Awareness, self-management behaviors, health literacy and kidney function relationships in specialty practice

Table 1 Sample demographics

Characteristic	Total n (%), n = 150	CKD aware n (%), n = 132 (88%)	CKD unaware, n = 18 (12%)	P valuea
Gender				0.087
Male	70 (47)	65 (49)	5 (27)
Female	80 (53)	67 (51)	13 (72)
Race
White	60 (40)	54 (41)	6 (33)	0.625
Native American	9 (6)	8 (6)	1 (6)
Black	6 (4)	6 (4)	0 (0)
Hispanic/Latin American	62 (41)	54 (41)	8 (44)
Otherb	13 (9)	10 (8)	3 (17)
Age (yr, 21-90)
21-40	15 (10)	10 (8)	5 (28)	0.027
41-60	67 (45)	61 (46)	6 (33)
≥ 61	68 (45)	61 (46)	7 (39)
Education
Some high school	22 (15)	21 (16)	1 (6)	0.258
High school graduate or GEDd	38 (25)	31 (61)	7 (39)
Some college and above	90 (60)	80 (61)	10 (56)
Health Insurance
Medicare	35 (23)	33 (25)	2 (11)	0.437
Medicaid	12 (8)	11 (8)	1 (6)
Medicare and Medicaid	18 (12)	17 (13)	1 (6)
Private and Other	30 (20)	25 (19)	5 (28)
Otherc	55 (37)	46 (35)	9 (50)
Annual household income
< $15000	69 (46)	64 (48)	5 (28)	0.176
$15000-30000	42 (28)	34 (26)	8 (44)
> $30000	39 (26)	34 (26)	5 (28)
CKD stage (KDOQI guidelines)
Stage 1	8 (5)	4 (3)	4 (22)	< 0.001
Stage 2	17 (11)	11 (8)	6 (33)
Stage 3	75 (50)	69 (52)	6 (33)
Stage 4	50 (33)	48 (36)	2 (11)
CKD cause
Hypertension	30 (20)	28 (21)	2 (11)	0.088
Diabetes	19 (13)	18 (14)	1 (6)
Diabetes and hypertension	28 (19)	25 (19)	3 (17)
Glomerulonephritis	26 (17)	18 (14)	8 (44)
Cystic disease	4 (3)	4 (3)	0 (0)
Urologic disease	8 (5)	8 (6)	0 (0)
Other	30 (20)	27 (21)	3 (17)
Unknown	5 (3)	4 (3)	1 (6)
Health literacy level
Low	95 (63)	84 (64)	11 (61)	0.513
Adequate	55 (37)	48 (36)	7 (39)

^aχ² contingency coefficient comparing demographics and CKD awareness; bold numerals, P < 0.05 ;

^bRace: Other: Asian 6 (4%) and other 3 (2%);

^cHealth insurance “Other”: Uninsured 4 (3%), private 6 (4%), Indian Health Service 1 (0.7%), and other 51 (34%). CKD: Chronic kidney disease; GED: General Education Development; KDOQI: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative.

Table 2 Correct responses to current chronic kidney disease self-management behaviors and comparison with chronic kidney disease awareness (n = 150)

CKD-self-management knowledge items	Correct answer; % (n)	Total aware, n = 132 Percent aware giving correct answer % (n)	Total unaware, n = 18 Percent unaware giving correct answer % (n)	Significance with CKD awarenessa
To help my kidneys, I need to:
Control my blood pressure	True; 93.3 (140)	96 (126)	78 (14)	0.020
Take my blood pressure medicine(s)	True; 90 (135)	91 (120)	83.3 (15)	0.390
Have my urine (“pee”) tested	True; 93.3 (140)	93 (123)	94.4 (17)	0.657
Eat more salt	False; 95.3 (143)	96 (127)	89 (16)	0.199
Get my blood checked	True; 90.6 (136)	92 (122)	78 (14)	0.068
Keep a healthy body weight	True; 96.0 (144)	97 (128)	89 (16)	0.153
Not take some types of over-the-counter medicines (motrin, aleve, ibuprofen, naproxen)	True; 93.3 (140)	92 (122)	100 (18)	0.61
With diabetes	(Total n = 63)	(n = 57)	(n = 5)
Keep track of my blood sugar	True; 95.2 (60)	97 (55)	100 (5)	1
Eat less sugar	True; 95.2 (60)	97 (55)	100 (5)	1
Take my diabetes medicine(s)	True; 96.8 (61)	93 (52)	100 (5)	1

^aFishers’ exact test used as more than 20% of cells had expected frequency < 5, P < 0.05.

Table 3 Performance of chronic kidney disease self-management behaviors in previous three months compared with chronic kidney disease awareness (n = 150)

Items	Percent who performed the activity in the past 3 mo, % (n)	Total aware (n = 132)Percent aware that performed the activity in past 3 mo, % (n)	Total unaware (n = 18)Percent not aware that performed the activity in the past 3 mo, % (n)	Odds ratio (95%CI)b	P valuea
Control my blood pressure	93 (139)	95.4 (125)	77.8 (14)	5.9 (1.5-23.7)	0.02
Take my blood pressure medicine(s)	88 (130)	88.5 (115)	83% (15)	1.5 (0.4-5.9)	0.46
Have my urine (“pee”) tested	92 (138)	93.1 (122)	89 (16)	1.7 (0.3-8.5)	0.62
Eat more salt	9.4 (14)	9.2 (12)	11.1 (2)	0.8 (0.2-3.9)	0.67
Get my blood checked	98 (145)	98.5 (129)	94.1 (16)	4.0 (.3-47.0)	0.31
Keep a healthy body weight	68 (101)	72 (94)	39 (7)	4.0 (1.4-11.1)	0.013
Not take some types of over-the-counter medicines (motrin, Aleve, ibuprofen, naproxen)	89 (133)	90 (118)	83.3 (15)	1.8 (0.5-7.1)	0.41
Items included for those with diabetes	(n = 63)	(n = 58)	(n = 5)
Keep track of my blood sugar	90 (55)	89 (50)	100 (5)	---	1
Eat less sugar	93.5 (58)	93 (53)	100 (5)		1
Take my diabetes medicine(s)	95 (57)	94.5 (52)	100 (5)		1

^aP < 0.05;

^bReference category: “Not performed activity” for odds ratio.