Exploring kidney biopsy findings in congenital heart diseases: Insights beyond cyanotic nephropathy

Table 1 Baseline and clinical characteristics, n (%)

Initial variables	Results, n = 10
Gender (female)	3 (30)
Age (yr)	29.00 ± 15.87
Weight (kg)	54.23 ± 27.17
Height (m)	1.62 ± 0.08
Body mass index (kg/m2)	20.11 ± 7.90
Diagnosis-biopsy time (months)	60 (39-60)
Hypertension	5 (50)
Use loop of Henle diuretics	3 (30)
Spironolactone use	2 (20)
Use of ACE inhibitors	5 (50)
Antiplatelet use	2 (20)
Warfarin use	1 (10)
Surgery prior to kidney biopsy	5 (50)
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.73 ± 2.10
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	30.57 ± 29.32
Proteinuria (mg/24 h)	4843 (4079-6490)
Hemoglobin (g/L)	15.33 ± 4.45
Hematocrit (%)	48.07 ± 17.32
Platelets × 109/L	288.00 ± 82.00
Hematuria	0 (0)

ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

Table 2 Baseline and clinical characteristics

Variables prior to performing the renal biopsy	Results, n = 10
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	2.17 ± 1.88
Pre-biopsy BUN (mg/dL)	37.25 ± 4.74
Proteinuria prior to biopsy (mg/24 h)	6193.00 ± 6165.00
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.10 ± 3.76
Hematocrit (%)	43.90 ± 12.96
Hematuria	2 (20%)
Platelets × 109/L	281.00 ± 78.15
Skin-kidney distance (cm)	2.100 ± 0.264
Renal length (cm)	9.160 ± 1.011
Renal width (cm)	3.86 ± 0.64
Lobulated borders	6 (60%)
Ratio Cortex Medulla preserved	2 (20%)
Transverse biopsy technique	10 (100%)
Insufficient sample	4 (40%)
Number passes	1
Glomeruli	13.00 ± 6.55
Intersticial fibrosis (%)	46.67 (45.00-50.00)
Complications	3 (30%)

BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

Table 3 Cases

Gender	Age	Type of heart disease	Diagnosis	Glomeruli	Creatinine (mg/dL)	Proteinuria (g/g/24 h)	Renal measurements (cm)	Complications
Male	17	Dextromorphism with common atrium, absence of right ventricular atrial septal defect	FSGS NOS	14	2.89	1.70	8.0 × 3.6	None
Female	23	Acianogen VSD	FSGS NOS	19	1.75	14.69	9.8 × 3.4	None
Male	47	Dextrocardia concordant atrioventricular and ventricular-arterial connection	FSGS NOS	6	1.88	1.91	9.7 × 4.6	None
Female	57	ASD	IgA nephropathy	18	1.41	3.23	8.7 × 4.2	None
Male	38	Persistent ductus arteriosus + Eisenmenger Syndrome	FSGS NOS	25	1.02	4.09	10.1 × 5.3	Haematuria
Male	33	Pulmonary atresia	FSGS NOS	6	8.25	10.89	9.4 × 4.3	Perirenal hematoma
Female	20	Infundibular VSD	GMN proliferative membrane immune complexes	11	1.98	8.25	9.9 × 4.3	None
Male	69	Ebstein Anomaly	FSGS Perihiliar	13	4.27	1.58	9.3 × 4.3	None
Male	19	Tetralogy of fallot	FSGS NOS	6	3.24	5.18	8.4 × 4.2	Perirenal hematoma
Male	41	Tetralogy of fallot	FSGS NOS	8	1.93	3.70	8.96 × 4.24	None

FSGS: Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis; NOS: Nonspecific variety; VSD: Ventricular septal defect; ASD: Atrial septal defect.