Chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents in Brunei Darussalam

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of study sample (89 patients)

Variable	n (%)	Mean (SD)
Current age (yr)		11.3 (4.12)
1-4	1 (1.1)
5-9	30 (33.7)
10-14	36 (40.4)
15-18	22 (24.7)
Gender
Male	51 (57.3)
Female	38 (42.7)
Race
Malay	76 (85.4)
Chinese	9 (10.1)
Others	4 (4.5)
Aetiology
Glomerular	61 (68.5)
CAKUT	20 (22.5)
Tubulointerstitial	8 (9.0)

CAKUT: Congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract.

Table 2 Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study sample

Variable	n	n (%)	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)
Weight in kilogram	87		-	29.90 (23.60)1
< 5th percentile		22 (25.3)
≥ 5th percentile		65 (74.7)
Height in cm	74		-	123.70 (27.60)2
< 5th percentile		23 (31.1)
≥ 5th percentile		51 (68.9)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	79		111.8 (13.86)	-
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	79		70.9 (10.40)	-
Normal		40 (50.6)
Pre-hypertensive		12 (15.2)
Stage 1 hypertension		21 (26.6)
Stage 2 hypertension		6 (7.6)
Haemoglobin level (g/dL)	82		12.7 (1.65)	-
Normal		63 (76.8)
Anaemia		19 (23.2)
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	86		124.6 (52.99)	-
Stage 1 (> 90)		70 (81.4)
Stage 2 (60-89)		6 (7.0)
Stage 3 (30-59)		4 (4.7)
Stage 4 (15-29)		2 (2.3)
Stage 5 (< 15)		4 (4.7)
Proteinuria	82		-	-
Yes		42 (51.2)
No		40 (48.8)
Haematuria	82		-	-
Yes		21 (25.6)
No		61 (74.4)

¹The distribution is skewed to the right;

²The distribution is skewed to the left. eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 3 Correlation between glomerular filtration rate, current age and age of diagnosis with weight and height

		Weight	Height
GFR	Correlation coefficient	0.1681	0.1761
	P value	0.125	0.140
	n	85	72
Current age	Correlation coefficient	0.6091	0.5412
	P value	0.001	0.001
	n	87	74
Age at diagnosis	Correlation coefficient	0.4501	0.3682
	P value	< 0.001	0.002
	n	84	71

¹Spearman’s rank correlation;

²Pearson’s correlation. GFR: Glomerular filtration rate.

Table 4 Relationship between gender and aetiology with weight and height

	Weight		χ2 statistic (df)	P value1	Height		χ2 statistic (df)	P value1
	< 5th percentile	≥ 5th percentile			< 5th percentile	≥ 5th percentile
	n (%)	n (%)			n (%)	n (%)
Gender
Male	9 (17.6)	42 (82.4)	3.81	0.051	10 (21.7)	36 (78.3)	4.95	0.026
Female	13 (36.1)	23 (63.9)	(1)		13 (46.4)	15 (53.6)	(1)
Aetiology
Glomerular	9 (15.0)	51 (85.0)	10.83	0.001	10 (20.0)	40 (80.0)	8.84	0.003
Non-glomerular	13 (48.1)	14 (51.9)	(1)		13 (54.2)	11 (45.8)	(1)

¹χ² test for independence.

Table 5 Comparisons of paediatric epidemiological data from different countries from 1990-2015

	Period	No. of patients	Main aetiology	Male/female ratio	Mean age at diagnosis	GFR/CKD stage	Incidence	Prevalence
Brunei	2004-2013	89	GN (69%)	1.3	4.5	Mainly CKD 1 (81%)	91	736 (CKD1)
								132 (CKD2 and above)
								83 (CKD3 and above)
								50 (CKD4 and above)
								33 (CKD5)
Italy[10]	1990-2000	1197	CAKUT (58%)	2.0	6.9	GFR 42 (mean)	12.1	75
Belgium[11]	2001-2005	143	CAKUT (59%)	1.3	3.0	Mainly CKD 3 (67%)	11.9	56
Spain[12]	2007-2008	605		1.9	3.9	GFR 52 (mean)	8.7	71
United States[15]	1994-2007	7037	CAKUT (48%)
Kuwait[16]	1996-2003	171	CAKUT 62%	2.7	33 mo	30% of patient reached ESRD within 18 mo of diagnosis	38-55
Vietnam[17]	2001-2005	152		1.7	11.3	65% received RRT		5.1
Sudan[18]	2001-2006	205	GN 25%	1.7	9.8	63% of cohort reached ESRD during the follow up period
Turkey[19]	2005	282	“Urological problem” 44.3%	1.3	8.0	CKD2-5	11.9
Thailand[20]	1982-2005	101	GN 35%	1.6			Not rare	Double in last 6 yr of research
Jordan[21]	1988-2001	202	CAKUT 42%	1.3	7.5	59/202 patients require RRT	10.7	51
China[22]	1990-2002	1658	GN 52%	1.5	8.18	Mean serum creatinine 594.7 mmol/L

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; CAKUT: Congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract; GN: Glomerulonephritis; ESRD: End stage renal disease.