This study compared the proteome of Anabarilius grahami at three growth stages with Carassius auratus at a single growth stage to identify and analyze protein functions in A. grahami using quantitative proteomics technology. A total of 1821 proteins were identified, among which six differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were found as biomarkers for discriminating C. auratus and A. grahami. Additionally, seven DAPs were identified as factors that could discriminate A. grahami at the three growth stages studied. Furthermore, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were identified as key enzymes involved in the synthesis of glutamic acid and aspartic acid, while very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase and CXXC motif containing zinc-binding protein were associated with the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings provide deeper insights into the nutritional and functional properties of proteins in A. grahami, offering theoretical significance for the utilization of its protein resources and the development of A. grahami related products.

Obesity is linked to poorly controlled asthma and may impair bronchodilator response. This study examines dietary factors affecting asthma symptoms, control, and lung function.

In a multi-center, cross-sectional study of 102 individuals with obesity and poorly controlled asthma, we assessed dietary intake (Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire), asthma symptoms and control (standardized questionnaires), and lung function (spirometry and bronchodilator response). Correlations between omega-3 and -6 fatty acids with asthma outcomes and lung function were examined using Pearson correlations and multivariate regression.

Median age was 56 (IQR 41-64) years, and median BMI was 37 (35-42) kg/m2. Fifty-four percent were African American and 75 % were female. Median total calorie intake was 2029 (1199-3837) kcal, median total omega-3 intake was 1.07 (0.63-2.04) g, and median omega-6 intake was 24.54 (13.31-45.35) g. No significant relationship was found between fatty acid intake and asthma symptoms, asthma control, or baseline lung function. However, percent bronchodilator response was positively correlated with omega-3 fatty acids (r = 0.273, p = 0.0074). After adjusting for caloric intake, for every 1 g increase in omega-3 intake, there was a 4 % increase in percent bronchodilator response.

Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids may influence bronchodilator response in patients with poorly controlled asthma and obesity. Interventions to improve overall dietary quality, such as increased omega-3 intake, may improve medication response in people with obesity and poorly controlled asthma. Future research is needed to better understand this association and determine if additional dietary factors might affect medication responses.

Besides bark and branches, coniferous needles contribute to approximately 30 % of the biomass left unused in forests after timber harvesting, posing fire and environmental risks. However, by extracting valuable compounds from spruce needles, such as proanthocyanidins, phenolic compounds, shikimic acid, and others, targeted use of forestry by-product biomass can be achieved. Given the consumer demand for natural products and the growing need for alternative preservatives to ensure food safety, it is imperative that plant-derived components be fully assessed for their feasibility for food application. In this work extraction conditions for spruce needles were optimized using Response Surface Methodology, to obtain extracts with the highest concentration of bioactive compounds. The main identified and optimized extraction variables were temperature and time. Using the optimal extraction conditions allowed to extract a maximum concentration of phenolic compounds (79.21 ± 0.21 mgGAE/g DM), proanthocyanidins (21.70 ± 0.24 mgCE/g DM) and shikimic acid (32.4 ± 0.1 mg/g DM). Additionally, vitamins B6 and B9, in maximum concentration of 3.7 ± 0.14 µg/g DM and 4.35 ± 0.05 mg/g DM were obtained, respectively. The macro- and micro-nutrient composition of the extract obtained under optimal conditions was determined and the antibacterial characteristics against gram-positive food pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, were determined. Due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds, this extract stands out not only as a valuable and safe solution for use in sustainable food but can also be applied in the pharmaceutical field.

Calf rearing from birth to weaning is a critical and sensitive period in dairy farming, as it determines the future of a herd. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different fat sources on growth performance, immune response and rumen and blood parameters in suckling calves. Forty female Holstein calves (average weight 40 kg, body score 3) were studied from birth to weaning (3 to 75 days). A completely randomized design with 4 treatments (10 replicates each) was used: i) control (no fat source), ii) coconut oil (2 % saturated fat), iii) flaxseed oil (2 % linoleic acid), and iv) safflower oil (2 % linoleic acid). Calf performance was evaluated weekly and feces were examined daily. Rumen parameters (volatile fatty acids and pH), blood parameters (glucose, protein, urea and cholesterol) and immune response (white and red blood cells and immunoglobulin G) were assessed at the end of the trial. According to the results, the highest feed intake after 10 weeks was recorded in the safflower oil treatment, which differed significantly from the control treatment (p < 0.05). The highest weight gain of calves fed diets containing unsaturated fats was observed in the 8th, 9th and 10th weeks, which was significantly higher than in the control and treatment containing coconut oil (p < 0.05). The height of experimental calves was affected by fats, except in the 1st and 2nd weeks. The experimental treatments were not significantly different in terms of fecal scores during the entire experimental period (p > 0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments was not significantly dependent on the pH of the calves' rumen fluid during the experimental period. The total volatile fatty acid content was significantly affected by the treatment (p < 0.01) at the end of the experimental period. Blood parameters (glucose, protein and urea), red blood cells and immunoglobulin G of the calves were significantly affected by the treatment (p < 0.05). The results of this study show that the use of different fat sources, especially those with unsaturated fatty acids containing linoleic and linolenic acid, in the starter diet of calves improved growth performance, immune response and rumen/blood parameters in female Holstein calves compared to the other groups.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most prevalent eye diseases among the ageing population worldwide. It is a leading cause of blindness in individuals over 55, particularly in industrialised Western countries. The prevalence of AMD increases with age, and genetic factors and environmental influences are believed to contribute to its development. Among the environmental factors, diet plays a significant role in AMD. This review explores the association between dietary components, dietary patterns and AMD. Various nutrients, non-nutrient substances and dietary models that have the potential to counteract oxidative stress and inflammation, which are underlying mechanisms of AMD, are discussed. Consuming fruits, vegetables, fish and seafood, whole grains, olive oil, nuts and low-glycaemic-index foods has been highlighted as beneficial for reducing the risk of AMD. Adhering to the Mediterranean diet, which encompasses these elements, can be recommended as a dietary pattern for AMD. Furthermore, the modulation of the gut microbiota through dietary interventions and probiotics has shown promise in managing AMD.

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis and affects quality of life. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have protective effects against various diseases, but its role in gout remains uncertain. Our study aims to assess the association between PUFAs intake and gout risk, the role of genetic factors, and the possible impact of metabolites.

This study included 198,033 participants who were free of gout at baseline and completed at least one reliable dietary assessment in the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the associations between PUFAs intake and gout risk, and the modified effects of genetic predisposition. Mediation analysis also explored the mediating role of metabolic signature in associations between specific PUFAs intake and gout.

Over a median follow-up of 9.47 years, 1,708 incident cases of gout were recorded. Gout risk was significantly associated with the second quartile of linoleic acid (LA) (0.86 [0.75, 1.00]) intake and the highest quartiles of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (0.72 [0.62, 0.84]), total PUFA (HR: 0.84 [95% CI:0.71, 0.99]), n-6 PUFA (0.84 [0.71, 0.99]), n-3 PUFA (0.83 [0.71, 0.98]), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (0.79 [0.68, 0.91]), compared to the lowest quartiles. We observed joint effects of PUFAs intake and genetic susceptibility on gout risk. Mediation analysis showed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides mediated the associations of ALA and LA with gout risk.

Our findings suggested the potential benefits of PUFAs in reducing gout risk, particularly vegetable sources, with HDL and triglycerides as key mediators.

Smoking is a main cause of premature death and preventable disease in the world. Interestingly, animal studies indicate that inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO), key enzymes for the degradation of neurotransmitters, increased self-administration of nicotine. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the potential MAO inhibitors in tobacco smoke responsible for MAO inhibition in smokers. A bioassay-guided isolation from an extract of tobacco smoke showed that catechol, 4-methylcatechol, hydroquinone, α-linolenic acid, and linoleic acid all displayed potent human MAO inhibitory activity. Additionally, the tobacco catechols 4-ethylcatechol and 4-vinylcatechol were included to test their inhibitory potencies. Catechol, 4-methylcatechol, 4-ethylcatechol, and hydroquinone are potent and irreversible MAO inhibitors. Among the phenolic compounds tested, 4-methylcatechol and 4-ethylcatechol inhibited MAO A with IC50 values of 10.0 and 12.6 μM, respectively, reducing to 0.27 and 0.43 μM after 1 h preincubation. In addition, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid competitively inhibited MAO A with Ki values of 10.50 and 6.95 μM, respectively. These results suggest that MAO inhibition by phenolics and polyunsaturated fatty acids in tobacco smoke may be important contributors to the MAO inhibition experienced by smokers and to the enhancement of nicotine dependence this MAO inhibition is believed to cause.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, abundant in the brain and eyes. DHA is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity and physiological functions of these vital organs. Within the brain, DHA is concentrated in the gray matter, synaptic membranes, and hippocampus. Likewise, in the eyes, substantial quantities can be found in the retina, with lower levels in the cornea and lens. Previous studies have outlined the potential for culturing marine heterotrophic protists in ways that provide cost-effective and sustainable DHA biosynthesis. Similarly, our previous work on repurposing slaughterhouse waste has highlighted this underutilized source of brain and ocular tissue, which can support the extraction of valuable nutrients such as DHA. In this review, we will examine the current state of the art related to DHA production from these two sources, explore potential applications, and outline the possible benefits that may be generated from our approaches, with an emphasis on ocular diseases.

Evidence is insufficient to establish a longitudinal association between combined trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and dyslipidemia. This study investigated the associations between multi-trajectories of BMI and WC over 24 years and the subsequent risk of dyslipidemia in a large cohort of 10,678 Chinese adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Utilizing a group-based trajectory model, we identified four distinct trajectories: normal, normal-increasing, overweight-increasing, and obesity-increasing. Our results indicated that ascending trajectories of BMI and WC are significantly associated with increased odds of dyslipidemia, particularly in males, with odds ratios (OR) of 2.10, 2.69, and 3.56 for the normal-increasing, overweight-increasing, and obesity-increasing groups, respectively. Among females, the normal-increasing group exhibited a significant increased risk (OR: 1.54). Furthermore, we explored the gut microbiota associated with these trajectories, identifying 3, 8, and 4 bacterial genera linked to increasing BMI and WC in males, alongside two genera in females with the normal-increasing trajectory. We identified a total of 23, 25, and 10 differential metabolites significantly associated with these genera, except for Group 2 in males. The inclusion of relevant microbiome and metabolite data improved the model's predictive capacity for the risk of dyslipidemia, with ROC values increasing from 0.655 to 0.875. Our findings underscore the critical implications of continuous weight gain on metabolic health and suggest that gut microbiota may play a pivotal role in understanding these associations.IMPORTANCEEmerging evidence suggests a close connection between the gut microbiome and both human obesity and dyslipidemia, suggesting that the gut microbiome may play an important role in the obesity-dyslipidemia relationship. In this study, we observed several characteristic genera, including Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Turicibacter, and CHKCI002 among males and Parabacteroides and [Eubacterium]_brachy_group among females, which were negatively associated with high-risk trajectories. They were also related to free fatty acids (FFAs) and oxidized lipid metabolites. These shared and unique gut microbial and metabolic signatures among combined trajectories of BMI and WC with a higher risk of dyslipidemia could provide important evidence for the omics mechanism pathway of long-term obesity trend leading to dyslipidemia.

This study evaluated the effect of two levels of extruded linseed (EL) in the diet on growth performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of growing rabbits. Sixty-nine New Zealand White male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were assigned after weaning to three dietary groups: control (C), 2.5% EL (L2.5%), and 5% EL (L5%). At the end of the fattening period (from 37 to 93 days of age), rabbits were slaughtered. EL supplementation significantly reduced average daily weight gain (ADG) in the L5% group (p < 0.05), while other performance parameters were not significantly affected. Meat from the L5% group exhibited a higher fat content (p < 0.001) and lower water-holding capacity (p < 0.05) compared to the others. The fatty acid profile showed a significant increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a decrease in n-6 PUFA (p < 0.05), resulting in a markedly reduced n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.001) in supplemented groups. EL supplementation also enhanced long-chain n-3 PUFA levels, particularly docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). Although lipid oxidation was slightly increased (p < 0.05), sensory attributes remained unaffected. These findings support EL supplementation as a nutritional strategy to increase the n-3 fatty acids in rabbit meat without compromising physical and sensory quality.

Interactions between rumen microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to milk yield and milk fat content in dairy cows. However, whether rumen microbes and host metabolism affect fatty acid synthesis in milk is unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential regulatory mechanisms affecting the unsaturated fatty acid content of Binglangjiang buffalo by using macrogenomics and metabolomics. Macrogenomic analysis showed that Bacteroides was significantly more abundant in the high UFA group (HF), contributing to the improvement of functions related to fatty acid synthesis. Then, we found that the rumen microbiota of the HF group was enriched in 2 important pathways involved in lipid metabolism (i.e., fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism), suggesting that more fatty acids were synthesized in the HF group. Metabolomics analyses showed that most of the UFA were more abundant in the HF group, which was also confirmed by the quantification of related metabolic pathways in milk fatty acids, suggesting that the HF group has a higher capacity to synthesize MUFA and PUFA. Correlation analysis of rumen lipid metabolic pathways and metabolites revealed that metabolic pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, metabolic pathways, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, which were significantly enriched in the HF group compared with the low UFA group, were significantly and positively correlated with multiple UFA . The synthesis of UFA is mainly influenced by Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Bacteroidaceae, and regulated by fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathways, which together influence the synthesis of UFA in buffaloes.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PO) is a prevalent condition that significantly impairs the quality of life in elderly women. While traditionally attributed to estrogen deficiency, emerging evidence suggests that immune dysregulation plays a critical role in its pathogenesis. This study investigates the osteoimmunological mechanisms underlying PO using an ovariectomy (Ovx) mouse model. Our findings indicate that Ovx mice exhibit substantial reductions in bone mineral density and bone volume, accompanied by a marked suppression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production, particularly from natural killer T (NKT) cells. Lipidomic analysis of bone marrow further revealed an upregulation of omega-6 fatty acids, contributing to an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes excessive osteoclast activation. Notably, administration of the glycolipid OCH restored cytokine production and mitigated bone loss in Ovx mice, suggesting its therapeutic potential. These findings highlight the complex interplay between immune responses and lipid metabolism in PO and propose novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating immune function to prevent bone loss. This study offers valuable insights into the osteoimmunological mechanisms of PO and underscores the potential of immunomodulatory approaches for its management.

Ovarian cancer (OC), a leading cause of gynecological cancer mortality, is frequently detected at advanced stages due to asymptomatic early progression. This study investigates plasma-based untargeted metabolomics for identifying biomarkers to screen and differentiate ovarian tumors (OT). Plasma samples from OC, benign ovarian tumors (BOT), and healthy controls (HC) were analyzed. Samples were randomized into train and test sets, with differential metabolites screened via two-tailed Student's t-test and partial least squares discriminant analysis. ROC models evaluated discriminatory capacity. Key metabolites demonstrated high predictive value: TMAO and hippuric acid distinguished OT from HC (AUC > 0.95), while linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (AUC > 0.9) further supported OT screening. Kynurenine differentiated OC from BOT (AUC = 0.808). Reduced levels of specific lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC (17:0/0:0), LPC (15:0/0:0)) also distinguished OT from HC (AUC = 0.771-0.89). These findings suggest plasma metabolomics holds promise for noninvasive biomarker discovery in OT screening and distinguishing between malignant and benign cases, though further validation of metabolite quantification is warranted prior to clinical application.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3) is an essential fatty acid integral to human growth and development. Despite its significance, the ALA content in peanut seeds-a major global oilseed crop-is notably low. This study employed bioinformatics analysis, tissue expression, and promoter function evaluations to investigate AhFAD3, which encodes the microsomal omega-3 fatty acid desaturase that is directly responsible for ALA accumulation through converting linoleic acid (LA) to ALA. We identified the active AhFAD3 gene, AhFAD3-A01, with the functional protein encoded by AhFAD3-A01 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and found to be pivotal in ALA synthesis in seeds. The low expression of AhFAD3 genes during the late stages of seed development, coupled with the specific activation by only AhFAD3-A01 and AhFAD3-B01 promoters in seeds, results in the low ALA levels in mature peanut seeds. To enhance ALA content, the constitutive promoter CaMV35S and the seed-specific promoter PAhWRI1 were utilized to overexpress AhFAD3-A01 in Arabidopsis and peanut. While the expression level of AhFAD3-A01 in PAhWRI1::AhFAD3-A01 transgenic Arabidopsis remained unchanged, it significantly increased under the CaMV35S::AhFAD3-A01 configuration, leading to an over a 40 % increase in ALA content of in T4 generation seeds, indicating that PAhWRI1 was unable to drive AhFAD3 overexpression in Arabidopsis. Similarly, the overexpression of AhFAD3-A01 using both promoters in peanuts resulted in enhanced expression and an increase in ALA content from 15.18 % to 30.65 % in CaMV35S::AhFAD3-A01 T1 generation seeds and from 11.23 % to 25.49 % in PAhWRI1::AhFAD3-A01 seeds. These results highlight the critical role of AhFAD3-A01 ALA synthesis in peanut seeds and provide a solid foundation for developing peanut varieties with elevated ALA content.

Oxylipins play an important role in inflammatory processes, accompanying the occurrence of myocardial infarction. Analyzing a wide panel of oxylipins derived from more polyunsaturated fatty acids may provide valuable information to elucidate the relationships between the signaling mediator profile and myocardial infarction comprehensively.

An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneously measuring 74 oxylipins in 50-μL human samples with a 10-min chromatographic run and easy operation has been developed and validated.

Accuracy and precision were below 15% of the relative errors in 99% of quality control. Recoveries and matrix effect were considered acceptable. Potential effects of different collecting tubes were also assessed. We successfully utilized our approach to measure plasma samples obtained from 99 healthy individuals and 302 myocardial infarction patients.

Profiles of oxylipins discovered potential biomarkers and clarified the pathological characteristics of oxylipin metabolism in myocardial infarction. Our approach was rapid, accurate, and precise, with high throughput, low sample volume, and easy operation, suitable for large-scale studies.

Goat milk is a vital component of China's dairy industry, renowned for its richness in lipids essential to human health. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA), are particularly valuable for their integration into phospholipids and triacylglycerols. While mammary cells can uptake and channel PUFAs into lipids for milk fat secretion, the broader functional effects of DHA within these cells remain unclear. This study demonstrated that DHA supplementation markedly altered levels of lipid subclasses in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs), as revealed by lipidomic analysis. DHA treatment significantly increased the levels of free DHA, alongside DHA-enriched triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine, thereby driving lipid remodeling in GMECs. Additionally, DHA modulated transcription of key fatty acid metabolism genes, such as SREBP1, FASD2, and FASN. Mechanistically, DHA supplementation activated the AMPK signaling pathway inhibiting fatty acid metabolism, and upregulated the expression of fatty acid transport gene-CD36 in GMECs. Knockdown or mutation of the fatty acid binding domain of CD36 diminished DHA-induced AMPK activation and transcriptional regulation of fatty acid metabolism genes in GMECs. In summary, DHA supplementation induces lipid remodeling in GMECs via the CD36-AMPK signaling axis, highlighting its potential to facilitate the development of DHA-enriched functional goat milk.

Stress is closely related to life, and it can also cause many mental disorders. However, there are significant sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with stress, particularly in depression, where the lifetime risk of depression in women is approximately twice that of men. However, the specific mechanism of this process has not been explained in detail.

Chronic restraint stress (CRS) + chronic and unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used to simulate social stress, and behavioral experiments, HE staining of rectal and hippocampal pathological sections, detection of depression-related biological indicators, analysis of intestinal flora diversity, and metabolomics analysis of hippocampal and intestinal contents were performed.

The results showed that stress induced anxiety-like behavior in female mice and depression-like behavior in male mice. Sex differences in behavior may be related to monoamine neurotransmitters, hyperactivity of HPA axis, inflammatory factors, gut microbiota, and brain-gut metabolism. It is worth noting that stress caused opposite trends in DA (dopamine) levels, abundance of f-lactobaciliaceae, and levels of metabolites (1, 2-distearoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and PC(20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:1(11Z)) in male and female mice.

The difference in neurotransmitter levels, the disorder of gut microbiota, and the abnormal brain and gut metabolism may lead to the gender difference in stress behavior.

Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 is a heme-thiolate monooxygenase traditionally recognized for its xenobiotic functions and extrahepatic expressions. Recent studies have suggested that CYP1B1 is also expressed in hepatic stellate cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts within the tumor microenvironment, as well as tumor cells themselves. CYP1B1 is responsible for the metabolism of a wide range of substrates, including xenobiotics such as drugs, environmental chemicals, and endobiotics such as steroids, retinol, and fatty acids. Consequently, CYP1B1 and its associated exogenous and endogenous metabolites have been critically implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Understanding the mode of action of CYP1B1 in different pathophysiological conditions and developing pharmacological inhibitors that allow for systemic or cell type-specific modulation of CYP1B1 may pave the way for novel therapeutic opportunities. This review highlights the significant role of CYP1B1 in maintaining physiological homeostasis and provides a comprehensive discussion of recent advancements in our understanding of CYP1B1's involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases such as fibrosis, cancer, glaucoma, and metabolic disorders. Finally, the review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of targeting CYP1B1 for drug development, particularly in the treatment and prevention of cancers and liver fibrosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: CYP1B1 plays a critical role in various physiological processes. Dysregulation or genetic mutations of the gene encoding this enzyme can lead to health complications and may increase the risk of diseases such as cancer and liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical evidence that underscores the potential of CYP1B1 as a therapeutic target.

Type 2 diabetes is an inflammatory, non-infectious disease characterized by dysfunctional pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance. Although lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors are associated with a high risk of type 2 diabetes, nutrition remains one of the most significant factors. Specific types and increased amounts of dietary fatty acids are associated with type 2 diabetes and its complications. Dietary recommendations for the prevention of type 2 diabetes advocate for a diet that is characterized by reduced saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids alongside an increased consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids. Although following the recommendations for dietary fatty acid intake is important for reducing type 2 diabetes and its related complications, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This review will provide an update on the mechanisms of action of fatty acids on glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes, as well as dietary recommendations for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Interest in nonbovine milk, such as buffalo and camel milk, for human consumption is increasing, yet information on their nutritional quality is limited. This study aimed to investigate the fatty acid profiles of camel and buffalo milk, focusing on how species and seasonal variations affect their nutritional value. Buffalo milk and camel milk samples were collected respectively from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China over the year. A total of 88 fatty acids (C1-C24) were quantified using GC-MS as part of a comprehensive fatty acidomics approach. The results showed that species differences had a greater impact on fatty acid profiles than seasonal variations. Buffalo milk had higher concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, especially C4:0, whereas camel milk was richer in UFA. In autumn and winter, both milks had higher levels of even-chain SFA and UFA (n-1, n-3, n-5, n-6, n-7, n-12). Conversely, milk in spring and summer had higher levels of n-9 UFA, even- and branch-chain SFA. Camel milk showed more favorable fatty acid characteristics, including an optimal n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for reducing inflammation and cardiovascular risks. In autumn, both milks had higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, PUFA/SFA ratios, and health promoting index, and lower atherogenic index, thrombogenic index, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios. These findings highlight the potential for developing species-specific dairy products and offer insights for optimizing milk quality through seasonal adjustments in feeding and management.

Exposure to stress during sensitive developmental periods comes with long term consequences for neurobehavioral outcomes and increases vulnerability to psychopathology later in life. While we have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the programming effects of early-life stress (ES), these are not yet fully understood and often hard to target, making the development of effective interventions challenging. In recent years, we and others have suggested that nutrition might be instrumental in modulating and possibly combatting the ES-induced increased risk to psychopathologies and neurobehavioral impairments. Nutritional strategies are very promising as they might be relatively safe, cheap and easy to implement. Here, we set out to comprehensively review the existing literature on nutritional interventions aimed at counteracting the effects of ES on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical and clinical settings. We identified eighty six rodent and ten human studies investigating a nutritional intervention to ameliorate ES-induced impairments. The human evidence to date, is too few and heterogeneous in terms of interventions, thus not allowing hard conclusions, however the preclinical studies, despite their heterogeneity in terms of designs, interventions used, and outcomes measured, showed nutritional interventions to be promising in combatting ES-induced impairments. Furthermore, we discuss the possible mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of nutrition on the brain after ES, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Lastly, we highlight the critical gaps in our current knowledge and make recommendations for future research to move the field forward.

Although preclinical studies have shown a beneficial impact of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, the current literature from human studies is limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal associations of circulating levels of n-3 PUFAs with biomarkers of AT inflammation.

Longitudinal data from participants in the PROMISE cohort (n = 474) were used. AT inflammation was measured using circulating biomarkers at baseline and up to 2 follow-up visits. n-3 PUFAs were measured at baseline in 4 serum lipid fractions. Generalized estimating equations analyses evaluated longitudinal associations between n-3 PUFAs and AT inflammation, adjusting for covariates.

Fully adjusted generalized estimating equation models indicated that higher baseline proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in total serum were significantly inversely associated with longitudinal change in soluble CD163 (all P < .05). A significant positive association of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid with longitudinal change in adiponectin (P < .05) was also observed. Generally consistent associations were observed between n-3 PUFAs and soluble CD163 and adiponectin in the four lipid fractions.

These findings will add to the limited evidence on the potential role n-3 PUFAs have in the prevention and management of AT inflammation in humans and may help inform future interventions targeting chronic inflammation at the level of AT.

Adipose tissue serves as a dynamic endocrine organ that is pivotal in metabolic regulation. Augmenting mitochondrial activity within this tissue holds promise in combating obesity. Mitochondrial function is intricately modulated by diverse fatty acid compositions. This comprehensive review aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction induced by various fatty acid profiles. While saturated fatty acids (SFAs) pose a threat to mitochondrial integrity, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), notably n-3, mitigate SFA-induced damage, concurrently regulating thermogenic gene expression. With regard to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), their impact on mitochondrial function in adipose tissue remains relatively unexplored. Although human studies are imperative for comprehensive insights, prioritizing the consumption of n-3 fatty acids and MUFAs has emerged as a strategic approach, potentially enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic pathways. This synthesis underscores the critical need for further investigation of the differential effects of fatty acid types on adipose tissue mitochondria, offering potential avenues for obesity intervention.

Different dietary choices can influence blood fatty acid profiles, which are crucial for maintaining physiological health and reducing disease risk. In particular, the exclusion of animal foods in vegetarian diets is associated with a higher risk of undersupply of long-chain omega (n)-3 fatty acids, which could, potentially, have a negative effect on inflammation. This study aimed to examine differences in plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid profiles as well as inflammation-related biomarkers between various plant-based diets and a regular omnivores diet.

The Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) study is a is a parallel-designed trial. Here screening data was used to investigate differences in plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid profiles across omnivores (Western diet; n = 62), flexitarians (n = 69), vegetarians (n = 64) and vegans (n = 57). Furthermore, markers associated with inflammation are investigated and correlated with selected fatty acids.

Flexitarians showed lower erythrocyte saturated fatty acids (SFA) than omnivores, while vegans had the lowest plasma SFA. Vegans had higher erythrocyte monounsaturated fatty acids proportions, like oleic acid, than flexitarians and vegetarians. n-6 fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, were highest in vegans and vegetarians. Conversely, omnivores had higher arachidonic acid in erythrocytes. Vegans had lower n-3 fatty acids in both plasma and erythrocytes, also reflected in a lower n-3 index (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) values, indicating a trend with restriction of animal foods: omnivores/flexitarians > vegetarians > vegans. While interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) did not differ between groups, and vegans had lower leptin levels compared to omnivores.

The NuEva study revealed significant impact of dietary patterns on fatty acid profiles, with vegans and vegetarians displaying lower concentrations of SFA and n-3 fatty acids, including EPA and DHA, compared to omnivores and flexitarians. Despite the clear differences in fatty acid profiles across the diets, the inflammatory markers measured in our healthy collective are comparable.

Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT03582020.

Recent advances in molecular studies on plant lipids have revealed novel functions, increasing interest in their roles in plant metabolic processes and food functionality. With evolving living standards, the demand for crop-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) oil is increasing due to their benefits for cardiovascular health, brain function, and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite these benefits, there are gaps in comprehensive, integrated, and consolidated documents on recent advancements in crop biotechlogy, particularly concerning the biosynthesis of essential lipids. Such a document could provide valuable insights for researchers, breeders, and industry professionals seeking to enhance crop oil profiles and optimize the nutritional and functional qualities of plant-based foods. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) provide an updated review of crop lipid biosynthesis and (2) identify trending topics, key contributors, and institutions contributing to research on crop PUFAs, their health benefits, and genes associated with these functions. Methods: Systematic and mixed-method review approaches were used to gather the most recent evidence by identifying all relevant primary research studies on the specific review topic. Five databases were used in the process. Result and conclusion: 366 papers were identified, with 73 highly cited and recent ones focusing on crop PUFA biosynthesis and genetic engineering. Key genes involved in lipid biosynthesis include FAD, TMT, HGG, GhKAR, GhHAD, and transcription factors like MYB89, MYB96, WRI, LEC, GL2, FUS3, and HB2 all critical for enhancing PUFA biosynthesis. However, challenges such as poor transgene expression, reduced seed germination, and metabolic toxicity must be addressed to develop crops with improved oil profiles.

Climate influenced weather events, especially during the flowering, grain filling, and maturity stages, can adversely influence crop yield and quality. Therefore, understanding how the phenological behaviour and yield potential of new crops such as chia are influenced by weather and sowing dates is crucial for maximizing crop yield. This study aimed to assess the impact of sowing dates on the flowering behaviour, and yield attributes of chia morphotypes, as well as to identify optimal weather conditions for achieving higher yields.

The study was conducted during 2021-22 and 2022-23 and consisted of fifteen sowing windows from 1st July to 1st February (at 15 days intervals), with two chia morphotypes (white and black seed) arranged in a replicated split-plot design. Phenological events, flowering characters and seed yield traits were recorded regularly. Weather parameters at the experimental location (Maharashtra, India) were recorded.

The results revealed that weather conditions such as relative humidity (RH) and rainfall favoured the flowering phenology, yield attributes, and seed yield of chia, whereas maximum temperature (Tmax), bright sunshine hours, and accumulated growing degree days had negative effects. Weather parameters significantly influenced the chia seed yield during the cropping period: RH (positive, R 2 = 86.1%), Tmax (negative, R 2 = 67.4%), rainfall (positive, R 2 = 52.9%), and diurnal temperature range (negative, R 2 = 74.9%). Black-seeded chia morphotypes consistently produced higher seed yields (10.8% greater) and better yield-contributing traits compared to white types across various sowing dates. The maximum chia seed yield (811-793.1 kg ha-1) was achieved with sowing dates between August 1st and September 1st in this semi-arid region of India. The performance of chia was good under congenial weather conditions, including relative humidity (∼67-72%), maximum temperature (∼30-31 °C), day length (<12.0 h), rainfall (∼200-350 mm), and accumulated growing degree days (∼1,521-1,891). The present study findings can help identify the best suitable regions for chia cultivation by revealing relationships between the performance of chia morphotypes and weather conditions.

Background/Objectives: Vague physical complaints with no corresponding organic disease background are called unidentified complaints. The symptoms of patients with unidentified complaints closely resemble medically unexplained or persistent physical symptoms, with the onset sometimes masked by mental disorders. Over the past 50 years, numerous studies have connected unfavorable eating habits to these symptoms; however, no study has systematically examined the association between the symptoms and specific nutrients or food items. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of young Japanese women, using questionnaire surveys, to assess their nutritional intake, quantify unidentified complaints and depression, and identify nutrients/food items primarily associated with the severity of these conditions. Results: Our findings indicate that participants with high scores for unidentified complaints, depression, or both had lower intake levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 than those with low scores, alongside reduced fish and shellfish consumption. Notably, the median fish and shellfish intake in the group with high scores for both unidentified complaints and depression was less than one-fourth of that in the low-score group. Conclusions: The results align with previous findings, demonstrating a modest inverse association between fish intake and depression risk, and suggesting the involvement of fish and shellfish intake in the occurrence of unidentified complaints.

Lipids besides being components of membranes and storage molecules are also involved in signalling processes and have proven to be vital components in plant defence mechanisms. Over the past decades, the intricate lipid-signalling pathways that underlie the establishment of defence responses have been extensively studied. These molecules can act directly as signalling agents in plant defence or serve as precursors in a plethora of biosynthetic pathways, leading to the production of phytohormones and other signalling agents. Lipids have proven to be promising elicitors by not only trigger a robust and appropriate defence response, across various plant species, but also induce resistance against a wide range of pathogens. Allied to this, lipids are widespread molecules in nature, which makes them an accessible resource and highlights their potential use as a sustainable approach to crop protection. This comprehensive review emphasizes the potential of lipids and lipid-derived molecules as elicitors in developing sustainable agricultural practices. By leveraging the natural defence mechanisms of plants, lipid elicitors offer a viable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional pest management strategies, contributing to the overall goal of sustainable agriculture.

Background/Objectives: Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory signaling molecules, including cytokines and eicosanoids, as well as increased microglial reactivity, and is augmented by gut microbiota dysbiosis via the gut-brain axis. We conducted a pilot experiment to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the gut microbiota and neuroinflammation. Methods: Female APP/PS1 mice (TG) and non-transgenic littermates (WT), 13-14 months old, were fed a diet supplemented with 0.3% EPA or control chow for 3 weeks. The gut microbiota composition, hippocampal and plasma eicosanoids levels, platelet activation, and microglial phagocytosis, as well as the brain and retinal genes and protein expression, were analyzed. Results: EPA supplementation decreased the percentage of Bacteroidetes and increased bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes in APP/PS1 and WT mice. Inflammatory lipid mediators were elevated in the hippocampus of the TG mice, accompanied by a reduction in the endocannabinoid docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA). Dietary EPA did not affect hippocampal lipid mediators, but reduced the levels of arachidonic-derived 5-HETE and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) in WT plasma. Moreover, EPA supplementation decreased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) gene expression in the retina in both genotypes, and MHCII+ cells in the hippocampus of TG mice. Conclusions: This pilot study showed that short-term EPA supplementation shaped the gut microbiota by increasing butyrate-producing bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum and decreasing Gram-negative LPS-producing bacteria of the Bacteroidetes phylum, and downregulated the inflammatory microglial marker MHCII in two distinct regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Further investigation is needed to determine whether EPA-mediated effects on the microbiome and microglial MHCII have beneficial long-term effects on AD pathology and cognition.

Previous studies have assessed the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6)-supplemented infant formula on brain development and cognitive function in infants. However, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of DHA and ARA supplementation on cognitive function in infants from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

We systematically searched and identified relevant literature from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to July 2024. Standard methods were applied to assess publication bias, sensitivity analysis, and heterogeneity among the included studies. A total of nine RCTs were included in the study, which comprised 1039 subjects.

Meta-analysis showed significantly positive effects of DHA and ARA supplementation on cognitive development in infants (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD): 0.21; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.38). No significant difference was found in Mental Development Index (MDI) score (Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): 0.20; 95% CI: -0.03, 0.43) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) score (WMD: 0.12; 95% CI: -0.11, 0.35) in Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development compared with the control group. In subgroup analysis, when DHA/ARA was 0.5-1, PDI had a significant difference (WMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.93) compared with the control group, with no significant difference between heterogeneity (I2 = 46.4%, p = 0.155). In comparison to the control group, significant differences were observed in MDI when DHA/ARA levels were between 0.5 and 1 (WMD: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.07, 1.02), with no significant difference between heterogeneity (I2 = 51.6%, p = 0.127).

When the DHA /ARA was 0.5-1 can significantly improve the cognitive function in infants.

Genetic polymorphisms have a great impact on enhancing quantitative traits in cattle. In this study, Fatty acid synthase (FASN) g. 16024 (A>G), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) g. 10329 (C>T), and pleomorphic adenoma gene (PLAG1) g. 25003338 (C>G) genotypic and allelic polymorphisms were evaluated, along with their associations with fatty acid composition, adipogenic gene expression, and carcass characteristics (carcass weight, yield grade, backfat thickness, and marbling score) in Hanwoo steers. A total of 128 Hanwoo steers were selected for this study and the Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to identify polymorphism of these genes. The AG genotype and G allele in FASN g. 16024 (A>G), CT genotype and T allele in SCD g. 10329 (C>T), and GG genotype and G allele in PLAG1 g. 25003338 (C>G) showed higher frequency and positively correlated with carcass traits, yield, and quality grades. Fatty acid composition results indicate that C18:3n-6, C20:1, and C20:2n-6 were significantly higher in the AA genotype of FASN gene, C14:1 and C18:3n-6 in the CC genotype, and C16:1 in the TT genotype of SCD gene. C12:0, C14:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C20:0 were higher in the CC genotype of PLAG1 gene. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis of adipogenesis-related genes (AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα), Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1β (CPT1), G-coupled protein receptor-43 (GPR43), and SCD) across different SNP genotypes suggests a systemic interaction between genetic factors and adipogenesis in beef cattle. This study emphasizes the significance of FASN g. 16024 (A>G), SCD g. 10329 (C>T), and PLAG1 g. 25003338 (C>G) SNPs for genetic selection to enhance beef quality and elucidate lipid metabolic pathways in Hanwoo cattle.

The genus Nannochloropsis comprises a group of oleaginous microalgae that accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These molecules are essential for the correct development and health of humans and animals. Thanks to their attractive lipid profile, Nannochloropsis is mainly marketed as a feed ingredient in aquaculture. In microalgae of this genus, contents and cellular location of PUFAs are affected by the growth conditions and gene expression. Strain improvement through non-recombinant approaches can generate more productive strains and efficient bioprocesses for PUFA production. Nevertheless, the lack of specific markers, detection methods, and selective pressure for isolating such mutants remains a bottleneck in classical mutagenesis approaches or lipid quality assessment during cultivation. This review encompasses the importance of PUFAs and lipid classes from Nannochloropsis species and their potential applications. Additionally, a revision of the different ways to increase PUFA content in Nannochloropsis sp. by using classical mutagenesis and adaptive laboratory evolution is also presented, as well as various methods to label and quantify lipids and PUFAs from Nannochloropsis microalgae.

Cancer is a disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with dietary lipids being a significant contributing factor. This review summarizes the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development, and elucidate the role of PUFAs in tumor treatment.

PUFAs exert their impact on cancer through altering lipid composition in cell membranes, interacting with cell membrane lipid receptors, directly modulating gene expression in the cell nucleus, and participating in the metabolism of lipid mediators. Most omega-3 PUFAs are believed to inhibit cell proliferation, promote cancer cell death, suppress cancer metastasis, alter energy metabolism, inhibit tumor microenvironment inflammation, and regulate immune responses involving macrophages, T cells, NK cells, and others. However, certain omega-6 PUFAs exhibit weaker anti-tumor effects and may even promote tumor development, such as by fostering inflammatory tumor microenvironment and enhancing tumor cell proliferation. PUFAs play important roles in hallmarks of cancer including tumor cell proliferation, cell death, migration and invasion, energy metabolism remodeling, epigenetics, and immunity. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of cancer development and offers options for dietary management of cancer.

The precise link between dietary consumption of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and hyperuricemia remains equivocal. Accordingly, the purpose of the current investigation is to clarify any possible associations between the consumption of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and hyperuricemia in the context of American adults.

The present investigation employed a cross-sectional design, comprising a sample of 21,120 American adults above the age of 20 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) waves between 2007 and 2016. The dietary consumption of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids was measured through two 24-h dietary recall interviews. To assess the relationships of dietary consumption of n3 and n6 fatty acids with hyperuricemia, we applied multivariable logistic regression, t tests, chi-square tests, and restricted cubic spline. To determine the robustness of our findings, sensitivity analyses were also carried out.

The results of the multivariable logistic regression models indicated a significant correlation between dietary consumption of n3 and n6 fatty acids and hyperuricemia. The ORs with 95% CIs of hyperuricemia for the highest tertile versus lowest tertile of dietary consumption of n3 and n6 fatty acids were 0.76 (0.66, 0.88) (p < 0.001) and 0.72 (0.64, 0.82) (p < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, dose‒response analyses revealed a linear relationship between n-3 and n-6 fatty acid consumption and the risk of hyperuricemia.

The findings of this study indicate a significant inverse correlation between the dietary consumption of n3 and n6 fatty acids and hyperuricemia in the US adult population. Notably, there was no significant relationship between the n6:n3 ratio and hyperuricemia.

An emulsion gel was developed to replace animal fats in meat products while preserving desirable sensory and structural attributes. The gel was prepared by emulsifying pine nut oil and sunflower oil with whey protein concentrate (WPC) and polysaccharides (inulin and carrageenan). Process parameters, including the inulin-to-water ratio, homogenization speed, and temperature, were optimized to achieve stable gels exhibiting high water- and fat-binding capacities. Scanning electron micrographs revealed a cohesive network containing uniformly dispersed lipid droplets, with carrageenan promoting a denser matrix. Chemical assessments demonstrated a notably lower saturated fatty acid content (10.85%) and only 0.179% trans-isomers, alongside an elevated proportion (71.17%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This fatty acid profile suggests potential cardiovascular health benefits compared with conventional animal fats. Texture analyses showed that carrageenan increased gel strength and hardness; Experiment 4 recorded values of 15.87 N and 279.62 N, respectively. Incorporation of WPC at moderate levels (3-4%) further enhanced the yield stress, reflecting a robust protein-polysaccharide network. These findings indicate that the developed emulsion gel offers a viable alternative to animal fats in meat products, combining superior nutritional attributes with acceptable textural properties. The substantial polyunsaturated fatty acid content and minimal trans-isomers, coupled with the gel's mechanical stability, support the feasibility of creating reduced-fat, functional formulations that align with consumer demands for healthier alternatives.

Polygonum sivasicum Kit Tan and Yildiz, one of the eight endemic Polygonum species in Türkiye, belongs to the Polygonaceae family. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of methanol and hexane extracts of P. sivasicum resulted in four compounds, namely, annphenone (1), hyperoside (2), daucosterol (3), and β-sitosterol (4). Their structures were elucidated by 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS analyses. This study signifies the first isolation of annphenone from the Polygonum genus. Antioxidant capabilities of different extracts of P. sivasicum were carried out using DPPH·, ABTS·+, CUPRAC, metal chelating, and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assays, and their effectiveness was quantified through IC50 values. Furthermore, 27 phenolic compounds were identified using LC-HRESIMS from methanol extract, which has the highest antioxidant activity among the P. sivasicum extracts. The major phenolic constituents identified were hyperoside (4535.0 μg/g extract), rutin (4387.4 μg/g extract), and chlorogenic acid (3306.6 μg/g extract). GC-MS analysis determined palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, and 8,11-octadecadieonic acid as major fatty acids in the hexane extract. The cell viability profile of P. sivasicum methanol extract and its isolates hyperoside, annphenone, and daucosterol was evaluated on fibroblast (CCD-1079Sk), breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and lung carcinoma (A549) cell lines. Annphenone exhibited IC50 values of 0.25 ± 0.01 mg/mL against the A549 cell line and 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/mL against the MCF-7 cell line. The selective cytotoxicity observed for daucosterol against the A549 cell line, with a high selectivity index of 1.44, underscores its potential as a promising candidate for drug development. The study establishes a framework integrating phytochemical profiling with biological assays to identify therapeutic agents from endemic plants.

Seaweed plays an essential role in the survival of marine life, provides habitats and helps in nutrient recycling. It is rich in valuable nutritious compounds such as pigments, proteins, polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, omega-rich oils, secondary metabolites, fibers and sterols. Pigments like fucoxanthin and astaxanthin and polysaccharides like laminarin, fucoidan, galactan and ulvan possess immune-modulatory and immune-enhancing properties. Moreover, they show antioxidative, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anti-obesity, antimicrobial, anticoagulation and anti-aging properties and can prevent diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's and cardiovascular diseases. Though seaweed is frequently consumed by Eastern Asian countries like China, Japan, and Korea and has gained the attention of Western countries in recent years due to its nutritional properties, its consumption on a global scale is very limited because of a lack of awareness. Thus, to incorporate seaweed into the global diet and to make it familiar as a functional food, issues such as large-scale cultivation, processing, consumer acceptance and the development of seaweed-based food products need to be addressed. This review is intended to give a brief overview of the present status of seaweed, its nutritional value and its bioactive metabolites as functional foods for human health and diseases owing to its immunity-boosting potential. Further, seaweed as a source of sustainable food and its prospects along with its issues are discussed in this review.