Hypotheses and facts for genetic factors related to severe COVID-19

Table 1 Summary of reported genome wide association studies between human genes and severe coronavirus disease 2019

Gene(s)	Polymorphism(s) and genotypes	Chromosome location	Reported COVID-19 associations	Ref.
SLC6A20, LZFTL1, CCR9, CXCR6, XCR1, and FYCO1	Rs11385942-GA	3p21.31	Severe disease (respiratory problems)	[28]
ABO	rs657152	9q34.2	Higher risk of infection in blood group A and a protective effect in blood group O as compared with other blood groups	[37,38]
HLA	a/HLA-B*15:03 and HLA-B*46:01; b/HLA-DBR*15:01 HLA-DQB*06:02 and HLA-B*27:07; c/ HLA-A*11:01, HLA-B*51:01 and HLA-C*14:02	6p21.33	Vulnerable to COVID-19 for HLA-B*46:01 and protective T-cell immunity for HLA-B*15:03 may predispose to a less favorable outcome and severe COVID-19; Preliminary results in the worst clinical outcome in China patients	[41]
TMEM189-UBE2V1	rs6020289-A	20q13.13	Severe disease	[42]
ACE2	p.Arg514-Gly	Xp22.2		[30]
TMPRSS2	p.Val160Met (rs12329760)	21q22.3	Severe disease, vulnerable to COVID-19 with risk factors	[29,30]
TLR7	g.12905756_12905759del and g.12906010G>T	Xp22.2	Severe disease	[29]
ApoE	rs429358-C-C (e4e4)	19q13.32	Severe disease especially with dementia, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes	[84,85]
IFITM3	rs12252-C/C	11p15.5	Mild to moderate disease (with hospitalization)	[91,94]
CTSB, CTSL		8p23.1, 9q21.33	Low frequencies; severe disease with cardiovascular conditions	[97,100]
PIEZO	rs7184427, rs6500495 and rs7404939	16q24.3	Severe COVID-19 and fatality, independently of the risk factors	[101]
OAS1, OAS2 and OAS3	rs10735079	12q24.13	Severe COVID-19 and critical illness	[24]
TYK2	rs2109069	19p13.2	Critical illness	[24]
DPP9	rs2109069	19p13.3	Severe COVID-19; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	[24]
IFNAR2	rs2236757	21q22.1	Severe COVID-19 and other viral diseases	[24]

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.