1 ± 4.5 cm2, respectively), but returned to baseline at 24-hours. There were no changes in echo intensity, sEMG amplitude, sEMG frequency, or neuromuscular efficiency. MVIC peak torque increased relative to pre-exercise at 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hours (159.9 ± 34.9, 171.4 ± 30.1-179.1 ± 35.6 Nm). Conclusion: These results suggest that BFR-75 and BFR-F did not cause EIMD but caused an acute increase in muscle swelling that returned to baseline 24-hours post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ethan C Hill
- University of Central Florida
- Florida Space Institute
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Proppe CE, Rivera PM, Kelly RT, Rotenberger NP, Salazar S, Lubiak SM, Hill EC. Indices of exercise induced muscle damage following low load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction in untrained males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:880-888. [PMID: 38863419 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence regarding the presence and magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) following low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (LL+BFR), which may be related to the protocol implemented or exercise volume. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a 75 repetition (BFR-75) (1×30, 3×15) and four sets to volitional failure (BFR-4x) protocols on indices of EIMD among untrained men. METHODS Twelve males with no history of lower-body resistance training during the previous six months volunteered for this investigation. One leg was randomly assigned to BFR-75, and the other to BFR-4x. Participants performed isokinetic, unilateral, concentric-eccentric, leg extension muscle actions at 30% of maximal strength with BFR. Indices of EIMD (limb circumference, perceived muscle soreness, pain pressure threshold [PPT], passive range of motion, and maximal strength [MVIC]) were recorded before exercise and 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96-hours post-exercise for each protocol. RESULTS There were no significant changes (P>0.05) in limb circumference, PPT, passive range of motion, or MVIC. For both BFR-75 and BFR-4x, perceived muscle soreness increased (P<0.001) similarly 24- (2.5±1.7 AU) and 48-hours (1.9±1.7 AU) post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in muscle soreness 24-48 hours post-exercise for both conditions, which may be due to metabolic stress, but this did not affect the force-generating capacity of the muscle (MVIC), suggesting minimal EIMD. The conflicting evidence of EIMD following LL+BFR may be related to differences in restriction time or overall exercise time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Proppe
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA -
| | - Paola M Rivera
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Rotenberger
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Santiago Salazar
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sean M Lubiak
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Space Institute, Partnership I, Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Vikmoen O, Teien HK, Tansø R, Aandstad A, Lander E, Cumming KT, Ellefsen S, Helkala K, Raastad T. Effects of a 10-d Military Field Exercise on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Muscle Cells in Men and Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:682-696. [PMID: 37962228 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a demanding military field exercise on physical performance, body composition, and muscle cellular outcomes in men and women. METHODS Ten men (20.5 ± 0.5 yr) and 8 women (21.4 ± 1.4 yr) completed a 10-d field exercise consisting of extensive physical activity with food and sleep restriction. Acquisition of body composition, physical performance, blood, and muscle biopsies samples were done before and 1, 7, and 14 d after the exercise. RESULTS There were no sex differences in the response to the exercise. Body mass was decreased with 5.6% ± 1.8% and fat mass with 31% ± 11% during the exercise. Both were still reduced after 14 d (2.5% ± 2.3%, P < 0.001, and 12.5% ± 7.7%, P < 0.001, respectively). Isometric leg strength did not change. Peak leg extension torque at 240°·s -1 and counter movement jump height were reduced with 4.6% ± 4.8% ( P = 0.012) and 6.7% ± 6.2% ( P < 0.001), respectively, and was still reduced after 14 d (4.3% ± 4.2%, P = 0.002, and 4.1% ± 4.7%, P = 0.030). No changes occurred in fiber CSA, fiber types, proteins involved in calcium handling, or HSP70. During the exercise, αB-crystallin levels decreased by 14% ± 19% ( P = 0.024) in the cytosolic fraction and staining intensity on muscle sections tended to increase (17% ± 25%, P = 0.076). MuRF1 levels in the cytosolic fraction tended to decrease (19% ± 35%) and increased with 85% ± 105% ( P = 0.003) in the cytoskeletal fraction 1 wk after the exercise. CONCLUSIONS The field exercise resulted in reduced body mass and physical performance in both sexes. The ability to produce force at high contraction velocities and explosive strength was more affected than isometric strength, but this was not related to any changes in fiber type composition, fiber area, Ca 2+ handling, or fiber type-specific muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilde Kristin Teien
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Comprehensive Defence Division, Kjeller, NORWAY
| | - Rita Tansø
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Comprehensive Defence Division, Kjeller, NORWAY
| | - Anders Aandstad
- Norwegian Defence University College, Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Section for Military Leadership and Sport, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Elise Lander
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Performance, Oslo, NORWAY
| | | | - Stian Ellefsen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Faculty for Health and Social Sciences, Lillehammer, NORWAY
| | - Kirsi Helkala
- The Norwegian Defense University College, Norwegian Defence Cyber Academy, Lillehammer, NORWAY
| | - Truls Raastad
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Performance, Oslo, NORWAY
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Davids CJ, Roberts LA, Bjørnsen T, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Raastad T. Where Does Blood Flow Restriction Fit in the Toolbox of Athletic Development? A Narrative Review of the Proposed Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Sports Med 2023; 53:2077-2093. [PMID: 37578669 PMCID: PMC10587223 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted exercise is currently used as a low-intensity time-efficient approach to reap many of the benefits of typical high-intensity training. Evidence continues to lend support to the notion that even highly trained individuals, such as athletes, still benefit from this mode of training. Both resistance and endurance exercise may be combined with blood flow restriction to provide a spectrum of adaptations in skeletal muscle, spanning from myofibrillar to mitochondrial adjustments. Such diverse adaptations would benefit both muscular strength and endurance qualities concurrently, which are demanded in athletic performance, most notably in team sports. Moreover, recent work indicates that when traditional high-load resistance training is supplemented with low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise, either in the same session or as a separate training block in a periodised programme, a synergistic and complementary effect on training adaptations may occur. Transient reductions in mechanical loading of tissues afforded by low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise may also serve a purpose during de-loading, tapering or rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injury. This narrative review aims to expand on the current scientific and practical understanding of how blood flow restriction methods may be applied by coaches and practitioners to enhance current athletic development models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
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Castilla-López C, Romero-Franco N. Low-load strength resistance training with blood flow restriction compared with high-load strength resistance training on performance of professional soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1146-1154. [PMID: 37535339 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of low-load blood flow restriction strength resistance training (LL-BFR) compared to high load strength resistance training (HL) on performance of professional soccer players. METHODS Eighteen male players from National Soccer Professional League were randomly allocated into two groups: LL-BFR, who performed a 6-weeks strength training program with low load (20-35% of one-repetition maximum-[1RM]), or HL, who performed a 6-week resistance training program with high load (70-85% 1RM). Before and after, thigh girth, vertical jump, lower limb strength, vertical force-velocity profile (F-v), and 30-m sprint were evaluated. RESULTS After the training program, both LL-BFR and HL induced significant increases compared to baseline in thigh girth (+3.3% for LL-BFR and +3.1% for HL) and maximal velocity during sprinting (+6.0 and +6.2%, respectively), without between-group differences. In reference to FV, only HL players improved imbalance (-54.4%), maximal theoretical force production (+10.4%) and decreased extension velocity (-20.5%) compared to baseline, without between-group differences. Only LL-BFR induced increases in maximum voluntary contraction of left hamstring compared to baseline (+13.8%), without between-group differences. No differences were shown for the rest of variables (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although LL-BFR may increase muscle circumference and sprint ability, these results are similar to those induced with HL in male professional soccer. In terms of F-v, only HL induced improvements, but these changes were not greater than those observed after LL-BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IIdISBa), Palma, Spain
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10
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Proppe CE, Aldeghi TM, Rivera PM, Gonzalez-Rojas D, Wizenberg AM, Hill EC. 75-repetition versus sets to failure of blood flow restriction exercise on indices of muscle damage in women. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1993-2001. [PMID: 37032512 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2201813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThere is conflicting evidence regarding the prevalence and magnitude of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) following low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (LL + BFR) that may be related to exercise protocols. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 75-repetition (BFR-75) (1 × 30, 3 × 15) and 4 sets to failure (BFR-4x) protocols on indices of EIMD among untrained women. Thirteen women completed this investigation. One leg was randomly assigned to BFR-75 and the other to BFR-4x. Each leg performed isokinetic, unilateral, concentric-eccentric, leg extension muscle actions at 30% of maximal strength. Indices of EIMD (muscle soreness, range of motion [ROM], limb circumference, pain pressure threshold [PPT], and maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) were recorded before exercise, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hours post-exercise. There were no changes for ROM, circumference, or PPT. Muscle soreness increased similarly in both conditions 0-, 24-, and 48-hours post-exercise and MVIC increased 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hours post-exercise. These findings suggested BFR-75 and BFR-4x were not associated with EIMD and elicited similar physiological responses. The increases in muscle soreness may be due to metabolic stress associated with LL + BFR protocols apart from EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Proppe
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Taylor M Aldeghi
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Paola M Rivera
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - David Gonzalez-Rojas
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Aaron M Wizenberg
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Florida Space Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
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Reece TM, Godwin JS, Strube MJ, Ciccone AB, Stout KW, Pearson JR, Vopat BG, Gallagher PM, Roberts MD, Herda TJ. Myofiber hypertrophy adaptations following 6 weeks of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in untrained males and females. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1240-1255. [PMID: 37022967 PMCID: PMC10190928 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00704.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on hypertrophy of type I/II myofibers remains unclear, especially in females. The purpose of the present study is to examine changes in type I/II myofiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) and muscle CSA (mCSA) of the vastus lateralis (VL) from before (Pre) to after (Post) 6 wk of high-load resistance training (HL; n = 15, 8 females) and low-load resistance training with BFR (n = 16, 8 females). Mixed-effects models were used to analyze fCSA with group (HL, BFR), sex (M, F), fiber type (I, II), and time (Pre, Post) included as factors. mCSA increased from pre- to posttraining (P < 0.001, d = 0.91) and was greater in males compared with females (P < 0.001, d = 2.26). Type II fCSA increased pre- to post-HL (P < 0.05, d = 0.46) and was greater in males compared with females (P < 0.05, d = 0.78). There were no significant increases in fCSA pre- to post-BFR for either fiber type or sex. Cohen's d, however, revealed moderate effect sizes in type I and II fCSA for males (d = 0.59 and 0.67), although this did not hold true for females (d = 0.29 and 0.34). Conversely, the increase in type II fCSA was greater for females than for males after HL. In conclusion, low-load resistance training with BFR may not promote myofiber hypertrophy to the level of HL resistance training, and similar responses were generally observed for males and females. In contrast, comparable effect sizes for mCSA and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) between groups suggest that BFR could play a role in a resistance training program.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine myofiber hypertrophy from low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) in females. Although this type of training did not result in myofiber hypertrophy, there were comparable increases in muscle cross-sectional area compared with high-load resistance training. These findings possibly highlight that males and females respond in a similar manner to high-load resistance training and low-load resistance training with BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M Reece
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Michael J Strube
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Anthony B Ciccone
- Department of Exercise Science and Outdoor Recreation, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, United States
| | - Kevan W Stout
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Jeremy R Pearson
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Bryan G Vopat
- University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, Kansas, United States
| | - Philip M Gallagher
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Trent J Herda
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
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12
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Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn D, Piñero A, Burke R, Coleman M, Rolnick N. Fiber-Type-Specific Hypertrophy with the Use of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training: A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:51. [PMID: 37218848 PMCID: PMC10204387 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the use of low-load resistance training in combination with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) can be an effective method to elicit increases in muscle size, with most research showing similar whole muscle development of the extremities compared to high-load (HL) training. It is conceivable that properties unique to LL-BFR such as greater ischemia, reperfusion, and metabolite accumulation may enhance the stress on type I fibers during training compared to the use of LLs without occlusion. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper was to systematically review the relevant literature on the fiber-type-specific response to LL-BFR and provide insights into future directions for research. A total of 11 studies met inclusion criteria. Results of the review suggest that the magnitude of type I fiber hypertrophy is at least as great, and sometimes greater, than type II hypertrophy when performing LL-BFR. This finding is in contrast to HL training, where the magnitude of type II fiber hypertrophy tends to be substantially greater than that of type I myofibers. However, limited data directly compare training with LL-BFR to nonoccluded LL or HL conditions, thus precluding the ability to draw strong inferences as to whether the absolute magnitude of type I hypertrophy is indeed greater in LL-BFR vs. traditional HL training. Moreover, it remains unclear as to whether combining LL-BFR with traditional HL training may enhance whole muscle hypertrophy via greater increases in type I myofiber cross-sectional area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Dan Ogborn
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Orthopedic Section, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Pan Am Clinic Foundation, Winnipeg, MB R3M 3E4, Canada
| | - Alec Piñero
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Ryan Burke
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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13
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Wang J, Mogensen AMG, Thybo F, Brandbyge M, Brorson J, van Hall G, Agergaard J, de Paoli FV, Miller BF, Bøtker HE, Farup J, Vissing K. Low-load blood flow-restricted resistance exercise produces fiber type-independent hypertrophy and improves muscle functional capacity in older individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1047-1062. [PMID: 36825645 PMCID: PMC11684990 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-load blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) constitutes an effective means to produce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Nonetheless, its applicability to counteract the age-related skeletal muscle decay at a cellular level, is not clear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of BFRRE on muscle fiber morphology, integrated muscle protein synthesis, muscle stem cells (MuSCs), myonuclear content, and muscle functional capacity in healthy older individuals. Twenty-three participants with a mean age of 66 yr (56-75 yr) were randomized to 6 wk of supervised BFRRE (3 sessions per week) or non-exercise control (CON). Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis before and after the intervention. Immunofluorescent microscopy was utilized to assess muscle fiber type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA) as well as MuSC and myonuclear content. Deuterium oxide was orally administered throughout the intervention period, enabling assessment of integrated myofibrillar and connective tissue protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR). BFRRE produced uniform ∼20% increases in the fiber CSA of both type I and type II fibers (P < 0.05). This occurred concomitantly with improvements in both maximal muscle strength and strength-endurance capacity but in the absence of increased MuSC content and myonuclear addition. The observed muscle fiber hypertrophy was not mirrored by increases in either myofibrillar or connective tissue FSR. In conclusion, BFRRE proved effective in stimulating skeletal muscle growth and increased muscle function in older individuals, which advocates for the use of BFRRE as a countermeasure of age-related deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel insight, that as little as 6 wk of low-load blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) produces pronounced fiber type-independent hypertrophy, alongside improvements across a broad range of muscle functional capacity in older individuals. Notably, since these results were obtained with a modest exercise volume and in a very time-efficient manner, BFRRE may represent a potent exercise strategy to counteract age-related muscle decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wang
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Frederik Thybo
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jonas Brorson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Agergaard
- Center for Healthy Aging, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- Oklahoma City VA, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jean Farup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Zhang XZ, Xie WQ, Chen L, Xu GD, Wu L, Li YS, Wu YX. Blood Flow Restriction Training for the Intervention of Sarcopenia: Current Stage and Future Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:894996. [PMID: 35770017 PMCID: PMC9234289 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.894996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome that is characterized by a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder and can be associated with many comorbidities, including obesity, diabetes, and fracture. Its definitions, given by the AWGS and EWGSOP, are widely used. Sarcopenia is measured by muscle strength, muscle quantity or mass and physical performance. Currently, the importance and urgency of sarcopenia have grown. The application of blood flow restriction (BFR) training has received increased attention in managing sarcopenia. BFR is accomplished using a pneumatic cuff on the proximal aspect of the exercising limb. Two main methods of exercise, aerobic exercise and resistance exercise, have been applied with BFR in treating sarcopenia. Both methods can increase muscle mass and muscle strength to a certain extent. Intricate mechanisms are involved during BFRT. Currently, the presented mechanisms mainly include responses in the blood vessels and related hormones, such as growth factors, tissue hypoxia-related factors and recruitment of muscle fiber as well as muscle satellite cells. These mechanisms contribute to the positive balance of skeletal muscle synthesis, which in turn mitigates sarcopenia. As a more suited and more effective way of treating sarcopenia and its comorbidities, BFRT can serve as an alternative to traditional exercise for people who have marked physical limitations or even show superior outcomes under low loads. However, the possibility of causing stress or muscle damage must be considered. Cuff size, pressure, training load and other variables can affect the outcome of sarcopenia, which must also be considered. Thoroughly studying these factors can help to better determine an ideal BFRT scheme and better manage sarcopenia and its associated comorbidities. As a well-tolerated and novel form of exercise, BFRT offers more potential in treating sarcopenia and involves deeper insights into the function and regulation of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-zhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-qing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-dong Xu
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-sheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-sheng Li
| | - Yu-xiang Wu
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Yu-xiang Wu
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15
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Wiig H, Cumming KT, Handegaard V, Stabell J, Spencer M, Raastad T. Muscular heat shock protein response and muscle damage after semi-professional football match. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:984-996. [PMID: 35247016 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A typical football match leads to neuromuscular fatigue and physical performance impairments up to 72-96 h post-match. While muscle damage is thought to be a major factor, damage on the ultrastructural level has never been documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate post-match cellular muscle damage by quantifying the heat shock protein (HSP) response as a proxy for protein damage. METHODS Muscle biopsies, blood samples, countermovement jumps, and perception of muscle soreness were obtained from twelve semi-professional football players 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after a 90-min football match. Muscle biopsies were analyzed for αB-crystallin and HSP70 in the cytosolic and cytoskeletal sub-cellular fractions by Western blotting. Fiber type-specific αB-crystallin and HSP70 staining intensity, and tenascin-C immunoreactivity were analyzed with immunohistochemistry. Blood samples were analyzed for creatine kinase and myoglobin. RESULTS Within 24 h post-match, a 2.7- and 9.9-fold increase in creatine kinase and myoglobin were observed, countermovement jump performance decreased by -9.7% and muscle soreness increased by 0.68 units. αB-crystallin and HSP70 accumulated in cytoskeletal structures evident by a 3.6- and 1.8-fold increase in the cytoskeletal fraction and a parallel decrease in the cytosolic fraction. In type I and II fibers, αB-crystallin staining intensity increased by 15%-41% and remained elevated at 72 h post-match. Lastly, the percentage of fibers with granular staining of αB-crystallin increased 2.2-fold. CONCLUSIONS Football match play induced a muscular HSP stress response 1-72 h post-match. Specifically, the accumulation of HSPs in cytoskeletal structures and the granular staining of αB-crystallin suggests occurrence of ultrastructural damage. The damage, indicated by the HSP response, might be one reason for the typically 72 h decrease in force-generating capacity after football matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Wiig
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer T Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vilde Handegaard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jostein Stabell
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Spencer
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Public Health, Sport & Nutrition, University of Agder, Agder, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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16
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The expression of HSP70 in skeletal muscle is not associated with glycogen availability during recovery following prolonged exercise in elite endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1831-1842. [PMID: 35511301 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone which is highly inducible by cellular stress such as exercise. To investigate the role of muscle glycogen content on the HSP70 expression, muscle glycogen was manipulated by consumption of either water (H2O) or a carbohydrate-enriched diet (CHO) during recovery from 4 h of glycogen-depleting cycling exercise in fourteen elite endurance athletes. Muscle biopsies were obtained pre- and post-exercise, and after 4 and 24 h of recovery, and analyzed for HSP70 mRNA expression, as well as HSP70 protein expression and muscle glycogen within the same skeletal muscle fibers using immunohistochemistry. Exercise reduced glycogen by 59 ± 10% (P < 0.0001). After 4 h of recovery, glycogen approached resting levels in the CHO group (86% of pre, P = 0.28) but remained suppressed in the H2O group (41% of pre, P < 0.001) (group × time interaction: P = 0.002). Importantly, both the HSP70 mRNA (+ 1.6-fold (+ 0.28/- 0.24), P = 0.02) and protein expression (+ 147 ± 99%, P < 0.0001) was substantially increased after exercise and remained elevated in both groups after 4 h of recovery, despite clear differences in muscle glycogen content. Thus, muscle glycogen content was not related to the variation in single fiber HSP70 expression at the 4-h time-point (r2 = 0.004). In conclusion, muscle HSP70 expression remained elevated during recovery from prolonged exercise in highly trained skeletal muscle, irrespective of muscle glycogen availability.
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17
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Alpha B-Crystallin in Muscle Disease Prevention: The Role of Physical Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031147. [PMID: 35164412 PMCID: PMC8840510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HSPB5 or alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB), originally identified as lens protein, is one of the most widespread and represented of the human small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). It is greatly expressed in tissue with high rates of oxidative metabolism, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles, where HSPB5 dysfunction is associated with a plethora of human diseases. Since HSPB5 has a major role in protecting muscle tissues from the alterations of protein stability (i.e., microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filament components), it is not surprising that this sHSP is specifically modulated by exercise. Considering the robust content and the protective function of HSPB5 in striated muscle tissues, as well as its specific response to muscle contraction, it is then realistic to predict a specific role for exercise-induced modulation of HSPB5 in the prevention of muscle diseases caused by protein misfolding. After offering an overview of the current knowledge on HSPB5 structure and function in muscle, this review aims to introduce the reader to the capacity that different exercise modalities have to induce and/or activate HSPB5 to levels sufficient to confer protection, with the potential to prevent or delay skeletal and cardiac muscle disorders.
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18
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Muscle growth adaptations to high-load training and low-load training with blood flow restriction in calf muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:623-634. [PMID: 34981201 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare muscle growth adaptations between traditional high-load training and low-load training with blood flow restriction (BFR) in the calf muscles over 6 weeks. METHODS 27 trained individuals performed calf exercise in both legs for 6 weeks. Each leg was randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (1) Traditional (70% of 1RM) training (TRAD); and (2) Low-load (30% of 1RM) training with BFR. In addition, subjects performed standing calf raises with or without BFR. Measures were taken pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS For the posterior muscle site, there was no condition (BFR vs. TRAD) × time (pre vs. post) interaction (p = 0.15). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.83) or time (p = 0.20). For the lateral muscle site, there was no condition × time interaction (p = 0.47). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.10) or time (p = 0.57). For the medial muscle site, there was no condition × time interaction (p = 0.60). In addition, there was no main effect for condition (p = 0.44) or time (p = 0.72). For RPE, there was no condition × time interaction. However, there was a main effect for condition (p < 0.05) with BFR having higher RPE. For discomfort, there was no condition × time interaction. However, there was a main effect for condition (p < 0.001) with the BFR condition displaying higher discomfort. CONCLUSION No muscle growth was detected in the calf musculature. BFR was not more effective at eliciting muscle hypertrophy compared to traditional training. However, it was accompanied with higher exertion and discomfort.
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19
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Wette SG, Lamb GD, Murphy RM. Nuclei isolation methods fail to accurately assess the subcellular localization and behaviour of proteins in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 233:e13730. [PMID: 34492163 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Subcellular fractionation is often used to determine the subcellular localization of proteins, including whether a protein translocates to the nucleus in response to a given stimulus. Examining nuclear proteins in skeletal muscle is difficult because myonuclear proteins are challenging to isolate unless harsh treatments are used. This study aimed to determine the most effective method for isolating and preserving proteins in their native state in skeletal muscle. METHODS We compared the ability of detergents, commercially available kit-based and K+ -based physiological methodologies for isolating myonuclear proteins from resting samples of human muscle by determining the presence of marker proteins for each fraction by western blot analyses. RESULTS We found that following the initial pelleting of nuclei, treatment with 1% Triton-X 100, 1% CHAPS or 0.5% Na-deoxycholate under various ionic conditions resulted in the nuclear proteins being either resistant to isolation or the proteins present behaving aberrantly. The nuclear proteins in brain tissue were also resistant to 1% Triton-X 100 isolation. Here, we demonstrate aberrant behaviour and erroneous localization of proteins using the kit-based method. The aberrant behaviour was the activation of Ca2+ -dependent protease calpain-3, and the erroneous localization was the presence of calpain-3 and troponin I in the nuclear fraction. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that it may not be possible to reliably determine the translocation of proteins between subcellular locations and the nucleus using subcellular fractionation techniques. This study highlights the importance of validating subcellular fractionation methodologies using several subcellular-specific markers and solutions that are physiologically relevant to the intracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Wette
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Graham D. Lamb
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology School of Life Sciences La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Robyn M. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology School of Life Sciences La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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20
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Davids CJ, Næss TC, Moen M, Cumming KT, Horwath O, Psilander N, Ekblom B, Coombes JS, Peake JM, Raastad T, Roberts LA. Acute cellular and molecular responses and chronic adaptations to low-load blood flow restriction and high-load resistance exercise in trained individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1731-1749. [PMID: 34554017 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00464.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) with low-load resistance exercise (RE) is often used as a surrogate to traditional high-load RE to stimulate muscular adaptations, such as hypertrophy and strength. However, it is not clear whether such adaptations are achieved through similar cellular and molecular processes. We compared changes in muscle function, morphology and signaling pathways between these differing training protocols. Twenty-one males and females (mean ± SD: 24.3 ± 3.1 years) experienced with resistance training (4.9 ± 2.6 years) performed nine weeks of resistance training (three times per week) with either high-loads (75-80% 1RM; HL-RT), or low-loads with BFR (30-40% 1RM; LL-BFR). Before and after the training intervention, resting muscle biopsies were collected, and quadricep cross-sectional area (CSA), muscular strength and power were measured. Approximately 5 days following the intervention, the same individuals performed an additional 'acute' exercise session under the same conditions, and serial muscle biopsies were collected to assess hypertrophic- and ribosomal-based signaling stimuli. Quadricep CSA increased with both LL-BFR (7.4±4.3%) and HL-RT (4.6±2.9%), with no significant differences between training groups (p=0.37). Muscular strength also increased in both training groups, but with superior gains in squat 1RM occurring with HL-RT (p<0.01). Acute phosphorylation of several key proteins involved in hypertrophy signaling pathways, and expression of ribosomal RNA transcription factors occurred to a similar degree with LL-BFR and HL-RT (all p>0.05 for between-group comparisons). Together, these findings validate low-load resistance training with continuous BFR as an effective alternative to traditional high-load resistance training for increasing muscle hypertrophy in trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Tore C Næss
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Moen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Oscar Horwath
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Psilander
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Science, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Llion Arwyn Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,Griffith Sports Science, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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21
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Akbulut T, Cinar V, Aydin S, Yardim M. The Regulatory Role of Different Exercises in Irisin, Heat Shock Protein 70 and Some Biochemical Parameters. J Med Biochem 2021; 41:149-155. [PMID: 35510199 PMCID: PMC9010043 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-31551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different and regularly applied exercise programs on irisin, heat shock protein 70 and some biochemical parameters. Methods 120 male university students participated in the study. Participants were divided into 4 equal groups as control (C), resistance exercise group (RE), high intensity interval (HIIT) and aerobic exercise group (AE). While the control group did not perform any exercise, the pre-determined exercise programs were applied to the other groups for 8 weeks and 3 days in a week. Blood samples were taken from all participants before and after the exercise program. Cholesterol, High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Creatine kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Irisin and Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels were analyzed in blood samples. Results It is determined that there are significant differences in pre-posttest values of the AE group's LDH, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TG and HSP 70 levels, HIIT group's CK, LDH, Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TG, Irisin and HSP70 levels and RE group's CK, LDH, Cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TG and Irisin levels (p<0.05). Conclusions It can be said that exercise can provide improvements in lipid profile, changes in HSP70 levels may vary depending on muscle damage, the increase of irisin due to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Akbulut
- Firat University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Vedat Cinar
- Firat University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Meltem Yardim
- Yerkoy State Hospital, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Yozgat, Turkey
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22
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Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Paulsen G, Berntsen S, Brankovic R, Stålesen H, Sundnes J, Raastad T. Frequent blood flow restricted training not to failure and to failure induces similar gains in myonuclei and muscle mass. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1420-1439. [PMID: 33735465 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of short-term high-frequency failure vs non-failure blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) on changes in satellite cells (SCs), myonuclei, muscle size, and strength. Seventeen untrained men performed four sets of BFRRE to failure (Failure) with one leg and not to failure (Non-failure; 30-15-15-15 repetitions) with the other leg using knee-extensions at 20% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Fourteen sessions were distributed over two 5-day blocks, separated by a 10-day rest period. Muscle samples obtained before, at mid-training, and 10-day post-intervention (Post10) were analyzed for muscle fiber area (MFA), myonuclei, and SC. Muscle size and echo intensity of m.rectus femoris (RF) and m.vastus lateralis (VL) were measured by ultrasonography, and knee extension strength with 1RM and maximal isometric contraction (MVC) up until Post24. Both protocols increased myonuclear numbers in type-1 (12%-17%) and type-2 fibers (20%-23%), and SC in type-1 (92%-134%) and type-2 fibers (23%-48%) at Post10 (p < 0.05). RF and VL size increased by 5%-10% in both legs at Post10 to Post24, whereas the MFA of type-1 fibers in Failure was decreased at Post10 (-10 ± 16%; p = 0.02). Echo intensity increased by ~20% in both legs during Block1 (p < 0.001) and was ~8 to 11% below baseline at Post24 (p = 0.001-0.002). MVC and 1RM decreased by 5%-10% after Block1, but increased in both legs by 6%-11% at Post24 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both short-term high-frequency failure and non-failure BFRRE induced increases in SCs, in myonuclei content, muscle size, and strength, concomitant with decreased echo intensity. Intriguingly, the responses were delayed and peaked 10-24 days after the training intervention. Our findings may shed light on the mechanisms involved in resistance exercise-induced overreaching and supercompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Robert Brankovic
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Håkon Stålesen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Joakim Sundnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Paulsen G, Markworth JF, Berntsen S, D'Souza RF, Cameron-Smith D, Raastad T. High-frequency blood flow-restricted resistance exercise results in acute and prolonged cellular stress more pronounced in type I than in type II fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:643-660. [PMID: 33955259 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocellular stress with high-frequency blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) was investigated by measures of heat shock protein (HSP) responses, glycogen content, and inflammatory markers. Thirteen participants [age: 24 ± 2 yr (means ± SD), 9 males] completed two 5-day blocks of seven BFRRE sessions, separated by 10 days. Four sets of unilateral knee extensions to failure at 20% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) were performed. Muscle samples obtained before, 1 h after the first session in the first and second block (acute 1 and acute 2), after three sessions (day 4), during the "rest week," and at 3 (post 3) and 10 days postintervention (post 10) were analyzed for HSP70, αB-crystallin, glycogen [periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining], mRNAs, miRNAs, and CD68+ (macrophages) and CD66b+ (neutrophils) cell numbers. αB-crystallin translocated from the cytosolic to the cytoskeletal fraction after acute 1 and acute 2 (P < 0.05) and immunostaining revealed larger responses in type I than in type II fibers (acute 1, 225 ± 184% vs. 92 ± 81%, respectively, P = 0.001). HSP70 was increased in the cytoskeletal fraction at day 4 and post 3, and immunostaining intensities were more elevated in type I than in type II fibers at day 4 (206 ± 84% vs. 72 ± 112%, respectively, P <0.001), during the rest week (98 ± 66% vs. 42 ± 79%, P < 0.001), and at post 3 (115 ± 82% vs. 28 ± 78%, P = 0.003). Glycogen content was reduced in both fiber types, but most pronounced in type I, which did not recover until the rest week (-15% to 29%, P ≤ 0.001). Intramuscular macrophage numbers were increased by ∼65% postintervention, but no changes were observed in muscle neutrophils. We conclude that high-frequency BFRRE with sets performed till failure stresses both fiber types, with type I fibers being most affected.NEW & NOTEWORTHY BFRRE has been reported to preferentially stress type I muscle fibers, as evidenced by HSP responses. We extend these findings by showing that the HSP responses occur in both fiber types but more so in type I fibers and that they can still be induced after a short-term training period. Furthermore, the reductions in glycogen content of type I fibers after strenuous frequent BFRRE in unaccustomed subjects can be prolonged (≥5 days), probably due to microdamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.,Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Randall F D'Souza
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore.,Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Wernbom M, Paulsen G, Bjørnsen T, Cumming K, Raastad T. Risk of Muscle Damage With Blood Flow-Restricted Exercise Should Not Be Overlooked. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:223-224. [PMID: 33882543 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wernbom
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; and
| | - Kristoffer Cumming
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Vissing K, Groennebaek T, Wernbom M, Aagaard P, Raastad T. Myocellular Adaptations to Low-Load Blood Flow Restricted Resistance Training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 48:180-187. [DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Hwang H, Mizuno S, Kasai N, Kojima C, Sumi D, Hayashi N, Goto K. Muscle oxygenation, endocrine and metabolic regulation during low-intensity endurance exercise with blood flow restriction. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:30-37. [PMID: 32698259 PMCID: PMC7451842 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the effect of endurance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) performed at either 25% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max) or 40% V˙O2 max) on muscle oxygenation, energy metabolism, and endocrine responses. METHODS Ten males were recruited in the present study. The subjects performed three trials: (1) endurance exercise at 40% V˙O2 max without BFR (NBFR40), (2) endurance exercise at 25% V˙O2 max with BFR (BFR25), and (3) endurance exercise at 40% V˙O2 max with BFR (BFR40). The exercises were performed for 15 min during which the pedaling frequency was set at 70 rpm. In BFR25 and BFR40, 2 min of pressure phase (equivalent to 160 mmHg) followed by 1 min of release phase were repeated five times (5 × 3 min) throughout 15 minutes of exercise. During exercise, muscle oxygenation and concentration of respiratory gases were measured. The blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after 15 min of exercise, and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after completion of exercise. RESULTS Deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) level during exercise was significantly higher with BFR25 and BFR40 than that with NBFR40. BFR40 showed significantly higher total-hemoglobin (total-Hb) than NBFR40 during 2 min of pressure phase. Moreover, exercise-induced lactate elevation and pH reduction were significantly augmented in BFR40, with concomitant increase in serum cortisol concentration after exercise. Carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was significantly higher with BFR40 than that with NBFR40 and BFR25, whereas fat oxidation was lower with BFR40. CONCLUSION Deoxy-Hb and total Hb levels were significantly increased during 15 min of pedaling exercise in BFR25 and BFR40, indicating augmented local hypoxia and blood volume (blood perfusion) in the muscle. Moreover, low-and moderate-intensity exercise with BFR facilitated CHO oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Hwang
- Graduate school of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, ShigaJapan
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, SeoulKorea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, SeoulKorea
| | - Sahiro Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, NagoyaJapan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, TokyoJapan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, TokyoJapan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, OsakaJapan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, OsakaJapan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, OsakaJapan
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27
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Jacko D, Bersiner K, Schulz O, Przyklenk A, Spahiu F, Höhfeld J, Bloch W, Gehlert S. Coordinated alpha-crystallin B phosphorylation and desmin expression indicate adaptation and deadaptation to resistance exercise-induced loading in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C300-C312. [PMID: 32520607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00087.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a target of contraction-induced loading (CiL), leading to protein unfolding or cellular perturbations, respectively. While cytoskeletal desmin is responsible for ongoing structural stabilization, in the immediate response to CiL, alpha-crystallin B (CRYAB) is phosphorylated at serine 59 (pCRYABS59) by P38, acutely protecting the cytoskeleton. To reveal adaptation and deadaptation of these myofibrillar subsystems to CiL, we examined CRYAB, P38, and desmin regulation following resistance exercise at diverse time points of a chronic training period. Mechanosensitive JNK phosphorylation (pJNKT183/Y185) was determined to indicate the presence of mechanical components in CiL. Within 6 wk, subjects performed 13 resistance exercise bouts at the 8-12 repetition maximum, followed by 10 days detraining and a final 14th bout. Biopsies were taken at baseline and after the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 10th, 13th, and 14th bout. To assess whether potential desensitization to CiL can be mitigated, one group trained with progressive and a second with constant loading. As no group differences were found, all subjects were combined for statistics. Total and phosphorylated P38 was not regulated over the time course. pCRYABS59 and pJNKT183/Y185 strongly increased following the unaccustomed first bout. This exercise-induced pCRYABS59/pJNKT183/Y185 increase disappeared with the 10th until 13th bout. As response to the detraining period, the 14th bout led to a renewed increase in pCRYABS59. Desmin content followed pCRYABS59 inversely, i.e., was up- when pCRYABS59 was downregulated and vice versa. In conclusion, the pCRYABS59 response indicates increase and decrease in resistance to CiL, in which a reinforced desmin network could play an essential role by structurally stabilizing the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jacko
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Olympic Base Center, North Rhine-Westphalia/Rhineland, Cologne, Germany
| | - Käthe Bersiner
- Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute for Sports Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Schulz
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Przyklenk
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Spahiu
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Höhfeld
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department for Biosciences of Sports, Institute for Sports Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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28
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Clarkson MJ, Brumby C, Fraser SF, McMahon LP, Bennett PN, Warmington SA. Hemodynamic and perceptual responses to blood flow-restricted exercise among patients undergoing dialysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F843-F850. [PMID: 32068463 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00576.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease is associated with reduced exercise capacity, muscle atrophy, and impaired muscle function. While these may be improved with exercise, single modalities of exercise do not traditionally elicit improvements across all required physiological domains. Blood flow-restricted exercise may improve all of these physiological domains with low intensities traditionally considered insufficient for these adaptions. Investigation of this technique appeals, but is yet to be evaluated, in patients undergoing dialysis. With the use of a progressive crossover design, 10 satellite patients undergoing hemodialysis underwent three exercise conditions over 2 wk: two bouts (10 min) of unrestricted cycling during two consecutive hemodialysis sessions (condition 1), two bouts of cycling with blood flow restriction while off hemodialysis on 2 separate days (condition 2), and two bouts of cycling with blood flow restriction during two hemodialysis sessions (condition 3). Outcomes included hemodynamic responses (heart rate and blood pressure) throughout all sessions, participant-perceived exertion and discomfort on a Borg scale, and evaluation of ultrafiltration rates and dialysis adequacy (Kt/V) obtained post hoc. Hemodynamic responses were consistent regardless of condition. Significant increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure (P < 0.05) were observed postexercise followed by a reduction in blood pressures during the 60-min recovery (12, 5, and 11 mmHg for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, respectively). Blood pressures returned to predialysis ranges following the recovery period. Blood flow restriction did not affect ultrafiltration achieved or Kt/V. Hemodynamic safety and tolerability of blood flow restriction during aerobic exercise on hemodialysis is comparable to standard aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Clarkson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Brumby
- Department of Renal Medicine, Eastern Health Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve F Fraser
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lawrence P McMahon
- Department of Renal Medicine, Eastern Health Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul N Bennett
- Medical and Clinical Affairs, Satellite Healthcare, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Warmington
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Pignanelli C, Petrick HL, Keyvani F, Heigenhauser GJF, Quadrilatero J, Holloway GP, Burr JF. Low-load resistance training to task failure with and without blood flow restriction: muscular functional and structural adaptations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R284-R295. [PMID: 31823670 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00243.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The application of blood flow restriction (BFR) during resistance exercise is increasingly recognized for its ability to improve rehabilitation and for its effectiveness in increasing muscle hypertrophy and strength among healthy populations. However, direct comparison of the skeletal muscle adaptations to low-load resistance exercise (LL-RE) and low-load BFR resistance exercise (LL-BFR) performed to task failure is lacking. Using a within-subject design, we examined whole muscle group and skeletal muscle adaptations to 6 wk of LL-RE and LL-BFR training to repetition failure. Muscle strength and size outcomes were similar for both types of training, despite ~33% lower total exercise volume (load × repetition) with LL-BFR than LL-RE (28,544 ± 1,771 vs. 18,949 ± 1,541 kg, P = 0.004). After training, only LL-BFR improved the average power output throughout the midportion of a voluntary muscle endurance task. Specifically, LL-BFR training sustained an 18% greater power output from baseline and resulted in a greater change from baseline than LL-RE (19 ± 3 vs. 3 ± 4 W, P = 0.008). This improvement occurred despite histological analysis revealing similar increases in capillary content of type I muscle fibers following LL-RE and LL-BFR training, which was primarily driven by increased capillary contacts (4.53 ± 0.23 before training vs. 5.33 ± 0.27 and 5.17 ± 0.25 after LL-RE and LL-BFR, respectively, both P < 0.05). Moreover, maximally supported mitochondrial respiratory capacity increased only in the LL-RE leg by 30% from baseline (P = 0.006). Overall, low-load resistance training increased indexes of muscle oxidative capacity and strength, which were not further augmented with the application of BFR. However, performance on a muscle endurance test was improved following BFR training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pignanelli
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Keyvani
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review. J Ultrasound 2020; 23:457-472. [PMID: 31925731 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-019-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.
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31
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Wernbom M, Aagaard P. Muscle fibre activation and fatigue with low-load blood flow restricted resistance exercise-An integrative physiology review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13302. [PMID: 31108025 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) has been shown to induce increases in muscle size and strength, and continues to generate interest from both clinical and basic research points of view. The low loads employed, typically 20%-50% of the one repetition maximum, make BFRRE an attractive training modality for individuals who may not tolerate high musculoskeletal forces (eg, selected clinical patient groups such as frail old adults and patients recovering from sports injury) and/or for highly trained athletes who have reached a plateau in muscle mass and strength. It has been proposed that achieving a high degree of muscle fibre recruitment is important for inducing muscle hypertrophy with BFRRE, and the available evidence suggest that fatiguing low-load exercise during ischemic conditions can recruit both slow (type I) and fast (type II) muscle fibres. Nevertheless, closer scrutiny reveals that type II fibre activation in BFRRE has to date largely been inferred using indirect methods such as electromyography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, while only rarely addressed using more direct methods such as measurements of glycogen stores and phosphocreatine levels in muscle fibres. Hence, considerable uncertainity exists about the specific pattern of muscle fibre activation during BFRRE. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review was (1) to summarize the evidence on muscle fibre recruitment during BFRRE as revealed by various methods employed for determining muscle fibre usage during exercise, and (2) to discuss reported findings in light of the specific advantages and limitations associated with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wernbom
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC) University of Southern Denmark Odense M Denmark
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32
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Shiromaru FF, de Salles Painelli V, Silva-Batista C, Longo AR, Lasevicius T, Schoenfeld BJ, Aihara AY, Tricoli V, de Almeida Peres B, Teixeira EL. Differential muscle hypertrophy and edema responses between high-load and low-load exercise with blood flow restriction. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1713-1726. [PMID: 31281989 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether early increases in cross-sectional area (CSA) of different muscles composing the quadriceps with low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) were mainly driven by muscle hypertrophy or by edema-induced swelling. We also compared these changes to those promoted by high-load resistance training (HL-RT). In a randomized within-subject design, fifteen healthy, untrained men were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for CSA and edema-induced muscle swelling assessment (fast spin echo inversion recovery, FSE-STIR). MRI was performed in LL-BFR and HL-RT at baseline (W0) and after 3 weeks (W3), with a further measure after 6 weeks (W6) for HL-RT. Participants were also assessed at these time points for indirect muscle damage markers (range of motion, ROM; muscle soreness, SOR). CSA significantly increased for all the quadriceps muscles, for both LL-BFR and HL-RT at W3 (all P < .05) compared to W0. However, FSE-STIR was elevated at W3 for all the quadriceps muscles only for HL-RT (all P < .0001), not LL-BFR (all P > .05). Significant increases and decreases were shown in SOR and ROM, respectively, for HL-RT in W3 compared to W0 (both P < .05), while these changes were mitigated at W6 compared to W0 (both P > .05). No significant changes in SOR or ROM were demonstrated for LL-BFR across the study. Early increases in CSA with LL-BFR seem to occur without the presence of muscle edema, whereas initial gains obtained by HL-RT were influenced by muscle edema, in addition to muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Freitas Shiromaru
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel Roberth Longo
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lasevicius
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bergson de Almeida Peres
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Luiz Teixeira
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Morton RW, Sonne MW, Farias Zuniga A, Mohammad IYZ, Jones A, McGlory C, Keir PJ, Potvin JR, Phillips SM. Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. J Physiol 2019; 597:4601-4613. [PMID: 31294822 DOI: 10.1113/jp278056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Performing resistance exercise with heavier loads is often proposed to be necessary for the recruitment of larger motor units and activation of type II muscle fibres, leading to type II fibre hypertrophy. Indirect measures [surface electromyography (EMG)] have been used to support this thesis, although we propose that lighter loads lifted to task failure (i.e. volitional fatigue) result in the similar activation of type II fibres. In the present study, participants performed resistance exercise to task failure with heavier and lighter loads with both a normal and longer repetition duration (i.e. time under tension). Type I and type II muscle fibre glycogen depletion was determined by neither load, nor repetition duration during resistance exercise performed to task failure. Surface EMG amplitude was not related to muscle fibre glycogen depletion or anabolic signalling; however, muscle fibre glycogen depletion and anabolic signalling were related. Performing resistance exercise to task failure, regardless of load lifted or repetition duration, necessitates the activation of type II muscle fibres. ABSTRACT Heavier loads (>60% of maximal strength) are considered to be necessary during resistance exercise (RE) to activate and stimulate hypertrophy of type II fibres. Support for this proposition comes from observation of higher surface electromyography (EMG) amplitudes during RE when lifting heavier vs. lighter loads. We aimed to determine the effect of RE, to task failure, with heavier vs. lighter loads and shorter or longer repetition durations on: EMG-derived variables, muscle fibre activation, and anabolic signalling. Ten recreationally-trained young men performed four unilateral RE conditions randomly on two occasions (two conditions, one per leg per visit). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and one hour after RE. Broadly, total time under load, number of repetitions, exercise volume, EMG amplitude (at the beginning and end of each set) and total EMG activity were significantly different between conditions (P < 0.05); however, neither glycogen depletion (in both type I and type II fibres), nor phosphorylation of relevant signalling proteins showed any difference between conditions. We conclude that muscle fibre activation and subsequent anabolic signalling are independent of load, repetition duration and surface EMG amplitude when RE is performed to task failure. The results of the present study provide evidence indicating that type I and type II fibres are activated when heavier and lighter loads are lifted to task failure. We propose that our results explain why RE training with higher or lower loads, when loads are lifted to task failure, leads to equivalent muscle hypertrophy and occurs in both type I and type II fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael W Sonne
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Amanda Jones
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Peter J Keir
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jim R Potvin
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Kirketeig A, Paulsen G, Samnøy L, Bækken L, Cameron-Smith D, Berntsen S, Raastad T. Type 1 Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Blood Flow-restricted Training in Powerlifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:288-298. [PMID: 30188363 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) on myofiber areas (MFA), number of myonuclei and satellite cells (SC), muscle size and strength in powerlifters. METHODS Seventeen national level powerlifters (25 ± 6 yr [mean ± SD], 15 men) were randomly assigned to either a BFRRE group (n = 9) performing two blocks (weeks 1 and 3) of five BFRRE front squat sessions within a 6.5-wk training period, or a conventional training group (Con; n = 8) performing front squats at 60%-85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). The BFRRE consisted of four sets (first and last set to voluntary failure) at ~30% of 1RM. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis (VL) and analyzed for MFA, myonuclei, SC and capillaries. Cross-sectional areas (CSA) of VL and m. rectus femoris were measured by ultrasonography. Strength was evaluated by maximal voluntary isokinetic torque (MVIT) in knee extension and 1RM in front squat. RESULTS BFRRE induced selective increases in type I MFA (BFRRE: 12% vs Con: 0%, P < 0.01) and myonuclear number (BFRRE: 18% vs Con: 0%, P = 0.02). Type II MFA was unaltered in both groups. BFRRE induced greater changes in VL CSA (7.7% vs 0.5%, P = 0.04), which correlated with the increases in MFA of type I fibers (r = 0.81, P = 0.02). No group differences were observed in SC and strength changes, although MVIT increased with BFRRE (P = 0.04), whereas 1RM increased in Con (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Two blocks of low-load BFRRE in the front squat exercise resulted in increased quadriceps CSA associated with preferential hypertrophy and myonuclear addition in type 1 fibers of national level powerlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, NORWAY
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SWEDEN
| | | | | | - Lars Samnøy
- Norwegian Powerlifting Federation, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Lasse Bækken
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND.,Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, NEW ZEALAND.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, NORWAY
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
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Sieljacks P, Wang J, Groennebaek T, Rindom E, Jakobsgaard JE, Herskind J, Gravholt A, Møller AB, Musci RV, de Paoli FV, Hamilton KL, Miller BF, Vissing K. Six Weeks of Low-Load Blood Flow Restricted and High-Load Resistance Exercise Training Produce Similar Increases in Cumulative Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Biogenesis in Healthy Males. Front Physiol 2019; 10:649. [PMID: 31191347 PMCID: PMC6548815 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: High-load resistance exercise contributes to maintenance of muscle mass, muscle protein quality, and contractile function by stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), hypertrophy, and strength gains. However, high loading may not be feasible in several clinical populations. Low-load blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) may provide an alternative approach. However, the long-term protein synthetic response to BFRRE is unknown and the myocellular adaptations to prolonged BFRRE are not well described. Methods: To investigate this, 34 healthy young subjects were randomized to 6 weeks of low-load BFRRE, HLRE, or non-exercise control (CON). Deuterium oxide (D2O) was orally administered throughout the intervention period. Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were collected before and after the 6-week intervention period to assess long-term myofibrillar MPS and RNA synthesis as well as muscle fiber-type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell content, and myonuclei content. Muscle biopsies were also collected in the immediate hours following single-bout exercise to assess signaling for muscle protein degradation. Isometric and dynamic quadriceps muscle strength was evaluated before and after the intervention. Results: Myofibrillar MPS was higher in BFRRE (1.34%/day, p < 0.01) and HLRE (1.12%/day, p < 0.05) compared to CON (0.96%/day) with no significant differences between exercise groups. Muscle RNA synthesis was higher in BFRRE (0.65%/day, p < 0.001) and HLRE (0.55%/day, p < 0.01) compared to CON (0.38%/day) and both training groups increased RNA content, indicating ribosomal biogenesis in response to exercise. BFRRE and HLRE both activated muscle degradation signaling. Muscle strength increased 6-10% in BFRRE (p < 0.05) and 13-23% in HLRE (p < 0.01). Dynamic muscle strength increased to a greater extent in HLRE (p < 0.05). No changes in type I and type II muscle fiber-type-specific CSA, satellite cell content, or myonuclei content were observed. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that BFRRE increases long-term muscle protein turnover, ribosomal biogenesis, and muscle strength to a similar degree as HLRE. These findings emphasize the potential application of low-load BFRRE to stimulate muscle protein turnover and increase muscle function in clinical populations where high loading is untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sieljacks
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Wang
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Groennebaek
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Rindom
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jon Herskind
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Gravholt
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas B. Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert V. Musci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Karyn L. Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Patterson SD, Hughes L, Warmington S, Burr J, Scott BR, Owens J, Abe T, Nielsen JL, Libardi CA, Laurentino G, Neto GR, Brandner C, Martin-Hernandez J, Loenneke J. Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Considerations of Methodology, Application, and Safety. Front Physiol 2019; 10:533. [PMID: 31156448 PMCID: PMC6530612 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current manuscript sets out a position stand for blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise, focusing on the methodology, application and safety of this mode of training. With the emergence of this technique and the wide variety of applications within the literature, the aim of this position stand is to set out a current research informed guide to BFR training to practitioners. This covers the use of BFR to enhance muscular strength and hypertrophy via training with resistance and aerobic exercise and preventing muscle atrophy using the technique passively. The authorship team for this article was selected from the researchers focused in BFR training research with expertise in exercise science, strength and conditioning and sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Hughes
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Warmington
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan R. Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Johnny Owens
- Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Jakob L. Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Laurentino
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Coordination of Physical Education/Professional Master’s in Family Health, Nursing and Medical Schools, Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Martin-Hernandez
- I+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
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The early response of αB-crystallin to a single bout of aerobic exercise in mouse skeletal muscles depends upon fiber oxidative features. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101183. [PMID: 30974319 PMCID: PMC6454247 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its substantial role in eye lens, αB-crystallin (HSPB5) retains fundamental function in striated muscle during physiological or pathological modifications. In this study, we aimed to analyse the cellular and molecular factors driving the functional response of HSPB5 protein in different muscles from mice subjected to an acute bout of non-damaging endurance exercise or in C2C12 myocytes upon exposure to pro-oxidant environment, chosen as “in vivo” and “in vitro” models of a physiological stressing conditions, respectively. To this end, red (GR) and white gastrocnemius (GW), as sources of slow-oxidative and fast-glycolytic/oxidative fibers, as well as the soleus (SOL), mainly composed of slow-oxidative type fibers, were obtained from BALB/c mice, before (CTRL) and at different times (0′, 15′, 30′ 120′) following 1-h of running. Although the total level of HSPB5 protein was not affected by exercise, we found a significantly increase of phosphorylated HSPB5 (p-HSPB5) only in GR and SOL skeletal muscle with a higher amount of type I and IIA/X myofibers. The fiber-specific activation of HSPB5 was correlated to its interaction with the actin filaments, as well as to an increased level of lipid peroxidation and carbonylated proteins. The role of the pro-oxidant environment in HSPB5 response was investigated in terminally differentiated C2C12 myotubes, where most of HSPB5/pHSPB5 pool was present in the cytosolic compartment in standard culture conditions. As a result of exposure to pro-oxidizing, but not cytotoxic, H2O2 concentration, the p-38MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of HSPB5 resulted functional to promote its interaction with the myofibrillar components, such as β-actin, desmin and filamin 1. This study provides novel information on the molecular pathway underlying the HSPB5 physiological function in skeletal muscle, confirming the contribution of the pro-oxidant environment in HSPB5 activation and interaction with substrate/client myofibrillar proteins, offering new insights for the study of myofibrillar myopathies and cardiomyopathies.
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38
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Jacko D, Bersiner K, Hebchen J, de Marées M, Bloch W, Gehlert S. Phosphorylation of αB-crystallin and its cytoskeleton association differs in skeletal myofiber types depending on resistance exercise intensity and volume. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1607-1618. [PMID: 30920888 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
αB-crystallin (CRYAB) is an important actor in the immediate cell stabilizing response following mechanical stress in skeletal muscle. Yet, only little is known regarding myofiber type-specific stress responses of CRYAB. We investigated whether the phosphorylation of CRYAB at serine 59 (pCRYABSer59) and its cytoskeleton association are influenced by varying load-intensity and -volume in a fiber type-specific manner. Male subjects were assigned to 1, 5, and 10 sets of different acute resistance exercise protocols: hypertrophy (HYP), maximum strength (MAX), strength endurance (SE), low intensity (LI), and three sets of maximum eccentric resistance exercise (ECC). Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken at baseline and 30 min after exercise. Western blot revealed an increase in pCRYABSer59 only following 5 and 10 sets in groups HYP, MAX, SE, and LI as well as following 3 sets in the ECC group. In type I fibers, immunohistochemistry determined increased pCRYABSer59 in all groups. In type II fibers, pCRYABSer59 only increased in MAX and ECC groups, with the increase in type II fibers exceeding that of type I fibers in ECC. Association of CRYAB and pCRYABSer59 with the cytoskeleton reflected the fiber type-specific phosphorylation pattern. Phosphorylation of CRYAB and its association with the cytoskeleton in type I and II myofibers is highly specific in terms of loading intensity and volume. Most likely, this is based on specific recruitment patterns of the different myofiber entities due to the different resistance exercise loadings. We conclude that pCRYABSer59 indicates contraction-induced mechanical stress exposure of single myofibers in consequence of resistance exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We determined that the phosphorylation of αB-crystallin at serine 59 (pCRYABSer59) after resistance exercise differs between myofiber types in a load- and intensity-dependent manner. The determination of pCRYABSer59 could serve as a marker indirectly indicating contractile involvement and applied mechanical stress on individual fibers. By that, it is possible to retrospectively assess the impact of resistance exercise loading on skeletal muscle fiber entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jacko
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Olympic Base Center Rhineland , Cologne , Germany
| | - Käthe Bersiner
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim , Hildesheim , Germany
| | - Jonas Hebchen
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Markus de Marées
- Section of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University of Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim , Hildesheim , Germany
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Bjørnsen T, Wernbom M, Løvstad A, Paulsen G, D’Souza RF, Cameron-Smith D, Flesche A, Hisdal J, Berntsen S, Raastad T. Delayed myonuclear addition, myofiber hypertrophy, and increases in strength with high-frequency low-load blood flow restricted training to volitional failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:578-592. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate muscle hypertrophy, strength, and myonuclear and satellite cell (SC) responses to high-frequency blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE). Thirteen individuals [24 ± 2 yr (mean ± SD), 9 men] completed two 5-day blocks of 7 BFRRE sessions, separated by a 10-day rest period. Four sets of unilateral knee extensions to voluntary failure at 20% of one repetition maximum (1RM) were conducted with partial blood flow restriction (90–100 mmHg). Muscle samples obtained before, during, 3 days, and 10 days after training were analyzed for muscle fiber area (MFA), myonuclei, SC, and mRNA and miRNA expression. Muscle size was measured by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging and strength with 1RM knee extension. With the first block of BFRRE, SC number increased in both fiber types (70%–80%, P < 0.05), whereas type I and II MFA decreased by 6 ± 7% and 15 ± 11% ( P < 0.05), respectively. With the second block of training, muscle size increased by 6%–8%, whereas the number of SCs (type I: 80 ± 63%, type II: 147 ± 95%), myonuclei (type I: 30 ± 24%, type II: 31 ± 28%), and MFA (type I: 19 ± 19%, type II: 11 ± 19%) peaked 10 days after the second block of BFRRE, whereas strength peaked after 20 days of detraining (6 ± 6%, P < 0.05). Pax7- and p21 mRNA expression were elevated during the intervention, whereas myostatin, IGF1R, MyoD, myogenin, cyclinD1 and -D2 mRNA did not change until 3–10 days postintervention. High-frequency low-load BFRRE induced robust increases in SC, myonuclei, and muscle size but modest strength gains. Intriguingly, the responses were delayed and peaked 10–20 days after the training intervention, indicating overreaching. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In line with previous studies, we demonstrate that high-frequency low-load blood flow-restricted resistance exercise (HF-BFRRE) can elicit robust increases in satellite cell and myonuclei numbers, along with gains in muscle size and strength. However, our results also suggest that these processes can be delayed and that with very strenuous HF-BFRRE, there may even be transient muscle fiber atrophy, presumably because of accumulated stress responses. Our findings have implications for the prescription of BFR exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Mathias Wernbom
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Unit of Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amund Løvstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Flesche
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Targeting the MYC Oncogene in Burkitt Lymphoma through HSP90 Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110448. [PMID: 30453475 PMCID: PMC6266960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the MYC oncogene is a key feature of many human malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma. While MYC is widely regarded to be a promising therapeutic target, a clinically effective MYC inhibitor is still elusive. Here, we report an alternative strategy, targeting MYC indirectly through inhibition of the HSP90 machinery. We found that inhibition of HSP90 function reduces MYC expression in human Burkitt lymphoma through suppression of MYC transcription and destabilization of MYC protein, thereby diminishing the proliferation of tumor cells. Consistently, treatment of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines with HSP90 inhibitors (17-AAG or 17-DMAG) was accompanied by downregulation of canonical MYC target genes. Combination treatment with 17-DMAG and the proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, led to accumulation of MYC protein, indicating that upon HSP90 inhibition, MYC is degraded by the proteasome. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we furthermore demonstrated a direct interaction between MYC and HSP90, indicating that MYC is an HSP90 client protein in Burkitt lymphoma. Together, we report here the use of HSP90 inhibitors as an alternative approach to target the MYC oncogene and its network in Burkitt lymphoma.
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41
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Lixandrão ME, Ugrinowitsch C, Berton R, Vechin FC, Conceição MS, Damas F, Libardi CA, Roschel H. Magnitude of Muscle Strength and Mass Adaptations Between High-Load Resistance Training Versus Low-Load Resistance Training Associated with Blood-Flow Restriction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:361-378. [PMID: 29043659 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-load resistance training (< 50% of one-repetition maximum [1RM]) associated with blood-flow restriction (BFR-RT) has been thought to promote increases in muscle strength and mass. However, it remains unclear if the magnitude of these adaptations is similar to conventional high-load resistance training (> 65% 1RM; HL-RT). OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of HL- versus BFR-RT on muscle adaptations using a systematic review and meta-analysis procedure. METHODS Studies were identified via electronic databases based on the following inclusion criteria: (a) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular strength; (b) pre- and post-training assessment of muscle hypertrophy; (c) comparison of HL-RT vs. BFR-RT; (d) score ≥ 4 on PEDro scale; (e) means and standard deviations (or standard errors) are reported from absolute values or allow estimation from graphs. If this last criterion was not met, data were directly requested from the authors. RESULTS The main results showed higher increases in muscle strength for HL- as compared with BFR-RT, even when considering test specificity, absolute occlusion pressure, cuff width, and occlusion pressure prescription. Regarding the hypertrophic response, results revealed similar effects between HL- and BFR-RT, regardless of the absolute occlusion pressure, cuff width, and occlusion pressure prescription. CONCLUSIONS Based on the present data, maximum muscle strength may be optimized by specific training methods (i.e., HL-RT) while both HL- and BFR-RT seem equally effective in increasing muscle mass. Importantly, BFR-RT is a valid and effective approach for increasing muscle strength in a wide spectrum of ages and physical capacity, although it may seem particularly of interest for those individuals with physical limitations to engage in HL-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E Lixandrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Berton
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel S Conceição
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Andersen IT, Harrison A, Broholm R, Harder A, Nielsen JB, Bülow J, Pingel J. Microvascularization is not a limiting factor for exercise in adults with cerebral palsy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:536-544. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00827.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle contractures are a common complication in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions which limit range of movement and cause joint deformities. Furthermore, it has previously been shown that muscles with contractures have a reduced number of capillaries, indicating decreased tissue vascularization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microvascular volume (MV) at rest and after acute exercise in the muscle tissue of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy control individuals. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was used before and after 30 min of walking or running on a treadmill in 10 healthy control participants and 10 individuals with CP to detect MV of their skeletal muscle tissue. A significant increase in the MV was observed after exercise both in the adult CP group (21–53 yr) and in the control group (21–52 yr) (1.8 ± 0.8 ΔdB to 3.1 ± 0.9 ΔdB or 42.9% and 1.5 ± 0.6 ΔdB to 2.5 ± 0.9 ΔdB or 39.0%, respectively). Furthermore, a difference in the resting MV was observed between the most severe cases of CP [gross motor function classification scale (GMFCS) 3 and 4] (2.3 ± 0.5 ΔdB) and the less severe cases (GMFCS 1 and 2) (1.5 ± 0.2 ΔdB). When the CP group was walking (3.4 km/h), the lactate levels, Borg score, and heart rate matched the level of controls when they were running (9.8 km/h). In conclusion, individuals with CP become exhausted at much lower exercise intensities than healthy individuals. This is not explained by impaired microvascularization, since the MV of the individuals with CP respond normally to increased O2 demand during acute exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebral palsy (CP) patients were less physically active compared with typically developed individuals. This may affect the microvascularization. We observed that the CP group became exhausted at much lower exercise intensities compared with healthy individuals. However, impaired microvascularization was not the reason for the decreased physical activity as the CP group responded normally to increased O2 demand during acute exercise. These results indicate that walking may be recommended as an intervention to train and maintain skeletal muscle tissue in individuals with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Harrison
- MyoDynamik ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Broholm
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Center for Neuroscience, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bülow
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Pingel
- Center for Neuroscience, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Grgic J, Homolak J, Mikulic P, Botella J, Schoenfeld BJ. Inducing hypertrophic effects of type I skeletal muscle fibers: A hypothetical role of time under load in resistance training aimed at muscular hypertrophy. Med Hypotheses 2018; 112:40-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Allsopp GL, May AK. Can low-load blood flow restriction training elicit muscle hypertrophy with modest inflammation and cellular stress, but minimal muscle damage? J Physiol 2017; 595:6817-6818. [PMID: 28949007 DOI: 10.1113/jp275149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle L Allsopp
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anthony K May
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Poole CJ, Zheng W, Lodh A, Yevtodiyenko A, Liefwalker D, Li H, Felsher DW, van Riggelen J. DNMT3B overexpression contributes to aberrant DNA methylation and MYC-driven tumor maintenance in T-ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76898-76920. [PMID: 29100357 PMCID: PMC5652751 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a hallmark of cancer. However, our understanding of how tumor cell-specific DNA methylation patterns are established and maintained is limited. Here, we report that in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and Burkitt's lymphoma the MYC oncogene causes overexpression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and 3B, which contributes to tumor maintenance. By utilizing a tetracycline-regulated MYC transgene in a mouse T-ALL (EμSRα-tTA;tet-o-MYC) and human Burkitt's lymphoma (P493-6) model, we demonstrated that DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression depend on high MYC levels, and that their transcription decreased upon MYC-inactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that MYC binds to the DNMT1 and DNMT3B promoters, implicating a direct transcriptional regulation. Hence, shRNA-mediated knock-down of endogenous MYC in human T-ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines downregulated DNMT3B expression. Knock-down and pharmacologic inhibition of DNMT3B in T-ALL reduced cell proliferation associated with genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, indicating a tumor promoter function during tumor maintenance. We provide novel evidence that MYC directly deregulates the expression of both de novo and maintenance DNMTs, showing that MYC controls DNA methylation in a genome-wide fashion. Our finding that a coordinated interplay between the components of the DNA methylating machinery contributes to MYC-driven tumor maintenance highlights the potential of specific DNMTs for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace J. Poole
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wenli Zheng
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Atul Lodh
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Aleksey Yevtodiyenko
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Liefwalker
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Honglin Li
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jan van Riggelen
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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46
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Cumming KT, Raastad T, Sørstrøm A, Paronetto MP, Mercatelli N, Ugelstad I, Caporossi D, Paulsen G. Vitamin C and E supplementation does not affect heat shock proteins or endogenous antioxidants in trained skeletal muscles during 12 weeks of strength training. BMC Nutr 2017; 3:70. [PMID: 32153849 PMCID: PMC7050865 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-017-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Supplementation with large doses of antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, has been shown to blunt some adaptations to endurance training. The effects of antioxidant supplementation on adaptations to strength training is sparsely studied. Herein we investigated the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on acute stress responses to exercise and adaptation to traditional heavy load strength training. Methods In a double blind placebo-controlled design, twenty-eight, young, trained males and females were randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C and E (C: 1000 mg, E: 235 mg, per day) or placebo supplements, and underwent strength training for 10 weeks. After five weeks, a subgroup conducted a strength training session to investigate acute stress responses. Muscle samples were obtained to investigate changes in stress responses and in proteins and mRNA related to the heat shock proteins (HSPs) or antioxidant enzymes. Results The acute responses to the exercise session revealed activation of the NFκB pathway indicated by degradation of IκBα in both groups. Vitamin C and E supplementation had, however, no effects on the acute stress responses. Furthermore, ten weeks of strength training did not change muscle αB-crystallin, HSP27, HSP70, GPx1 or mnSOD levels, with no influence of supplementation. Conclusions Our results showed that although vitamin C and E supplementation has been shown to interfere with training adaptations, it did not affect acute stress responses or long-term training adaptations in the HSPs or antioxidant enzymes in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0185-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Cumming
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Raastad
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Sørstrøm
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - M P Paronetto
- 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - N Mercatelli
- 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - I Ugelstad
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Caporossi
- 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - G Paulsen
- 1Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic Sports Center, Oslo, Norway
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de Freitas MC, Gerosa-Neto J, Zanchi NE, Lira FS, Rossi FE. Role of metabolic stress for enhancing muscle adaptations: Practical applications. World J Methodol 2017; 7:46-54. [PMID: 28706859 PMCID: PMC5489423 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v7.i2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic stress is a physiological process that occurs during exercise in response to low energy that leads to metabolite accumulation [lactate, phosphate inorganic (Pi) and ions of hydrogen (H+)] in muscle cells. Traditional exercise protocol (i.e., Resistance training) has an important impact on the increase of metabolite accumulation, which influences hormonal release, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell swelling. Changes in acute exercise routines, such as intensity, volume and rest between sets, are determinants for the magnitude of metabolic stress, furthermore, different types of training, such as low-intensity resistance training plus blood flow restriction and high intensity interval training, could be used to maximize metabolic stress during exercise. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe practical applications that induce metabolic stress and the potential effects of metabolic stress to increase systemic hormonal release, hypoxia, ROS production, cell swelling and muscle adaptations.
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48
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Nielsen JL, Aagaard P, Prokhorova TA, Nygaard T, Bech RD, Suetta C, Frandsen U. Blood flow restricted training leads to myocellular macrophage infiltration and upregulation of heat shock proteins, but no apparent muscle damage. J Physiol 2017; 595:4857-4873. [PMID: 28481416 DOI: 10.1113/jp273907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Muscular contractions performed using a combination of low external loads and partial restriction of limb blood flow appear to induce substantial gains in muscle strength and muscle mass. This exercise regime may initially induce muscular stress and damage; however, the effects of a period of blood flow restricted training on these parameters remain largely unknown. The present study shows that short-term, high-frequency, low-load muscle training performed with partial blood flow restriction does not induce significant muscular damage. However, signs of myocellular stress and inflammation that were observed in the early phase of training and after the training intervention, respectively, may be facilitating the previously reported gains in myogenic satellite cell content and muscle hypertrophy. The present results improve our current knowledge about the physiological effects of low-load muscular contractions performed under blood flow restriction and may provide important information of relevance for future therapeutic treatment of muscular atrophy. ABSTRACT Previous studies indicate that low-load muscle contractions performed under local blood flow restriction (BFR) may initially induce muscle damage and stress. However, whether these factors are evoked with longitudinal BFR training remains unexplored at the myocellular level. Two distinct study protocols were conducted, covering 3 weeks (3 wk) or one week (1 wk). Subjects performed BFR exercise (100 mmHg, 20% 1RM) to concentric failure (BFRE) (3 wk/1 wk), while controls performed work-matched (LLE) (3 wk) or high-load (HLE; 70% 1RM) (1 wk) free-flow exercise. Muscle biopsies (3 wk) were obtained at baseline (Pre), 8 days into the intervention (Mid8), and 3 and 10 days after training cessation (Post3, Post10) to examine macrophage (M1/M2) content as well as heat shock protein (HSP27/70) and tenascin-C expression. Blood samples (1 wk) were collected before and after (0.1-24 h) the first and last training session to examine markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase), oxidative stress (total antibody capacity, glutathione) and inflammation (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α). M1-macrophage content increased 108-165% with BFRE and LLE at Post3 (P < 0.05), while M2-macrophages increased (163%) with BFRE only (P < 0.01). Membrane and intracellular HSP27 expression increased 60-132% at Mid8 with BFRE (P < 0.05-0.01). No or only minor changes were observed in circulating markers of muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. The amplitude, timing and localization of the above changes indicate that only limited muscle damage was evoked with BFRE. This study is the first to show that a period of high-frequency, low-load BFR training does not appear to induce general myocellular damage. However, signs of tissue inflammation and focal myocellular membrane stress and/or reorganization were observed that may be involved in the adaptation processes evoked by BFR muscle exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob L Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, and SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, and SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tatyana A Prokhorova
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, and SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias Nygaard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune D Bech
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, and SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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NIELSEN JAKOBLINDBERG, FRANDSEN ULRIK, PROKHOROVA TATYANA, BECH RUNEDUEHOLM, NYGAARD TOBIAS, SUETTA CHARLOTTE, AAGAARD PER. Delayed Effect of Blood Flow–restricted Resistance Training on Rapid Force Capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1157-1167. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lauver JD, Cayot TE, Rotarius T, Scheuermann BW. The effect of eccentric exercise with blood flow restriction on neuromuscular activation, microvascular oxygenation, and the repeated bout effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1005-1015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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