Neuropsychiatric effects and safety of Salvia species: A critical narrative review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Figure 1 Some of the central and peripheral pharmacological properties of sage and its active ingredients that suggested their potential effectiveness in treating psychiatric illnesses (anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease). These properties are extracted from preclinical and clinical studies.

Figure 2 The somatic and central effects, including the positive and negative impacts of using Salvia divinorum. These clinical signs and symptoms are reported in observational clinical studies.

Figure 3 Preclinical and clinical evidence of the effects of Danshen on neurological and psychiatric illnesses.

Figure 4 Salvia species demonstrated positive effects on the cognitive function in the preclinical and clinical studies.