Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infections in Asia

Table 1 Prevalence, risk factors, and the main vital genotypes identified in hepatitis B virus/human immunodeficiency virus co-infected individuals in Asia

Country	Prevalence (%)	Risk factors	Main genotype	Ref.
Southeast Asia
Indonesia	3.2 15.3 7.0	Sexual IDU Men with IDU	B3 B3 B3, D1, B2, C1	Anggorowati et al[15], 2012 Utsumi et al[6], 2013 Fibriani et al[16], 2014
Myanmar	8.7	Homosexual men		Zaw SK et al[17], 2013
Thailand	13.0 3.3 11.9	HB vaccination women		Aurpibul et al[18], 2012 Peters et al[19], 2013 Tsuchiya et al[20], 2013
Vietnam	28.0 15.2 10.3	IDU CSW	B4, B2, C1, C5	Dunford et al[21], 2012 Sereno et al[22], 2012
East Asia
China	4.9 6.3 7.2 6.1	Older children ethnicity Sexual Sexual		Zhou et al[23], 2010 He et al[24], 2011 Maimaiti[25], 2012 Chen et al[26], 2013
Japan	8.8 6.4 7.9 6.0	Homosexual men Homosexual men Homosexual men Homosexual men	Ae	Gatanaga et al[27], 2007 Koike et al[28], 2008 Fujisaki et al[29], 2011 Yanagimoto et al[30], 2012
South Asia
India	9.0 11.3 1.5	Hetero sexual Hetero sexual men	D > A > C	Saravanan et al[31], 2007 Saha et al[32], 2013 Saravanan et al[33], 2014

IDU: Injecting drug user; CSW: Commercial sex worker.

Table 2 Antiretroviral therapies for hepatitis B virus/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection, and drug-resistant mutations in Asian countries

	Indonesia	Japan	Thailand	Vietnam	China	India
Recommendation for ART on HBV/HIV co-infection	Initiate with WHO clinical stage IV and/or a CD4 count less than 200/mm3[40]	TDF + 3TC/FTC-based regimen	Screening for HBV. Two antiretroviral regimen with anti-HBV/anti-HIV activity (e.g., TDF, 3TC)	TDF-based regimen	Combination of TDF with FTC or 3TC	HBeAg positivity is indicator to initiate ART with combination of two dually-active drugs
Currently used therapy for HBV/HIV co-infection	Telbivudine (LDT) Lamivudine (3TC) Zidovudine (ZDV) Nevirapine (NVP) Efavirenz (EFV) Stavudine (d4T) Tenofovir (TDF)	3TC Entecavir (ETV) TDF Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) Emtricitabine (FTC)	3TC Nevirapine (NVP) EFV Stavudine (d4T)	Stavudine (d4T) 3TC NVP	d4T ZDV 3TC NVP EFV[41]	ZDV 3TC NVP EFV d4T[42]
Drug-resistant mutation	Lamivudine M204I M204I + L180M	Lamivudine1V173L + L180M + M204V Lamivudine L180M, M204V, L217R M184V, I195M	Lamivudine M204V/I	Lamivudine L180M M204V		Lamivudine1M204VL180M

¹Lamibudin naïve case. WHO: World Health Organization; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; FTC: Emtricitabine; TDF: Tenofovir; LDT: Telbivudine; ETV: Entecavir; ZDV: Zidovudine; ADV:Adefovir dipivoxil; NVP: Nevirapine.