Serum zinc levels, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver disease severity in decompensated chronic liver disease patients in Kano, Nigeria

doi:10.5528/wjtm.124154

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World Journal of Translational Medicine

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2220-6132

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Transl Med. Sep 28, 2026; 12(3): 124154
Published online Sep 28, 2026. doi: 10.5528/wjtm.124154

Table 1 Baseline socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants, n (%)

Characteristics	Cases (n = 80)	Controls (n = 80)
Age (years), mean ± SD	46.7 ± 11.5	46.5 ± 11.2
Male sex	66 (82.5)	66 (82.5)
Educational status
Primary or less	26 (32.5)	-
Secondary	20 (25.0)	-
Tertiary	34 (42.5)	-
Etiology of CLD
HBV	57 (71.3)	-
HCV	3 (3.75)
Alcohol	1 (1.25)
Idiopathic	17 (21.25)
Others	2 (2.5)	-
Ascites
Mild	18 (22.5)
Moderate	35 (43.8)
Severe	21 (26.3)
None	6 (7.5)

Controls were matched to cases by age and sex. Educational status and etiology were assessed only among cases. CLD: Chronic liver disease; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

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Table 2 Laboratory parameters of subjects according to grades of hepatic encephalopathy

Parameter	All DCLD patients	MHE (n = 16)	Grade I (n = 16)	Grade II (n = 16)	Grade III (n = 16)	Grade IV (n = 16)
INR	1.97 (2.36)	1.28 (0.97)	1.55 (1.34)	2.16 (2.46)	3.23 ± 2.26	3.23 ± 1.68
PT (seconds)	24.80 (29.8)	18.00 (13.00)	18.75 (13.50)	25.50 (28.30)	38.95 ± 24.19	38.08 ± 21.76
AST (U/L)	61.00 (67.00)	33.00 (70.00)	43.00 (57.00)	70.00 (72.00)	59.63 ± 39.53	99.38 ± 56.62
ALT (U/L)	51.50 (52.00)	41.00 (65.00)	57.56 (41.68)	42.50 (37.00)	50.50 (60.00)	70.00 (74.00)
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	30.00 (44.80)	20.30 (21.50)	14.50 (15.80)	44.61 ± 35.12	59.50 (61.30)	40.00 (39.30)
Albumin (g/L)	28.55 ± 5.96	30.00 (9.00)	31.81 (5.73)	26.44 ± 7.03	25.13 ± 5.21	27.94 ± 4.23

Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean ± SD.

MHE: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; DCLD: Decompensated chronic liver disease.

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Table 3 Correlation between laboratory parameters and serum zinc in chronic liver disease patients

Parameter	Correlation coefficient (r)	P value
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	-0.363	0.003^b
Albumin (g/L)	0.134	0.237
ALT (U/L)	-0.093	0.404
AST (U/L)	-0.18	0.109
INR	-0.234	0.037^a
PT (seconds)	-0.255	0.022^a

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Spearman correlation. PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

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Citation: Manzo MGA, Audu N, Musa Y, Muktar AA, Samaila AA, Borodo MM. Serum zinc levels, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver disease severity in decompensated chronic liver disease patients in Kano, Nigeria. World J Transl Med 2026; 12(3): 124154
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6132/full/v12/i3/124154.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5528/wjtm.124154

Manzo MGA, Audu N, Musa Y, Muktar AA, Samaila AA, Borodo MM. Serum zinc levels, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver disease severity in decompensated chronic liver disease patients in Kano, Nigeria. World J Transl Med 2026; 12(3): 124154 [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.124154]

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