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You S, Wu J, Lai S, Tu H, Cui X, Yi Q, Guo Q. Global Insights of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: Concerns About Betel Nut and Oral Cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2025; 54:380-391. [PMID: 40205847 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic progressive fibrosis of oral mucosa, with the possibility of eventually progressing to oral cancer, remaining unclear pathogenesis, and a lack of targeted therapies. This study aims to analyze current research progress from a bibliometric perspective to guide the way forward. METHODS Documents in the Web of Science Core Collection database from 1999 to August 31, 2023 were thoroughly searched using a given query. After selection, years of publishing, countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords were analyzed using bibliometric software. RESULTS The bibliometric results of 1522 documents show that India and China were the most productive countries in this field. Central South University has published the most papers. The Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine and Oral Oncology were the leading journals. Betel nut, oral cancer, malignant transformation, and fibroblast were the main focuses during recent study periods. We also analyzed differences between studies in betel chewing and nonchewing areas. Notably, scholars pay more attention to the pathogenesis of OSF in the former, while the relationship between OSF and cancer is more concerning in the latter, such as in the United Kingdom and the United States. CONCLUSION Findings from this study provide an overview of the current research and reveal the future hotspot of the OSF research. It suggests that exploring the pathogenesis and mechanisms of malignant transformation in OSF will be a focal point in future research. Advancements in the prevention and treatment of OSF could significantly enhance patients' quality of life and reduce mortality associated with oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao You
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Academician Workstation for Oral-Maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Academician Workstation for Oral-Maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sicen Lai
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Tu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Academician Workstation for Oral-Maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyan Cui
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Academician Workstation for Oral-Maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiao Yi
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Academician Workstation for Oral-Maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Harris C, Debnath S, Laloo FO. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Areca Nut (kwai) Use among Employees of a Tertiary Health Care Institution in North-East India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2025; 26:489-495. [PMID: 40022693 PMCID: PMC12118018 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2025.26.2.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study strives to look for the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of areca nut use among health care workers in a tertiary hospital in North-East India. METHODS A prospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among all health care and allied workers at a public sector teaching hospital in Meghalaya, Northeast India. A questionnaire, which was validated for content, was administered to the target population. Three domains of learned behavior towards areca nut viz. knowledge (cognitive), attitude (affective) and practice (psychomotor) were assessed. Data was analyzed using SPSS V21.0. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULT A total of 434 participants completed the questionnaire. Majority of the respondents [52.8% (229)] had consumed Kwai (Areca nut) in the past 12 months. Kwai was perceived to have beneficial effects by 17.9% (78) of respondents. A total of 76.3% (331), 72.8% (316) and 62.2% (210) of respondents thought that Kwai consumption caused throat, oral and esophageal cancers respectively.48.0% (110) of the respondents swallowed the kwai juice in contrast to 32.4% (69) who spit the kwai juice. 61.6% (141) Kwai chewers tried quitting, out of which 41.8% (59) managed to stay away from Kwai for more than a year but eventually ended consuming Kwai again.62.4% (143) of the respondents claimed that the children in their family/neighbor consumed Kwai. CONCLUSION Among our study population, the knowledge about harmful effects of areca nut is good. However, this knowledge has not translated into change in practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Harris
- Department of Surgical Oncology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong, India.
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Rangani SC, Marapana RAUJ, Senanayake GSA, Perera PRD, Pathmalal MM, Amarasinghe HK. Alkaloids and nitrosamines in betel quid: A biochemical exploration of carcinogenicity. Chem Biol Interact 2025; 407:111383. [PMID: 39805416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2025.111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Betel quid contains two major ingredients; Areca catechu and Piper betel, often consumed with slaked lime, tobacco, certain flavouring agents, colouring agents, herbs, and spices according to personal preferences. The areca nut alkaloids (arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine, and guvacoline), and tobacco alkaloids (nicotine, nornicotine) undergo nitrosation during chewing in the oral cavity with the presence of nitrite and thiocyanate and endogenously. Among the nitrosation products generated areca nut-derived nitrosamine (ADNA): 3-(methylnitrosamino) Propionitrile (MNPN) and the two tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs); N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) (NNK) are considered Group 1 human carcinogens. The slaked lime increases pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and inflammation further lead to oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). The juice swallowed results in carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract including hepatocytic carcinoma, stomach, and colon cancer. Areca nut pre-treatments (sun drying, roasting, boiling, and fermentation) increase the quid metabolism, and reduce the arecoline content and associated risks. We review biochemical carcinogenesis of betel quid ingredients and synergic adverse effects and possible mechanism of carcinogenesis of betel quid in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract to understand the implication of polyphenols and alkaloids of areca nut and betel quid on carcinogenic nitrosamine formation under oral, gastric, and intestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Rangani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - R A U J Marapana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
| | - G S A Senanayake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - P R D Perera
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - M M Pathmalal
- Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - H K Amarasinghe
- Department of Community Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Guru A, Singh LP, Singh N. Assessment and Correlation of TP53 With Histological Parameters of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2024; 16:e76183. [PMID: 39840171 PMCID: PMC11750203 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.76183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common problem among tobacco chewers and related products in developing countries like India. Histopathological examination evaluates and confirms the diagnosis of oral SCC. Clinical examination and molecular profiling by histopathological examination (HPE) are important prognostic tools used in clinical practice. Histopathological grade, depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and necrosis are the factors routinely assessed in every case during clinical examination. Aim and objectives The present study aims to evaluate TP53 expression and correlate it with the histopathological parameters of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and methods The present retrospective study was conducted in the histopathological section of the Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh. All the histopathologically diagnosed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma from November 2023 to October 2024 were included in the study. The collected data were scored, and the immunopositivity of P53 was recorded and correlated with histopathological parameters. Results Oral SCC histopathology was reviewed retrospectively, and the association of histopathological features with P53 was discussed. A total number of 45 cases were included in the study. The most common age group was 41-50 years comprising 18 patients (40%), followed by the 31-40 years age group consisting of 12 patients (26%). According to histopathological parameters, they were graded, scored, and correlated with P53. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion The initiating step in the treatment of patients with precancerous or malignant diseases in the oral cavity is accurate and timely diagnosis. The histopathological examination of suspicious oral lesions is currently the gold standard for diagnosis. The correct interpretation of biopsy, along with clinical and molecular evaluations, improves the prognosis. This study focuses on the importance of reporting various histopathological parameters of oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Guru
- Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College, Vidisha, IND
| | - Lal Pranay Singh
- Department of Pathology, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College, Vidisha, IND
| | - Nikita Singh
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College Satna, Satna, IND
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Almalki SA, Gowdar IM, Vengal M, Arya S. Epidemiology of quid usage and its possible association with the occurrence of oral mucosal lesions. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1450729. [PMID: 39664881 PMCID: PMC11631780 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1450729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chewing tobacco consumption has become a major public health issue in India. The incidence of oral cancer is increasing in India, especially among young adults. Aim The objective of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of chewing tobacco consumption and its association with the occurrence of oral mucosal lesions. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,209 patients who reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology at Vyas Dental College, Jodhpur. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on patients' personal information such as demographic details, tobacco use, and other adverse habits. A single calibrated investigator performed a clinical examination of lesions on the oral mucosa, and the diagnosis was further validated. Results The majority of the participants were men (81.8%) in the age range of 26-35 years. A habit of chewing a combination of tobacco and areca nut (48.2%) was more prevalent. More than 36% of the participants consumed tobacco in a processed form (90%), at least four times a day. It was observed was 25% of the participants were suffering from tobacco pouch keratosis. Conclusion Chewing tobacco was significantly associated with the development of oral mucosal lesions, particularly among men and those belonging to lower socio-economic groups. Along with targeted public health interventions on tobacco cessation, it is essential to change the cultural norms associated with the habit of chewing tobacco and implement strict chewing tobacco control laws in the community and workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan A. Almalki
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inderjit M. Gowdar
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manoj Vengal
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KMCT Dental College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Sugandha Arya
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, India
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Noggle B, Cheng H, Sarkar M. Oral Cancer Incidence Among Adult Males With Current or Former Use of Cigarettes or Smokeless Tobacco: Population-Based Study. JMIR Cancer 2024; 10:e51936. [PMID: 39504575 PMCID: PMC11560140 DOI: 10.2196/51936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco use has been identified as a risk factor for oral cancer worldwide. However, relative oral cancer incidence among adults who smoke cigarettes, use smokeless tobacco products (ST), have transitioned from cigarettes to ST, quit cigarettes and/or ST ("quitters"), or never used tobacco has not been well studied. Objective We aim to present population-based oral cancer incidence rates for adults who smoke cigarettes, use ST, are former smokers who now use ST, or quit. Methods We estimated cross-sectional incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using data from statewide cancer registries (Colorado, Florida, North Carolina, and Texas) and population counts derived from national surveys using combined data from 2014-2017. A random-effect meta-analysis approach was used to summarize estimates among these groups, based on multiple imputation-based IRR estimates by state and age group while considering potential heterogeneity. Results A total of 19,536 oral cancer cases were identified among adult males 35 years and older in the study geographies and period. The oral cancer incidence rate among adults who smoke was significantly higher than the ST group (2.6 times higher, 95% CI 2.0-3.3, P<.001), 3.6 (95% CI 3.2-4.1, P<.001) times higher than the never users, and 2.4 (95% CI 1.8-3.1, P<.001) times higher compared to former smokers who now use ST. The IRR among the ST group relative to never users was 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-1.9, P=.02). The IRR between former smokers who now use ST and those who quit was 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-2.1, P=.08). Conclusions Findings from this population-based study with a large number of oral cancer cases support significantly high oral cancer incidence among adults who smoke and a lower risk of oral cancer incidence among never users, quitters, users of ST, and former smokers who now use ST compared to cigarettes. Future studies with detailed control of tobacco history and other relevant confounders are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Noggle
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E Jackson St, Richmond, VA, 23219, United States, 1 (804) 484-8222
| | - Hui Cheng
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E Jackson St, Richmond, VA, 23219, United States, 1 (804) 484-8222
| | - Mohamadi Sarkar
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E Jackson St, Richmond, VA, 23219, United States, 1 (804) 484-8222
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Arslan Bozdag L, Inan S, Elif Gultekin S. Microsatellite Instability and Loss of Heterozygosity as Prognostic Markers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Molecular Mechanisms, Detection Techniques, and Therapeutic Strategies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e70002. [PMID: 39470253 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.70002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of research investigating the potential role of microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), with a focus on molecular mechanisms, detection methods, and therapeutic approaches. Search for articles involved the PubMed and Scopus. Previous retrospective and prospective studies identified variations between oral cancers that exhibit microsatellite stability and LOH. In this search, 294 articles were initially retrieved. Of these, 70 were excluded due to duplication, 106 were identified as ineligible by automated tools, and 24 were excluded as they were published in languages other than English. An additional 94 articles were excluded, 32 of which focused on head and neck cancers broadly, and 8 could not be accessed due to withdrawal. Ultimately, a systematic review was conducted based on 54 selected articles. Among the chromosomes analyzed for MSI and LOH, the highest frequency of LOH was observed on chromosome 9p. The MSI subtype is particularly susceptible to immunotherapeutic methods, such as the use of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies, owing to its strong immunogenicity and ubiquitous expression of immune checkpoint ligands. Given the distinct characteristics and clinical behavior of oral cancer with MSI compared to microsatellite stable disease, it is advisable to incorporate MSI testing into the diagnostic process for all stages of tumor development. This ensured that each patient had received precise and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Arslan Bozdag
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Inan
- Tepebasi Oral Dental Health Centre, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Elif Gultekin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hashmi AA, Mudassir G, Rashid K, Malik UA, Zia S, Zia F, Irfan M. Risk Factors of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Special Emphasis on Areca Nut Usage and Its Association with Clinicopathological Parameters and Recurrence. Int J Surg Oncol 2024; 2024:9725822. [PMID: 39233744 PMCID: PMC11374421 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9725822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent type of head and neck cancer and is associated with high mortality, particularly in Southeast Asian countries. Areca nut usage, smoking, and alcohol consumption are the most common risk factors for OSCC. Areca nut chewing is highly prevalent in Pakistan and has been attributed to an increase in OSCC cases. This study aimed to determine the association between areca nut usage and various clinicopathological features of OSCC and further evaluate the association of clinicopathological parameters of OSCC with tumor recurrence. Materials and Methods The study was conducted using the data of 228 patients with OSCC resected at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, over 5 years between 2018 and 2022. Clinicopathological data were collected from hospital archives, and associations between various risk factors and clinicopathological parameters were determined. Results Males were more commonly affected (77.2%), and the most common age group was <50 years (54.4%). Areca nut usage was reported in 59.6% of cases, and the buccal mucosa was the most common site (62.7%). Areca nut usage was significantly associated with male gender, greater tumor size, greater depth of invasion (DOI), higher tumor stage, nodal stage, presence of perineural invasion (PNI), and recurrence. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that OSCC recurrence was significantly associated with older age, larger tumor size and DOI, nodal metastasis, and areca nut usage. Conclusion Areca nut-related OSCCs were associated with poor prognosis and recurrence in our study population. Furthermore, OSCC recurrence was associated with various clinicopathological parameters, such as larger tumor size, a higher DOI, and nodal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ali Hashmi
- Department of Histopathology Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Mudassir
- Department of Pathology Shifa College of Dentistry Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khushbakht Rashid
- Department of Nephrology Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Shamail Zia
- Department of Pathology Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fazail Zia
- Department of Pathology Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biostatistics Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
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Srivastava P, Rai A, Kumar M. Expression profile of diagnostic genes in oral submucous fibrosis. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155416. [PMID: 38944023 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic precancerous disorder of the oral mucosa caused by chewing of areca nut and its other variants. Chewing of areca nuts leads to dysregulated expression of specific genes, leading to various premalignant or malignant disorders. This study aimed to determine the differential expression of the diagnostic genes (MYH6, TNNT3, MYL1, and TPM2) in healthy controls and OSMF patients using saliva and tissue samples, determining the histopathological grade of the clinical samples. A total of 20 patients were included in the study and were divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 10 healthy patients (control group) and Group II consisted of 10 OSMF patients. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from both groups, and the tissue samples were divided into two parts: one for RT-qPCR analysis and the other for histopathological assay. The expression profile of genes concerning OSMF saliva and tissue samples was significantly upregulated compared to the healthy control, and all the clinical samples of the study were categorized into histopathological grade 1. The findings of this study concluded that these genes can be referred to as diagnostic genes for OSMF in early and very early clinical samples, and saliva can be used as a promising diagnostic tool for early OSMF studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Srivastava
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Arpita Rai
- Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi 834009, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
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Ravanbodshirazi S, Boutfol T, Safaridehkohneh N, Finkler M, Mohammadi-Kambs M, Ott A. The Nature of the Spark Is a Pivotal Element in the Design of a Miller-Urey Experiment. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2201. [PMID: 38004341 PMCID: PMC10672138 DOI: 10.3390/life13112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Miller and Urey applied electric sparks to a reducive mixture of CH4, NH3, and water to obtain a complex organic mixture including biomolecules. In this study, we examined the impact of temperature, initial pressure, ammonia concentration, and the spark generator on the chemical profile of a Miller-Urey-type prebiotic broth. We analyzed the broth composition using Gas Chromatography combined with Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The results point towards strong compositional changes with the nature of the spark. Ammonia exhibited catalytic properties even with non-nitrogen-containing compounds. A more elevated temperature led to a higher variety of substances. We conclude that to reproduce such a broth as well as possible, all the studied parameters need to be tightly controlled, the most difficult and important being spark generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Albrecht Ott
- Biological Experimental Physics, Center for Biophysics, Faculity of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Campus B2 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (S.R.)
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Patwardhan S. Confidence in nicotine for tobacco harm reduction-Bridging the policy-practice gap. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1205-1210. [PMID: 36413490 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research show that constituents other than nicotine are the harmful agents in tobacco products. This knowledge is incorporated into the nicotine regulatory policies of countries leading in tobacco control, such as the UK and New Zealand. Alternative nicotine products, such as nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes, are now endorsed in the UK by a number of healthcare bodies in a tobacco harm reduction approach that encourages tobacco users to completely switch to a less risky nicotine-containing product. The potential role of 'clean' nicotine alternatives to reduce the harms from tobacco is, however, not being translated into practice. Many healthcare practitioners still bundle tobacco, cigarettes, smoking, cancer and nicotine into one, thus preventing them from supporting their patients to make informed choices on safer nicotine alternatives. This misperception among healthcare professionals, in turn, is a hurdle to effective tobacco control policymaking in many low- and middle-income countries and effective cessation support everywhere in the world. Nicotine confidence based on nicotine literacy among the key decision-makers should start with reforming medical curricula and myth-busting in the lay media to include factual statements about nicotine and public health policy discussions on the principles of harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Patwardhan
- Centre for Health Research and Education, University of Southampton Science Park, Hampshire, UK
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Bhatkar D, Ananda N, Lokhande KB, Khunteta K, Jain P, Hebale A, Sarode SC, Sharma NK. Organic Acids Derived from Saliva-amalgamated Betel Quid Filtrate Are Predicted as a Ten-eleven Translocation-2 Inhibitor. J Cancer Prev 2023; 28:115-130. [PMID: 37830116 PMCID: PMC10564634 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2023.28.3.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence regarding the use of betel quid (BQ) and its potential contribution to oral cancer. Limited attention has been directed towards investigating the involvement of BQ-derived organic acids in the modulation of metabolic-epigenomic pathways associated with oral cancer initiation and progression. We employed novel protocol for preparing saliva-amalgamated BQ filtrate (SABFI) that mimics the oral cavity environment. SABFI and saliva control were further purified by an in-house developed vertical tube gel electrophoresis tool. The purified SABFI was then subjected to liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis to identify the presence of organic acids. Profiling of SABFI showed a pool of prominent organic acids such as citric acid. malic acid, fumaric acid, 2-methylcitric acid, 2-hydroxyglutarate, cis-aconitic acid, succinic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid lactone, tartaric acid and β-ketoglutaric acid. SABFI showed anti-proliferative and early apoptosis effects in oral cancer cells. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations predicted that SABFI-derived organic acids as potential inhibitors of the epigenetic demethylase enzyme, Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 (TET2). By binding to the active site of α-ketoglutarate, a known substrate of TET2, these organic acids are likely to act as competitive inhibitors. This study reports a novel approach to study SABFI-derived organic acids that could mimic the chemical composition of BQ in the oral cavity. These SABFI-derived organic acids projected as inhibitors of TET2 and could be explored for their role oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Bhatkar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Nistha Ananda
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Kratika Khunteta
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Priyadarshini Jain
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Ameya Hebale
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Sachin C. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
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13
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Tan Y, Wang Z, Xu M, Li B, Huang Z, Qin S, Nice EC, Tang J, Huang C. Oral squamous cell carcinomas: state of the field and emerging directions. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:44. [PMID: 37736748 PMCID: PMC10517027 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) develops on the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity. It accounts for approximately 90% of oral malignancies and impairs appearance, pronunciation, swallowing, and flavor perception. In 2020, 377,713 OSCC cases were reported globally. According to the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO), the incidence of OSCC will rise by approximately 40% by 2040, accompanied by a growth in mortality. Persistent exposure to various risk factors, including tobacco, alcohol, betel quid (BQ), and human papillomavirus (HPV), will lead to the development of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which are oral mucosal lesions with an increased risk of developing into OSCC. Complex and multifactorial, the oncogenesis process involves genetic alteration, epigenetic modification, and a dysregulated tumor microenvironment. Although various therapeutic interventions, such as chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and nanomedicine, have been proposed to prevent or treat OSCC and OPMDs, understanding the mechanism of malignancies will facilitate the identification of therapeutic and prognostic factors, thereby improving the efficacy of treatment for OSCC patients. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in OSCC. Moreover, the current therapeutic interventions and prognostic methods for OSCC and OPMDs are discussed to facilitate comprehension and provide several prospective outlooks for the fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengtong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Tiwari T, Nagar K. Smokeless Tobacco and Current Preoperative Fasting Guidelines, Time to Find the Missing Link. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:111. [PMID: 37288033 PMCID: PMC10241617 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_240_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Tiwari
- Department of Anaesthesia, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kriti Nagar
- Department of Anaesthesia, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Genetic and epigenetic instability induced by betel quid associated chemicals. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:223-234. [PMID: 36845258 PMCID: PMC9945799 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, betel quid chewing and tobacco use have attracted considerable interest as they are implicated as the most likely causative risk factors of oral and esophageal cancers. Although areca nut use and betel quid chewing may lead to apoptosis, chronic exposure to areca nut and slaked lime may promote pre-malignant and malignant transformation of oral cells. The putative mutagenic and carcinogenic mechanisms may involve endogenous nitrosation of areca and tobacco alkaloids as well as the presence of direct alkylating agents in betel quid and smokeless tobacco. Metabolic activation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines by phase-I enzymes is required not only to elicit the genotoxicity via the reactive intermediates but also to potentiate the mutagenicity with the sporadic alkylations of nucleotide bases, resulting in the formation of diverse DNA adducts. Persistent DNA adducts provides the impetus for genetic and epigenetic lesions. The genetic and epigenetic factors cumulatively influence the development and progression of disorders such as cancer. Accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic aberrations due to long-term betel quid (with or without tobacco) chewing and tobacco use culminates into the development of head and neck cancers. We review recent evidence that supports putative mechanisms for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of betel quid chewing along with tobacco (smoking and smokeless) use. The detailed molecular mechanisms of the extent of accumulation and patterns of genetic alterations, indicative of the prior exposure to carcinogens and alkylating agents because of BQ chewing and tobacco use, have not yet been elucidated.
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16
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RNA N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Methyltransferase-like 3 Facilitates Tumorigenesis and Cisplatin Resistance of Arecoline-Exposed Oral Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223605. [PMID: 36429032 PMCID: PMC9688745 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arecoline is known as the main active carcinogen found in areca nut extract that drives the pathological progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Studies have revealed that dysregulation of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase components is intimately linked to cancer initiation and progression, including oral cancer. METHODS The arecoline-induced dysregulated methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) gene was identified using RNA-seq transcriptome assay. Using in vitro and in vivo models, the biological roles of METTL3 in arecoline-transformed oral cancer were examined. RESULTS We found that METTL3 was markedly elevated in arecoline-exposed OSCC cell lines and OSCC tissues of areca nut chewers. We identified that hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) stimulated METTL3 expression at the transcriptional level and further proved that METTL3-MYC-HIF-1α formed a positive autoregulation loop in arecoline-transformed OSCC cells. Subsequently, we manifested that METTL3 depletion profoundly reduced cell proliferation, cell migration, oncogenicity, and cisplatin resistance of arecoline-exposed OSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Developing novel strategies to target METTL3 may be a potential way to treat OSCC patients, particularly those with areca nut chewing history and receiving cisplatin treatment.
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17
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Myers AL. Metabolism of the areca alkaloids - toxic and psychoactive constituents of the areca (betel) nut. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:343-360. [PMID: 35543097 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2075010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Areca nut (AN) is consumed by millions of people for its therapeutic and psychoactive effects, making it one of the most widely self-administered psychoactive substances in the world. Even so, AN use/abuse is associated with myriad oral and systemic side effects, affecting most organ systems in the body. Alkaloids abundant in the nut (e.g. arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine), collectively called the areca alkaloids, are presumably responsible for the major pharmacological effects experienced by users, with arecoline being the most abundant alkaloid with notable toxicological properties. However, the mechanisms of arecoline and other areca alkaloid elimination in humans remain poorly documented. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth review of areca alkaloid pharmacokinetics (PK) in biological systems, and discuss mechanisms of metabolism by presenting information found in the literature. Also, the toxicological relevance of the known and purported metabolic steps will be reviewed. In brief, several areca alkaloids contain a labile methyl ester group and are susceptible to hydrolysis, although the human esterase responsible remains presumptive. Other notable mechanisms include N-oxidation, glutathionylation, nitrosamine conversion, and carbon-carbon double-bond reduction. These metabolic conversions result in toxic and sometimes less-toxic derivatives. Arecoline and arecaidine undergo extensive metabolism while far less is known about guvacine and guvacoline. Metabolism information may help predict drug interactions with human pharmaceuticals with overlapping elimination pathways. Altogether, this review provides a first-of-its-kind comprehensive analysis of AN alkaloid metabolism, adds perspective on new mechanisms of metabolism, and highlights the need for future metabolism work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Myers
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Nicotine is an independent potential fibrogenic mediator in non-betel quid associated oral submucous fibrosis. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kumbhalwar A, Shetiya SH, Kakodkar P, Mehta V, Mathur A, Porwal P. Prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Methodol 2022; 12:293-304. [PMID: 36159096 PMCID: PMC9350727 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking and chewing tobacco are associated with numerous oral mucosal lesions and conditions, often leading to cancer progression.
AIM To investigate the prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions among the Indian population.
METHODS Systematic search was conducted for population or community-based observational epidemiological studies in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, IndMED, Google Scholar, reports of the WHO South-East Asia Region, MOHFW India reports, Science Citation Index, WHO Index Medicus of the South-East Asian Region, Reference Citation Analysis (https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com/) and Open Grey from the earliest available up to 31st January 2022. The effect size was calculated for the prevalence of precancerous lesions and conditions.
RESULTS One hundred sixty-two estimates from 130 studies yielded 52 high, 71 moderate, and seven low-quality studies from 823845. Point estimate based on cross-sectional studies for leukoplakia was 4.3% (95%CI: 4.0-4.6), oral submucous fibrosis was 2.7% (95%CI: 2.5-3.0), palatal lesions in reverse smokers and nicotine palatine were 5.8% (95%CI: 4.4-7.2), and Erythroplakia was 1.2% (95%CI: 0.7-1.7), and lichen planus was 1.1% (95%CI: 0.9-1.2). Amongst hospital-based studies, the pooled prevalence for Leukoplakia was 6.7% (95%CI: 6.0-7.3), oral submucous fibrosis was 4.5% (95%CI: 4.2-4.9), lichen planus was 7.5% (95%CI: 5.3-9.6), and erythroplakia was 2.5% (95%CI: 0.4-4.5), and palatal lesions in reverse smokers and nicotine palatini were 11.5% (95%CI: 8.0-15.0).
CONCLUSION Precancerous lesions and conditions are prevailing problems among the Indian population. It is mainly due to tobacco use, the smokeless form of tobacco. The meta-analysis indicates that hospital-based studies have a higher effect size of 6.7% than community-based studies. Patients who have already developed this condition may be advised to reduce their exposure to the risk factor to prevent the condition from progressing further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumbhalwar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, D.Y. Patil Dental School, Charholi, Lohegaon, Pune 412105, India
| | - Sahana Hegde Shetiya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Vini Mehta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | - Ankita Mathur
- Public Health, STAT SENSE, Gandhinagar 382421, India
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20
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Chen HC, Chen YY, Chao MR, Chang YZ. Validation of a high-throughput method for simultaneous determination of areca nut and tobacco biomarkers in hair using microwave-assisted extraction and isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 216:114775. [PMID: 35490505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For people with habits of chewing betel nuts and smoking, the probability of suffering from oral cancer is ten to a hundred times higher than others. Due to the serious health consequences of areca nut and tobacco, a reliable cessation program is needed. Hair is the best option to document long-term exposure. Unfortunately, the research on betel nut in hair did not attract much attention. In this study, a high-throughput method based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to measure the four biomarkers of betel nuts and cigarettes, including areca alkaloids (arecoline), tobacco alkaloids (nicotine), and their metabolites (arecaidine and cotinine). The hair sample was washed, cut, weighed, and incubated for 3 min MAE with methanol/trifluoroacetic acid, then evaporated and reconstituted for LC-MS/MS analysis. The total experiment time was 50 min. The lower limits of quantification (LOQ) were 5-10 pg/mg. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 2.2-7.6%. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy were - 6.1-8.2%. The method showed good linearity (r2 > 0.995) over LOQ - 1000 pg/mg concentration ranges. It was successfully applied to analyze 11 subjects of regular areca nut chewers, also smokers. Eight samples were black hair; three samples were naturally black hair with partially gray hair. Measured concentrations in black hair were in the range 56.9 pg/mg to 3.2 ng/mg for arecoline, 12.8 pg/mg to 222.2 pg/mg for arecaidine, 3.8 ng/mg to 33.4 ng/mg for nicotine and 1.1 ng/mg to 6.1 ng/mg for cotinine. The results showed lower levels in gray hair. This method was utilized successfully to analyze pg/mg levels of arecoline, arecaidine, nicotine, and cotinine, and good recoveries were obtained. The mean concentration of arecaidine and cotinine in hair was 15% and 20% of arecoline and nicotine, respectively. A good positive correlation was found between the concentrations of these compounds and self-report. This method improved extraction speed, concentration, and analysis of samples and is useful for monitoring betel nut and smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yi Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Zin Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Drug Testing Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
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21
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Katiyar T, Yadav V, Maurya SS, Hasan F, Singh AP, Yadav S, Singh S, Hadi R, Bhatt MLB, Parmar D. Interaction of cytochrome P450s with environmental risk factors increases their expression and risk to head and neck cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:255-264. [PMID: 35638572 DOI: 10.1002/em.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of interaction of tobacco metabolizing polymorphic cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) with environmental risk factors in modifying the susceptibility to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a case-control study with 1250 proven cases of HNSCC and equal number of healthy controls was planned. A small but significant increase in the risk to HNSCC (1-2 fold) in the cases with variant genotypes of CYPs (1A1 or 1B1 or 2E1) increased several folds (up to 13 fold) in regular tobacco or alcohol users. This several fold increase in risk could be due to more than multiplicative interaction observed between the risk genotypes of CYPs and tobacco or alcohol. A synergistic effect was also observed between tobacco as well as alcohol users among cases with risk genotypes of CYPs and GSTM1 that resulted in a further increase in risk (up to 29 fold) to HNSCC. Interestingly, the increase in the risk in tobacco users among cases with variant genotypes of CYPs or a combination of CYPs & GSTM1 (-) was associated with a higher mRNA expression of CYPs when compared to nontobacco users in controls with wild type of genotypes of CYPs & GSTM1. The data suggest that the interaction of genetic and environmental risk factors leads to increased expression of CYPs which may increase the levels of tobacco-derived carcinogens thereby modifying the risk to HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridiv Katiyar
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinay Yadav
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shailendra S Maurya
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Developmental Biology and Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Feza Hasan
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arvind P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raebareli, India
| | - Sudhir Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahat Hadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Madan Lal B Bhatt
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
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22
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Fan Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Chen Q, Wang S, Wang Y, Li Y, Weng Y, Qian J, Chen F, Wang J, Shi B, Pan L, Lin L, He B, Liu F. Association Between Dietary Fatty Acid Pattern and Risk of Oral Cancer. Front Nutr 2022; 9:864098. [PMID: 35651512 PMCID: PMC9149618 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.864098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between dietary fatty acid (FA) patterns and the risk of oral cancer. METHOD A case-control study which included 446 patients with oral cancer and 448 controls subjects was conducted in Southeast China. A structured food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the dietary FA consumption before cancer diagnosis. FA patterns were identified using the principal component analysis, and the relationship between the dietary FA patterns and oral cancer was analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS General differences in FA intake were observed between the patient and control groups. The intakes of saturated FAs (SFAs) C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and monounsaturated FA C18:1 were higher in the patient group than the control group (p < 0.001). Four FA patterns were derived by principal component analysis. The "SFA" pattern, "Polyunsaturated FA" pattern, "Monounsaturated FA" pattern, and "Medium- and long-chain FA" pattern, which could explain 75.7% of the variance of the dietary FA intake, were submitted to logistic regression analysis. A positive association was observed between the "SFA" pattern and oral cancer risk. Compared with the lowest quartile score, the OR of the highest quartile score was 3.71 (95%CI: 2.31, 5.94, P trend < 0.001) in the multivariate logistic regression model. No significant association was found among the other three patterns and oral cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS General differences in dietary FA intake were observed between patients with oral cancer and controls. A positive association between the "SFA" pattern and risk of oral cancer was observed after adjusting for potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Yanfeng Weng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Fa Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory Center, School of Public Health, The Major Subject of Environment and Health of Fujian Key Universities, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Lizhen Pan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Lisong Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Baochang He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Fengqiong Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
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Cirillo N, Duong PH, Er WT, Do CTN, De Silva MEH, Dong Y, Cheong SC, Sari EF, McCullough MJ, Zhang P, Prime SS. Are There Betel Quid Mixtures Less Harmful than Others? A Scoping Review of the Association between Different Betel Quid Ingredients and the Risk of Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:664. [PMID: 35625592 PMCID: PMC9138976 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant condition of the oral cavity characterized by progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues. OSF is typically associated with the use of betel quid (BQ), a chewing package made of natural products (e.g., areca nut, betel leaves), with or without smokeless tobacco. BQ ingredients contain pro-carcinogenic bioactive compounds, but also potentially protective biomolecules, and we have shown recently that the chemical properties of different BQ recipes vary, which may explain the unequal prevalence of OSF and oral cancer in BQ users in different geographical regions. Hence, this scoping review was aimed at evaluating the existing literature regarding different BQ compounds and their association with OSF. The repository of the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE/PubMed), medRxiv databases, Google scholar, Baidu scholar, CNKI, and EBSCO were used to search for publications that investigated the association between BQ chewing and OSF up to November 2021. The search terminology was constructed using the keywords "betel quid" and "oral submucous fibrosis", and their associated terms, with the use of Boolean operators. The search was conducted under Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, together with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review showed that the risk of developing OSF varied between different BQ recipes, and that chewing BQ mixtures containing betel inflorescence (BI) significantly increased the risk of OSF, as did the addition of tobacco. Conversely, the use of betel leaf in the mixture was likely to be protective, which may be due to the presence of polyphenols. Although further research is needed to determine the effect of individual BQ ingredients in the development of OSF, our pilot results provide the scope and rationale for informing future chemopreventive strategies for OSF and oral cancer in BQ chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (P.H.D.); (W.T.E.); (C.T.N.D.); (M.E.H.D.S.); (Y.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Peter Hung Duong
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (P.H.D.); (W.T.E.); (C.T.N.D.); (M.E.H.D.S.); (Y.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Wee Teng Er
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (P.H.D.); (W.T.E.); (C.T.N.D.); (M.E.H.D.S.); (Y.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Casey Thao Nhi Do
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (P.H.D.); (W.T.E.); (C.T.N.D.); (M.E.H.D.S.); (Y.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | | | - Yining Dong
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (P.H.D.); (W.T.E.); (C.T.N.D.); (M.E.H.D.S.); (Y.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Translational Cancer Biology, Cancer Research Malaysia, 1 Jalan SS12/1A, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Elizabeth Fitriana Sari
- Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia;
| | - Michael J. McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; (P.H.D.); (W.T.E.); (C.T.N.D.); (M.E.H.D.S.); (Y.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Stephen S. Prime
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
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Saxena R, Prasoodanan P K V, Gupta SV, Gupta S, Waiker P, Samaiya A, Sharma AK, Sharma VK. Assessing the Effect of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption on Oral Microbiome in Healthy and Oral Cancer Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:841465. [PMID: 35433507 PMCID: PMC9009303 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.841465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a globally widespread cancer that features among the three most prevalent cancers in India. The risk of oral cancer is elevated by factors such as tobacco consumption, betel-quid chewing, excessive alcohol consumption, unhygienic oral condition, sustained viral infections, and also due to dysbiosis in microbiome composition of the oral cavity. Here, we performed an oral microbiome study of healthy and oral cancer patients to decipher the microbial dysbiosis due to the consumption of smokeless-tobacco-based products and also revealed the tobacco-associated microbiome. The analysis of 196 oral microbiome samples from three different oral sites of 32 healthy and 34 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients indicated health status, site of sampling, and smokeless tobacco consumption as significant covariates associated with oral microbiome composition. Significant similarity in oral microbiome composition of smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and OSCC samples inferred the possible role of smokeless tobacco consumption in increasing inflammation-associated species in oral microbiome. Significantly higher abundance of Streptococcus was found to adequately discriminate smokeless-tobacco-non-consuming healthy samples from smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and contralateral healthy site of OSCC samples from the tumor site of OSCC samples. Comparative analysis of oral microbiome from another OSCC cohort also confirmed Streptococcus as a potential marker for healthy oral microbiome. Gram-negative microbial genera such as Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, and Fusobacterium were found to be differentially abundant in OSCC-associated microbiomes and can be considered as potential microbiome marker genera for oral cancer. Association with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis pathway further confirms the differential abundance of Gram-negative marker genera in OSCC microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituja Saxena
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vishnu Prasoodanan P K
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sonia Vidushi Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Prashant Waiker
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok K. Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vineet K. Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- *Correspondence: Vineet K. Sharma,
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Integrated Proteomics Based on 2D Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry with Validations: Identification of a Biomarker Compendium for Oral Submucous Fibrosis—An Indian Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020208. [PMID: 35207696 PMCID: PMC8878868 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease more frequently found in the South East Asian population. This disease poses a public health priority, as it is grouped under oral potentially malignant disorders, with malignant transformation rates of around 7 to 13%. Hence, early identification of high-risk OSMF patients is of the utmost importance to prevent malignant transformation. Proteomic expression profiling is a promising method for identifying differentially expressed proteins for disease prognosis and risk stratification in OSMF. In this study, overexpressed proteins in OSMF, OSMF transformed into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal tissues were evaluated by proteomic analysis using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry, which revealed 23 upregulated proteins. Validation was done using immunohistochemistry for three secretory proteins, namely 14-3-3ε (n = 130), carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA 1) (n = 125) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) (n = 117), which showed significant overexpression in OSMF, OSCC compared to normal. The present study is the first of its kind in India to the best of our knowledge, assessing the altered expression of proteins in OSMF and OSMF which has undergone malignant transformation, obtaining a better knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in the disease progression. The current study shows that the biomarkers studied can be potentially useful for risk stratification of OSMF to OSCC serving as novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Clinical validation of the targets can further pave way for precision medicine to improve the quality of life in OSMF patients.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis by Different Betel Quid Constituents-Does Fibroblast Senescence Play a Role? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031637. [PMID: 35163557 PMCID: PMC8836171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) is a package of mixed constituents that is chewed by more than 600 million people worldwide, particularly in Asia. The formulation of BQ depends on a variety of factors but typically includes areca nut, betel leaf, and slaked lime and may or may not contain tobacco. BQ chewing is strongly associated with the development of potentially malignant and malignant diseases of the mouth such as oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), respectively. We have shown recently that the constituents of BQ vary geographically and that the capacity to induce disease reflects the distinct chemical composition of the BQ. In this review, we examined the diverse chemical constituents of BQ and their putative role in oral carcinogenesis. Four major areca alkaloids—arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline and guvacine—together with the polyphenols, were identified as being potentially involved in oral carcinogenesis. Further, we propose that fibroblast senescence, which is induced by certain BQ components, may be a key driver of tumour progression in OSMF and OSCC. Our study emphasizes that the characterization of the detrimental or protective effects of specific BQ ingredients may facilitate the development of targeted BQ formulations to prevent and/or treat potentially malignant oral disorders and oral cancer in BQ users.
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Pasupuleti RR, Lee CH, Osborne PG, Wu MT, Ponnusamy VK. Rapid green analytical methodology for simultaneous biomonitoring of five toxic areca nut alkaloids using UHPLC-MS/MS for predicting health hazardous risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126923. [PMID: 34449334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Areca nut (AN) is a fundamental component of betel quid (BQ), an addictive and carcinogenic mixture chewed by hundreds of millions of people in India-Asia-Pacific. Chewing of BQ is associated with oral cancers due to specific carcinogenic alkaloids (arecaidine, guvacine, guvacoline, arecoline, N-Nitrosoguvacoline) in AN. To predict the hazardous health risks of short and long-term chewing of BQ, it is crucial to identify five toxic AN alkaloids in saliva and urine of BQ chewers. This study reports a green analytical methodology comprising in-syringe assisted vortex-induced salt-enhanced liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with ultra-HPLC-MS/MS for simultaneous biomonitoring of five AN alkaloids in saliva and urine. The analytical method validation results exhibited good linearities between 0.05 and 1000 ng mL-1 with r2 > 0.9930. The detection and quantification limits were between 0.01 and 1.5 and 0.05-5 ng mL-1. Relative recoveries ranged between 87.9% and 110.1% with RSD < 9.1% for saliva samples, 81.5-115.1% with RSD < 9.7% for urine samples. The results indicated the successful identification and real-time monitoring of concentrations of five target AN alkaloids in saliva and urine of BQ chewers and demonstrated the utility of this technique as an efficient analytical protocol for routine biomonitoring of levels of toxic AN alkaloids from BQ chewers and to predict the exposure level and its harmful health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragavendra Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Peter G Osborne
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Saxena R, Prasoodanan P K V, Gupta SV, Gupta S, Waiker P, Samaiya A, Sharma AK, Sharma VK. Assessing the Effect of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption on Oral Microbiome in Healthy and Oral Cancer Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022. [PMID: 35433507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.841465/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a globally widespread cancer that features among the three most prevalent cancers in India. The risk of oral cancer is elevated by factors such as tobacco consumption, betel-quid chewing, excessive alcohol consumption, unhygienic oral condition, sustained viral infections, and also due to dysbiosis in microbiome composition of the oral cavity. Here, we performed an oral microbiome study of healthy and oral cancer patients to decipher the microbial dysbiosis due to the consumption of smokeless-tobacco-based products and also revealed the tobacco-associated microbiome. The analysis of 196 oral microbiome samples from three different oral sites of 32 healthy and 34 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients indicated health status, site of sampling, and smokeless tobacco consumption as significant covariates associated with oral microbiome composition. Significant similarity in oral microbiome composition of smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and OSCC samples inferred the possible role of smokeless tobacco consumption in increasing inflammation-associated species in oral microbiome. Significantly higher abundance of Streptococcus was found to adequately discriminate smokeless-tobacco-non-consuming healthy samples from smokeless-tobacco-consuming healthy samples and contralateral healthy site of OSCC samples from the tumor site of OSCC samples. Comparative analysis of oral microbiome from another OSCC cohort also confirmed Streptococcus as a potential marker for healthy oral microbiome. Gram-negative microbial genera such as Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, and Fusobacterium were found to be differentially abundant in OSCC-associated microbiomes and can be considered as potential microbiome marker genera for oral cancer. Association with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis pathway further confirms the differential abundance of Gram-negative marker genera in OSCC microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituja Saxena
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Vishnu Prasoodanan P K
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sonia Vidushi Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Prashant Waiker
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok K Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vineet K Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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Sanjeeta N, Banerjee S, Mukherjee S, Devi TP, Nandini DB, Aparnadevi P. Correlation of the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase with micronuclei counts among areca nut chewers of Manipuri population using exfoliative cytology: A preliminary study. J Cancer Res Ther 2022; 18:984-989. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1227_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Chowdhury CR, Dey Chowdhury A, Shahnawaz K, Markus A. Level of oral cancer awareness among Indian rural population: A possible research model using knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) intervention and its utilisation in low resource settings of LMICs. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:154-160. [PMID: 34824968 PMCID: PMC8604810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to establish levels of awareness of oral cancer and its causes among an Indian population.A pre-tested structured questionnaire on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice [KAP] (open and closed ended questionnaire) was used to estimate the KAP score, followed by clinical examination of the oral mucosal lesions. The subjects were counselled immediately after completion of KAP scoring using a structured protocol of regarding tobacco cession, and given advice about intake of natural sources of anti-oxidants in the diet, of tomato, carrot and green leafy vegetables (GLV).Subjects who had a KAP score 50% or less were counselled using a structured protocol. Subjects who had a KAP score greater than 50% were also counselled and given the correct information to their incorrect answers.In the group of people with a KAP score 50% or less, continual behavioural therapy was given to remain tobacco free for life. The subjects were monitored weekly for between 30 and 40 days. Clinically suspect lesions of hyperplasic candidiasis, lichen planus, and all varieties of Leucoplakia were confirmed histopathologically and routine treatment (conservative or surgical) was started without delay for the group. Those cases with dysplastic changes (of all different grades) were also counselled. Regular follow-up was maintained over several months and re-assessment carried out at intervals and any improvement noted. CONCLUSION This is a cost-effective and simple method for estimation of the score on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP), and determinants of the ill-effect of tobacco habit(s) and engaging the popolation-in-need for their appropriate understanding about oral cancer screening and education for prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitta R. Chowdhury
- Academic Dean & Dissertation Module Director, City of London Dental School, University of Bolton, UK
- Department of Oral Biology & Genomic Studies, Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Ashoka Dey Chowdhury
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Queens Hospital, Rom Valley Way, Romford RM7 0AG, Barking, Havering and Redbridge, University Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - K. Shahnawaz
- Department of Oral Biology & Genomic Studies, Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - A.F. Markus
- University of Bournemouth, UK
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
- Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Desai V, Shirsand S, Surampalli G. A comparative physicochemical and pharmacological evaluation of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone sodium phosphate mucoadhesive gels for the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis in rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaybhaskar Desai
- HKES’s Matoshree Taradevi Rampure Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kalaburagi, India
| | - Sidramappa Shirsand
- HKES’s Matoshree Taradevi Rampure Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kalaburagi, India
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Gupta S, Gupta S, Chaudhary C, Singh P, Sharma R, Ghosh S. Novel Treatment Approach of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in a 6-year-old Girl: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021; 14:575-579. [PMID: 34824517 PMCID: PMC8585908 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral submucous fibrosis is characterized by stiffness of oral mucosa, blanching and functional limitation, and areca nut predisposition is considered to be one of the main etiological factors. In recent years, there is an increasing prevalence of OSMF in the Indian subcontinent owing to increased consumption of smokeless tobacco products. Very few cases of pediatric OSMF are reported in PubMed literature. Oral submucous fibrosis has a malignant transformation rate of 7–13% and hence, it is important to intervene at an appropriate stage and manage it well in time. Aim and objective To report a case of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in a 6-year-old Indian girl along with its management and follow-up. Case description A 6-year-old girl of Indian origin was diagnosed with OSMF and we have used sesame oil pulling as a novel treatment approach and observed good results with long-term follow-up. We have also reviewed PubMed literature for cases of pediatric OSMF reported till date. Conclusion A timely diagnosis and intervention becomes necessary in pediatric OSMF to improve oral function and prevent malignant transformation. Clinical significance It is important to report oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) cases in pediatric patients and create awareness through health education programs so that parents and children know about the ill effects of consuming tobacco products. How to cite this article Gupta S, Gupta S, Chaudhary C, et al. Novel Treatment Approach of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in a 6-year-old Girl: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(4):575–579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Chaudhary
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Singh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ridam Sharma
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Oral cancer ranks first among males and is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in Pakistan. We studied the epidemiology and risk factors associated with this cancer. The main risk factors in the Pakistani population include the usage of chewable and non-chewable tobacco, areca nut, betel leaf, poor dental hygiene practices, oncogenic viral infections, and genetic predispositions. The impact of socioeconomic status and the available health resources on the management of oral cancer is also discussed. It is concluded that being a low-middle economy efforts should be primarily focused on awareness for early screening, diagnosis, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Malkani
- Department of Zoology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sara Kazmi
- Department of Zoology, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
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Sahoo PK, Sarkar S, Ghosh D, Mahata S, Pal R, Mistry T, Ghosh S, Roy A, Bucha H, Mandal S, Nasare VD. Premalignant and malignant lesions of oral cavity in eastern India: a hospital-based study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 30:393-399. [PMID: 33252366 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral carcinoma and precancers are major public health challenges in India and other developing countries. OBJECTIVES Aim of the study was to assess the associations of demographic characteristics, addictions, chief complaints of mouth/oral and clinical diagnosis by cytology smear and punch biopsy in early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Methods Study was designed on retrospective data of case files of CDC, CNCI, Kolkata, from patients attended from January 1996 to September 2016. History was taken, histopathology and Pap smear were performed. Descriptive statistical analysis, cross-tabulation and Pearson's Chi-square test were done. RESULTS Total participants (n = 692); 110 (15.9%) having history of swallowing betel leaf, nut lime, dokta, jarda, catecheu with an average of 11 years. Three hundred twenty-five (46.9%) had multiple addiction (cigarette/bidi/tobacco/all). Ninety-eight (12.1%), 99 (12.2%) and 68 (8.4%) were addicted to cigarette, bidi and chewing tobacco, respectively. Twenty-nine participants were addicted to alcohol; 18 (2.6%) and 11 (1.5%) took country and foreign alcohol correspondingly. Clinicians thoroughly examined lips (4.1%), buccal mucosa (27.3%), gingival (2.8%), tongue (23.1%), hard and soft palate (4.9%), mouth loor (5.2%) and other parts (32.3%); diagnosed participants as normal (22.8%)/benign (23.1%)/premalignant (39.1%)/malignant (14.8%). Smears confirmed 60, 131, 42, 9 and 8 cases as carcinoma, mild, moderate, severe dysplasia and inflammation, respectively. The punch biopsy identified 11 carcinomas, two severe, two moderate and seveeen mild dysplasia's. Chi-square test showed significant association between smear and examination (P = 0.022), diagnosis and examinations of the oral cancer patients (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The study provided strong evidence that betel leaf, chewing tobacco, smoking and alcohol are independent risk factors for oral cancer. Cytological smear and biopsy are cost-effective approaches for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ranita Pal
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Screening
| | | | | | - Asoke Roy
- Departments of Pathology and Cancer Screening
| | | | - Syamsundar Mandal
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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Ramadoss R, Krishnan R, Vasanthi V, Bose D, Vijayalakshmi R, Padmanabhan R, Subramanian B. New Insights for Consummate Diagnosis and Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis Using Reactive and Reparative Fibrotic Parameter Derived Algorithm. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S323-S332. [PMID: 34447103 PMCID: PMC8375801 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_822_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Reproducibility of qualitative changes in histopathological diagnosis involving narrow variation is often challenging. This study aims to characterize the histological fibrotic events in detail so as to derive an in-depth multiparametric algorithm with individually quantified histological parameters for effective monitoring of the. disease process in oral submucous fibrosis and for potential therapeutic targets for early intervention. Methods Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), were taken and sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin stain and Masson Trichrome stain. Photomicrographs were assessed for various morphometric parameters with Image J software version 1.8. Linear Regression was used to model the relationship using Inflammatory Cell Count, Extent of Inflammation collagen stained area, Epithelial thickness integrated density of collagen, MVPA, Area, Perimeter, were taken as variables. Result Inflammatory cell count and the extent of inflammation also decreased with increasing grades of OSMF. Collagen proportionate area, integrated collagen density and epithelial thickness were compared among different grades of OSMF. Grade IV OSMF had greatest mean collagen proportionate area , highest integrated collagen density and lowest epithelial thickness when compared to other grades of OSMF. Linear regression model revealed smaller variation between Grade I to Grade II. Whereas Grade II to Grade IV exhibited larger variation suggestive of increased growth rate and all the coefficients were found to lie within 95% confidence limits. Conclusion Diagnostic algorithm with multiparametric regression model were derived and combinatorial therapeutic approaches have been suggested for more effective management of oral submucous fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ramadoss
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, SRMIST, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajkumar Krishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, SRMIST, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Vasanthi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, SRMIST, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divya Bose
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, SRMIST, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Mathematics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajashree Padmanabhan
- CAS Crystallography and BioPhysics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balakumar Subramanian
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sharma M, Shetty SS, Radhakrishnan R. Novel Pathways and Mechanism of Nicotine-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:66-79. [PMID: 34365933 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210806161312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) contains 9 times more nicotine than Smoked Tobacco (SMT). The carcinogenic effect of nicotine is intensified by converting nicotine-to-nicotine-derived Nitrosamines (NDNs). METHODS A review of the literature was conducted with a tailored search strategy to unravel the novel pathways and mechanisms of nicotine-induced oral carcinogenesis. RESULTS Nicotine and NDNs act on nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) as agonists. Nicotine facilitates cravings through α4β2nAChR and α7nAChR, via enhanced brain dopamine release. Nicotine binding to nAChR promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, radioresistance, and metastasis of oral cancer cells. Nicotine binding to α7nAChR on keratinocytes triggers Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK cascade promoting anti-apoptosis and pro-proliferative effects. Furthermore, the nicotine-enhanced metastasis is subdued on nAChR blockade through reduced nuclear localization of p-EGFR. CONCLUSION Protracted exposure to nicotine/NDN augments cancer-stimulatory α7nAChR and desensitizes cancer inhibitory α4β2nAChR. Since nAChRs dictate both addictive and carcinogenic effects of nicotine, it seems counterintuitive to designate nicotine just as an addictive agent devoid of any carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad - 121004. India
| | - Smitha S Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal, (Karnataka). India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104. India
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Anand PS, Mishra S, Nagle D, Kamath NP, Kamath KP, Anil S. Patterns of Periodontal Destruction among Smokeless Tobacco Users in a Central Indian Population. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:744. [PMID: 34204533 PMCID: PMC8234790 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings of studies testing the association between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and periodontal health have shown varying results in different populations. Considering the high prevalence of SLT use in India, the present study was conducted to understand the pattern of periodontal destruction within different areas of the dentition among SLT users. METHODS Age, gender, oral hygiene habits, the frequency and duration of SLT consumption, the type of SLT product used, and the site of retention of the SLT product in the oral cavity were recorded among 90 SLT users. Probing depth (PD), recession (REC), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) at SLT-associated and non SLT-associated teeth of the mandibular arch were compared based on the site of retention of the SLT product, the type of product used, and the duration of the habit. RESULTS REC and CAL were significantly higher at the SLT-associated zones compared to non SLT-associated zones and at both interproximal and mid-buccal sites of SLT-associated teeth. Among individuals who had the habit for more than 5 years and also among those who had the habit for 5-10 years, PD, REC, and CAL were significantly higher at SLT-associated teeth than at non SLT-associated teeth. Significantly greater periodontal destruction was observed at SLT-associated teeth among khaini users and gutkha users. CONCLUSIONS Smokeless tobacco consumption resulted in greater destruction of periodontal tissues. The severity of periodontal destruction at SLT-associated sites differed depending on the type of smokeless tobacco used, the site of retention of the SLT, and the duration of the habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S. Anand
- Department of Dentistry, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad 500038, India;
| | - Supriya Mishra
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Raipur 492001, India;
| | - Deepti Nagle
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, PCDS Campus, People’s University, Bhopal 462037, India;
| | - Namitha P. Kamath
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India;
| | - Kavitha P. Kamath
- Private Practice, Specialist Dental Center, Udupi, Mangalore 576104, India;
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Dentistry, Oral Health Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
- College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Sahu RK, Patro S, Nayak B, Bardhan D, Panda S, Rajguru JP. Habit-associated salivary pH changes in oral submucous fibrosis: A cross-sectional study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2021; 12:78-82. [PMID: 34188405 PMCID: PMC8191565 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_39_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salivary pH plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various oral diseases and conditions. Chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products changes salivary pH. Aim: The aim of the study was to measure the effect of habitual chewing of areca nut and various tobacco products on salivary pH. Materials and Methods: The present study included 360 individuals (chewers and nonchewers) of age group between 20 and 30 years who visited the Outpatient Department of Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital. The patient's salivary pH was measured with the help of a digital pH meter before and after chewing areca nut and various tobacco products. Results: It was observed that, in all the groups of chewers, pH decreased after chewing except in the gutkha and lime chewing group, where pH increased (pH before chewing was 7.43 ± 0.41 and after chewing was 7.51 ± 0.399), the difference was strongly significant (P < 0.001). pH was found to be less in lime and tobacco chewers (6.83 ± 0.33) and more in tobacco, betel nut, and lime chewers (7.50 ± 0.41) in comparison to other groups before chewing; the difference was strongly significant (P < 0.001). In the mean ± standard deviation, increase in pH was found among chewers (7.32 ± 0.49) as compared to nonchewers (6.99 ± 0.14), which is the control group, and the data were statically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: pH is altered in areca nut and various tobacco chewers, rendering the oral mucosa vulnerable to the toxic effects of areca nut and various tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sangram Patro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Bikash Nayak
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debajyoti Bardhan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Swagat Panda
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jagdish Prasad Rajguru
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Bolognesi C, Bruzzone M, Ceppi M, Marcon F. Micronuclei and upper body cancers (head, neck, breast cancers) a systematic review and meta-analysis. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108358. [PMID: 34083052 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed on 19 studies on head and neck cancer (HNC) and 21 studies on breast cancer (BC) to evaluate the application of micronucleus (MN) assay as a predictive and prognostic test for cancer risk. In these studies the MN test was applied in peripheral lymphocytes and buccal cells of patients and healthy subjects with family history of cancer. The meta-analysis on MN applied in buccal cells of HNC patients was performed on two subgroups of studies. A significant increase of MN frequency in patients compared to healthy controls was observed for the subgroup on oral cancer (243 cases/370 controls, meta-MR = 4.71 95 %CI:2.75-8.06) and HNC (204 patients/163 controls metaMR=2.28 95 %CI:2.02-2.58). A metaMR = 3.27 (95 %CI:1.41-7.59) was obtained for MN applied in peripheral lymphocytes on HNC (160 cases/160 controls). For BC, the analysis of MN in peripheral lymphocytes showed significantly higher values in patients (n = 761) than in controls (n = 788) (meta-MR1.90 95 % CI:1.44-2.49). No statistically significant increase of baseline MN was detected in studies on groups of healthy subjects with BC family history (n = 224) or with BRCA1/2 mutations (n = 101) with respect to the controls. After ex-vivo challenge with ionizing radiation, the meta-analysis revealed a slightly statistically significant increase in MN only in BC patients (n = 614) compared to controls (n = 622)(meta-MR = 1.11 95 %CI:1.02-1.21); no increase was observed in healthy subjects with BC family history carrying or not BRCA1/2 mutations. Significant difference between BC patients (n = 183) and controls (n = 165) was observed by the meta-analysis of data on MN in buccal cells (MR = 3.89 95 %CI:1.54-9.78). The MN assay in buccal cells has some perspective of clinical application in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Marco Bruzzone
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16131 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceppi
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16131 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Marcon
- Dept. Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Gupta S, Kumar P, Das BC. HPV +ve/-ve oral-tongue cancer stem cells: A potential target for relapse-free therapy. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100919. [PMID: 33129107 PMCID: PMC7590584 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a highly prevalent head and neck cancer often associated with tobacco and/or alcohol abuse or high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. HPV positive TSCCs present a unique mechanism of tumorigenesis as compared to tobacco and alcohol-induced TSCCs and show a better prognosis when treated. The poor prognosis and/or recurrence of TSCC is due to presence of a small subpopulation of tumor-initiating tongue cancer stem cells (TCSCs) that are intrinsically resistant to conventional chemoradio-therapies enabling cancer to relapse. Therefore, targeting TCSCs may provide efficient therapeutic strategy for relapse-free survival of TSCC patients. Indeed, the development of new TCSC targeting therapeutic approaches for the successful elimination of HPV+ve/-ve TCSCs could be achieved either by targeting the self-renewal pathways, epithelial mesenchymal transition, vascular niche, nanoparticles-based therapy, induction of differentiation, chemoradio-sensitization of TCSCs or TCSC-derived exosome-based drug delivery and inhibition of HPV oncogenes or by regulating epigenetic pathways. In this review, we have discussed all these potential approaches and highlighted several important signaling pathways/networks involved in the formation and maintenance of TCSCs, which are targetable as novel therapeutic targets to sensitize/eliminate TCSCs and to improve survival of TSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Gupta
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India; National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (NICPR), I-7, Sector-39, Noida 201301, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Lab, Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
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The Potential of Phytochemicals in Oral Cancer Prevention and Therapy: A Review of the Evidence. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081150. [PMID: 32781654 PMCID: PMC7465709 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiological factors of oral cancer are complex including drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, betel quid chewing, human papillomavirus infection, and nutritional deficiencies. Understanding the molecular mechanism of oral cancer is vital. The traditional treatment for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) and targeted molecular therapy still have numerous shortcomings. In recent years, the use of phytochemical factors to prevent or treat cancer has received increasing attention. These phytochemicals have little or no toxicity against healthy tissues and are thus ideal chemopreventive agents. However, phytochemicals usually have low water solubility, low bioavailability, and insufficient targeting which limit therapeutic use. Numerous studies have investigated the development of phytochemical delivery systems to address these problems. The present article provides an overview of oral cancer including the etiological factors, diagnosis, and traditional therapy. Furthermore, the classification, dietary sources, anticancer bioactivity, delivery system improvements, and molecular mechanisms against oral cancer of phytochemicals are also discussed in this review.
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Helicobacter pylori was not detected in oral squamous cell carcinomas from cohorts of Norwegian and Nepalese patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8737. [PMID: 32457404 PMCID: PMC7250879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is an established causative agent for gastric cancer. Although the oral cavity is a part of the gastrointestinal system, the presence and possible causative role of HP in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a subject of controversy. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate HP infection in two cohorts of OSCC patients with different demographic characteristics, lifestyles and habitual risk factors. A total of 242 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded OSCC specimens from two different patient cohorts (Norway, n = 171 and Nepal, n = 71) were used to examine HP using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Two different HP specific genes (23S rRNA and ureA) were used for TaqMan-based qPCR, and for subsequent verification using HP specific RIDAGENE HP kit and SYBR Green based qPCR. All of the OSCC specimens from both cohorts were found to be negative for HP infection with IHC and qPCR, although the positive control specimens tested positive. Our findings suggest that HP is absent in the examined OSCC cohorts, irrespective of race, lifestyle and habitual risk factors. This indicates that, in contrast to gastric cancer, HP is an unlikely contributing factor for OSCC pathogenesis.
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Oral Cancer: A Historical Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093168. [PMID: 32370133 PMCID: PMC7246763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: This historical medical literature review aims at understanding the evolution of the medical existence of oral cancer over times, particularly better comprehending if the apparent lower prevalence of this type of cancer in antiquity is a real value due to the absence of modern environmental and lifestyle factors or it is linked to a misinterpretation of ancient foreign terms found in ancient medical texts regarding oral neoplasms. Methods: The databases MedLne, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier's EMBASE.com, Cochrane Review, National Library of Greece (Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Athens) and the Library of the School of Health Sciences of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece) were extensively searched for relevant studies published during the past century on the history of oral cancer and its treatment from antiquity to modern times, in addition to the WHO website to analyse the latest epidemiological data. In addition, we included historical books on the topic of interest and original sources. Results: Historical references reveal that the cradle of the oral oncology was in ancient Egypt, the Asian continent and Greece and cancer management was confined to an approximate surgical practice, in order to remove abnormal masses and avoid bleeding with cauterization. In the Medieval Age, little progress occurred in medicine in general, oral cancers management included. It is only from the Renaissance to modern times that knowledge about its pathophysiological mechanisms and histopathology and its surgical and pharmacological treatment approaches became increasingly deep all over the world, evolving to the actual integrated treatment. Despite the abundant literature exploring oncology in past civilizations, the real prevalence of oral cancer in antiquity is much less known; but a literature analysis cannot exclude a consistent prevalence of this cancer in past populations, probably with a likely lower incidence than today, because many descriptions of its aggressiveness were found in ancient medical texts, but it is still difficult to be sure that each single description of oral masses could be associated to cancer, particularly for what concerns the period before the Middle Ages. Conclusions: Modern oncologists and oral surgeons must learn a lot from their historic counterparts in order to avoid past unsuccessful efforts to treatment oral malignancies. Several descriptions of oral cancers in the antiquity that we found let us think that this disease might be linked to mechanisms not strictly dependent on environmental risk factors, and this might guide future research on oral cavity treatments towards strategical cellular and molecular techniques.
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Cao M, Liu Y, Yuan H, Qiu Y, Xie Q, Yi P, Tan D, Peng Y, Wang W. HPLC-Based Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Alkaloids in Chewable Areca Products from Different Geographic Regions. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1400-1405. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chewable areca products are popular in Asian countries, including India, Pakistan, Malaysia, and China. The major alkaloids present in areca products are guvacine, arecaidine, guvacoline, and arecoline which cause carcinogenicity and addiction.
Objective
The objective of this study was the quantitative analysis of the alkaloid content of areca chewable products from different countries and regions using HPLC-UV, as well as the benefit of their safety evaluation products.
Method
An HPLC-UV method was established for qualitative and quantitative analyses of 65 batches of areca chewable products from different countries and regions. Additionally, similarity evaluation of chromatographic fingerprints was applied for data analysis.
Results
These results reveal a significant variation in the levels of areca alkaloids among tested products, specifically guvacoline (0.060–1.216 mg/g), arecoline (0.376–3.592 mg/g), guvacine (0.028–1.184 mg/g), and arecaidine (0.184–1.291 mg/g). There were significant differences in the alkaloid content of areca chewable products from different producing areas.
Conclusions
The method will be useful in the safety evaluation of different areca chewable products.
Highlights
The established HPLC-UV method can be adopted for safety evaluation of areca chewable products from different countries and regions due to its general applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Cao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yingkai Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qingling Xie
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Pan Yi
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Dianbo Tan
- Hunan Academy of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yanmei Peng
- Hunan Academy of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
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Sarma H, Jahan T, Sharma HK. Progress in Drug and Formulation Development for the Chemoprevention of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:16-36. [PMID: 30806332 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190222182824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a life-threatening global problem with high incidence rates. Prioritizing the prevention of cancer, chemopreventive agents have drawn much attention from the researchers. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the discussion of the progress in the development of chemopreventive agents and formulations related to the prevention of oral cancer. METHODS In this perspective, an extensive literature survey was carried out to understand the mechanism, control and chemoprevention of oral cancer. Different patented agents and formulations have also exhibited cancer preventive efficacy in experimental studies. This review summarizes the etiology of oral cancer and developments in prevention strategies. RESULTS The growth of oral cancer is a multistep activity necessitating the accumulation of genetic as well as epigenetic alterations in key regulatory genes. Many risk factors are associated with oral cancer. Genomic technique for sequencing all tumor specimens has been made available to help detect mutations. The recent development of molecular pathway and genetic tools has made the process of diagnosis easier, better forecast and efficient therapeutic management. Different chemical agents have been studied for their efficacy to prevent oral cancer and some of them have shown promising results. CONCLUSION Use of chemopreventive agents, either synthetic or natural origin, to prevent carcinogenesis is a worthy concept in the management of cancers. Preventive measures are helpful in controlling the occurrence or severity of the disease. The demonstrated results of preventive agents have opened an arena for the development of promising chemopreventive agents in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Taslima Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Hemanta K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
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Khan Z, Suliankatchi RA, Heise TL, Dreger S. Naswar (Smokeless Tobacco) Use and the Risk of Oral Cancer in Pakistan: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:32-40. [PMID: 29294113 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction With an annual increase of 16000 new cases each year, oral cancer is the second most common cancer in Pakistan. There is conflicting evidence regarding the carcinogenicity of different forms of smokeless tobacco (SLT) from different countries. This difference in evidence may be attributed to the varied composition of SLT products used around the world, necessitating the establishment of individual risks related to each SLT product. Methods An electronic search in relevant databases yielded 119 publications, out of which six were included in this review. Effect estimates (odds ratios (ORs)) were abstracted or calculated from the given data. A fixed effects meta-analysis was performed to assess the risk of oral cancer with the use of Naswar. Population attributable fractions (PAF) were also calculated. Results The Meta Odds Ratio (mOR) for oral cancer associated with the "ever use" of Naswar compared to "never use" was 11.8 (95% CI = 8.4-16.4), I2 = 67%. The pooled estimate for oral cancer in "Ever-users" of Naswar compared to "Never-users," in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province was 18.3 (95% CI = 8.7-38.5), I2 = 0%. The PAF for oral cancer associated with the use of Naswar in Pakistan was 44% (95% CI = 35-53). Discussion This review highlights a strong relationship between oral cancer incidence and the use of Naswar in Pakistan and adds to the evidence base on the carcinogenicity of SLT products in humans. Although the synthesized evidence may not be of a high quality, it represents the "best available evidence" which can be used to inform policy. Implications The carcinogenicity of Naswar, a form of smokeless tobacco used extensively in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia, has yet to be recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), partly due to the lack of evidence on the association of Naswar use and cancer. Additionally, Naswar is yet un-regulated in Pakistan and evades the tax net, resulting in it being freely available to both adults and children at very cheap prices compared to cigarettes, which has been the main focus of tobacco control in Pakistan. This review provides ample evidence for the IARC to declare Naswar as carcinogenic, as well as the Government of Pakistan to regulate the production and sale of Naswar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas L Heise
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology (BIPS), Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, Universitaet Bremen, Germany
| | - Steffen Dreger
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology (BIPS), Bremen, Germany
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Joo YJ, Newcombe D, Nosa V, Bullen C. Investigating Betel Nut Use, Antecedents and Consequences: A Review of Literature. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1422-1442. [PMID: 31549570 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1666144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Betel nut use is a public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region that is often neglected. To control betel nut use, understanding of the adverse effects of betel nut use and evidence-based policies and strategies is necessary. Objectives: This narrative review aims to characterize the current situation on betel nut use at a global level regarding the epidemiology, pharmacology and toxicology, health effects, treatment options, policies and strategies. Methods: We found 139 existing literature published between 1970-2019 on the Web of Science database and other technical documents to collate the most relevant information on betel nut use. Data were categorized into appropriate themes. Results: The literature demonstrates that there is a lack of up to date statistics on betel nut use. There is limited research on the effect of policies and strategies to control betel nut use. Conclusion: Betel nut-chewing countries should focus on understanding which populations chew betel nut and implement appropriate policies, educational and cessation programs to help control betel nut use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Joo
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Newcombe
- Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vili Nosa
- Pacific Health Section, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Bullen
- National Institute for Health Innovation (NIHI), School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
Background: Few traditions in South Asia have the antiquity and universal acceptance of betel quid and areca nut chewing. Its popularity dates back to ancient times in the South-Asian community with a foundation based on four factors, i.e. social acceptability, religious beliefs, perceived health benefits and addiction. We aim to provide an overview of its use in the South Asian region. Methods: We performed an electronic search on Medline, Embase and Google Scholar to identify the origins of the various betel quid and areca nut practices pertaining to the South Asian region along with their social and cultural influences. We also studied the prevalence across the region and the health effects, especially carcinogenic, along with the impact of diverse immigration today. Results: Other than the debate of where it originates, there is a diverse plethora of terms and methods of use of areca nut and betel quid in the region. Although established as a known carcinogen, the incidence is high, especially in the Indian subcontinent, with very few studies focusing on its use alone (without tobacco). The effect of globalization and increased movement of Asians across borders is resulting in changes in the patterns of diseases as well due to wider dissemination of areca nut and betel quid use. Conclusions: There is a huge loss of lives due to the addiction that areca nut causes. Governments need to tightly regulate the laws and set up tailored programs to tackle this specific issue in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Singh
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajesh Dikshit
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, India
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49
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Abstract
Background: Chewing of betel quid, popularly known as doma khamdo, is prevalent in Bhutan and is associated with Bhutanese customs and traditions. The objective of this paper was to determine the prevalence and explore the correlates of current betel quid use in Bhutan. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of secondary data from the National Health Survey 2012 (NHS 2012) of Bhutan. The outcome variable of interest was current betel quid use. The self-reported demographic characteristics were obtained using a questionnaire developed following the WHO STEPwise approach to the surveillance of non-communicable diseases (STEP). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify correlates for betel quid use. Results: The prevalence of current betel quid use in this study was 45.0%. The correlates associated with current betel quid use were: being female; having a primary, high school or a monastic education; being professionals in the armed forces, managers, technicians, service and sales workers, and machine operators; being current smokers; alcohol consumption; and intake of drugs. Correlates associated with decreased betel quid use were: having a diploma/certificate-level and non-formal education, and living in urban areas. Conclusion: The findings indicate that betel quid was consumed by nearly half of the Bhutanese population. Bhutan should immediately initiate national prevention programs targeting these correlates of betel quid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Phuentsholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan
| | - Tshering Jamtsho
- School of Demography, ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Methanolic extract of Potentilla fulgens root and its ethyl-acetate fraction delays the process of carcinogenesis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16985. [PMID: 31740710 PMCID: PMC6861273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
People of north-eastern states of India consume raw areca-nut (RAN) and lime which could lead to oral, esophageal and gastric cancers. However, the incidence of these cancers are significantly lesser in those who consume pieces of Potentilla fulgens root along with RAN. Since evaluation of anticancer role, if any, of P. fulgens on RAN-mediated genetic alterations in human is difficult because of other compounding factors, this study was undertaken in mice to focus on gastric carcinogenesis since ad libitum administration of RAN extract with lime in drinking water induced stomach cancer due to greater exposure of its lining. A total of 160 mice were used at different time points and either methanol extract of P. fulgens roots (PRE) or mixture of four compounds of ethyl-acetate fraction (EA-mixture) was mixed with mice feed. Histological studies revealed that RAN + lime induced cancer in all the mice and interestingly only 20% developed cancer when PRE/EA-mixture was provided along with RAN + lime. Higher frequency of precocious anaphase and over expression of p53 and Securin genes were significantly reduced by PRE/EA-mixture. Thus PRE/EA-mixture mitigates the RAN-induced tumor-initiating process in stomach by maintaining expression of tumor suppressor and check-point genes under control.
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