Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Nephrol. Feb 21, 2019; 8(2): 33-43
Published online Feb 21, 2019. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v8.i2.33
Table 1 Baseline characteristics n (%)
CharacteristicsAlleGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
P-value
≥ 9060-8930-59< 30
N131922979 (22.6)4870 (36.9)4397 (33.3)946 (7.2)
Age (yr), mean ± SD60.7 ± 10.354.1 ± 8.559.4 ± 9.665.4 ± 9.266.0 ± 10.0< 0.001
Male4012 (30.4)860 (28.9)1587 (32.6)1303 (29.6)262 (27.7)< 0.001
Duration of diabetes (yr), mean ± SD7.4 ± 4.86.1 ± 4.17.0 ± 4.58.3 ± 5.19.1 ± 5.4< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD88.6 ± 10.488.9 ± 10.688.7 ± 10.388.5 ± 10.387.4 ± 101.6< 0.01
Hypertension9741 (73.8)1935 (65.0)3466 (71.2)3575 (81.3)765 (80.9)< 0.001
Smoking467 (3.5)127 (4.3)203 (4.2)117 (2.7)20 (2.1)< 0.001
CAD621 (4.7)76 (2.6)205 (4.2)269 (6.1)71 (7.5)< 0.001
CVD273 (2.1)42 (1.4)94 (1.9)104 (2.4)33 (3.5)< 0.001
PAD24 (0.2)5 (0.2)5 (0.1)8 (0.2)6 (0.6)< 0.01
Antiplatelets8067 (61.4)1569 (52.9)2974 (61.3)2923 (66.8)601 (64.0)< 0.001
Metformin9756 (74.0)2592 (87.0)4066 (83.5)2894 (65.8)204 (21.6)< 0.001
Sulfonylurea8751 (66.3)2070 (69.5)3460 (71.0)2882 (65.5)339 (35.8)< 0.001
Insulin2866 (21.7)493 (16.5)765 (15.7)1050 (23.9)558 (59.0)< 0.001
Table 2 Prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy stratified by estimated glomerular filtration rate level (mL/min/1.73 m2) n (%)
OutcomesAlleGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
P-value
≥ 9060-8930-59< 30
DR1636 (12.4)284 (9.5)534 (11.0)620 (14.1)198 (20.9)< 0.001
Non-proliferative DR1313 (10.0)242 (8.1)438 (9.0)498 (11.3)135 (14.3)< 0.001
Proliferative DR240 (1.8)33 (1.1)63 (1.3)95 (2.2)49 (5.2)< 0.001
Diabetic macular edema21 (0.2)1 (0.0)8 (0.2)8 (0.2)4 (0.4)0.06
Non-specific DR84 (0.6)9 (0.3)33 (0.7)27 (0.6)15 (1.6)< 0.001
Severe DR258 (2.0)34 (1.1)70 (1.4)102 (2.3)52 (5.5)< 0.001
Severe visual impairment281 (2.1)24 (0.8)72 (1.5)140 (3.2)45 (4.8)< 0.001
Counting finger138 (1.0)7 (0.2)43 (0.9)72 (1.6)16 (1.7)< 0.001
Hand movement77 (0.6)10 (0.3)17 (0.3)35 (0.8)15 (1.6)< 0.001
Projection of light14 (0.1)0 (0)5 (0.1)6 (0.1)3 (0.3)0.06
No light perception56 (0.4)7 (0.2)8 (0.2)30 (0.7)11 (1.2)< 0.001
Table 3 Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate level and diabetic retinopathy
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)Crude OR95%CIP-valueAdjusted OR195%CIP-value
≥ 901 (reference)1 (reference)
60-891.171.01-1.360.041.361.12-1.65< 0.01
30-591.561.34-1.81< 0.0012.081.70-2.55< 0.001
< 302.512.06-3.06< 0.0012.381.79-3.18< 0.001
Table 4 Subgroup analysis comparing the association of estimated glomerular filtration rate level with severe diabetic retinopathy and severe visual impairment
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)Crude OR95%CIP-valueAdjusted OR195%CIP-value
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema
≥ 901 (reference)1 (reference)
60-891.260.84-1.910.271.951.14-3.330.02
30-592.061.39-3.04< 0.0012.821.61-4.93< 0.001
< 305.043.25-7.81< 0.0014.892.47-9.67< 0.001
Severe visual impairment
≥ 901 (reference)1 (reference)
60-891.851.16-2.940.011.070.62-1.820.81
30-594.052.62-6.26< 0.0012.061.22-3.46< 0.01
< 306.153.73-10.15< 0.0012.501.31-4.76< 0.01