Nanotechnological approaches in diabetes treatment: A new horizon

Table 1 Bio-active constituents/ major bioactive compounds found in potent anti-diabetic phytomedicines

CAMs	Bioactive ingredient(s)	Functions	Ref.
Ficus carica, Ficus religiosa	Ficain, Sitosterol-d-glucoside leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside, leucopelargonidin-3-O-alpha-L rhamnoside	Protease enzyme antioxidant	http://www.ficain.com/ Bnouham et al[37], Ayodhya et al[38]
Nigella sativa	Thymoquinone	Reduces appetite, glucose absorption, hepatic gluconeogenesis, cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight, simulates glucose induced secretion of insulin	Mathur et al[39]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Fenugreekine, 4- hydroxyisoleucine, galactomannan	Liver detoxifier, increase insulin receptors in RBC, improve glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, stimulate insulin secretion	http://diabetes-drugsandcure.blogspot.in/2013/03/fenugreek-for-diabetes_13.html, Madar et al[40]
Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Cinnamaldehyde, methylhydroxy chalcone polymer	Lower blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, elevate plasma insulin	Jarvill-Taylor et al[41]
Euonymus alatus Kalanchoe pinnata, Eucommia utmoides	Quercetine	Stimulate insulin for glucose uptake, regeneration of pancreatic islet	Fang et al[42]
Gynura procumbens, Euonymus alatus	Kaemferol	Hypoglycemic effect	Fang et al[42]
Ecklonia cava	Dieckol	Inhibitor for α-glucosidase and α-amylase	Lee et al[43]
Tinospora cispa	Apigenin	Increase plasma insulin level	Noor[44]
Bumelia sartorum	Bassic acid	Increase insulin secretion and glycogen synthesis	Kerry et al[45]
Gymnema sylvestre	Gymnemic acid	Increase generation of β-cells	Ahmed et al[46]
Olea europaea	Hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein	Anti-oxidant, slow digestion and absorption	Al-Azzawie et al[47], Jemai et al[48]
Momordica, Charantia	Momordins, oleanolic acid, glycosides	Prevent absorption of sugar	Mitra[49]
Panax ginseng	Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg(3)	Anti-oxidant, lowers triglycerides and cholesterol	Kang et al[50]
Syzygium jambolanum	Morroniside	Anti-oxidant, regeneration of β cells, drug-DNA interaction, regulates signal proteins	Samadder et al[33]
Eugenia jambolana	1-0-galloyl castalagin, casuarinin, alkaloid jambosine, glycoside jamboline, quercetin, betulinic acid, b- sitosterol, eugenin, ellagic, gallic acid, bergenin	Slow down diastatic conversion of starch into sugar, increase insulin secretion, inhibit insulin depletion	Ayyanar[51], Morton[52]
Pterocarpus marsupium	(−)Epicatechin	Enhance insulin release and conversion of proinsulin to insulin, strengthen and activate insulin signaling proteins, regulates glucose production through AKT and AMPK modulation	Ahmad et al[53], Rizvi et al[54], Cordero-Herrera et al[55]
Allium sativum	Allicin, n- acetylcysteine, Acetylcysteine	Antioxidant, enhance serum insulin by combining with cysteine and sparing it from SH group reactions	Mathew et al[56], Jain et al[57]
Cassia fistule	Catechin	Glucose oxidizing and insulin mimetic activities	Daisy et al[58], Kamiyama et al[59]
Curcuma longa	Curcumin	Prevention and treatment of diabetic encephalopathy	Kuhad et al[60]
Leandra lacunosa	Ursolic acid	Inhibit blood glucose level	Cunha et al[61]
Hemionitis arifolia	Coumarin	Stimulate β-cells to secrete insulin	Nair et al[62], da Cunha et al[63]
Ajuga iva	Naringenin	Anti-oxidant, reduce lipid peroxidation	Taleb-Senouci et al[64]
Anoectochilus roxburghii	Kinsenoside	Repair β-cell in pancreatic islet injury	Li et al[65]
Coprinus comatus	Comatin	Maintain low level of glucose, improve glucose tolerance	Ding et al[66]

CAMs: Compounds found in potent anti-diabetic phytomedicines.