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For: Elwin K, Hadfield SJ, Robinson G, Chalmers RM. The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in England and Wales, 2000-2008. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:673-683. [PMID: 21733255 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open

For:	Elwin K, Hadfield SJ, Robinson G, Chalmers RM. The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in England and Wales, 2000-2008. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:673-683. [PMID: 21733255 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Mega J, Moreira R, Moreira G, Silva-Loureiro A, Gomes da Silva P, Istrate C, Santos-Silva S, Rivero-Juarez A, Carmena D, Mesquita JR. Multicentric Study on Enteric Protists Occurrence in Zoological Parks in Portugal. Pathogens 2024;13:874. [PMID: 39452745 PMCID: PMC11509964 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open

Affiliation(s)

João Mega ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (R.M.); (G.M.); (A.S.-L.); (P.G.d.S.); (S.S.-S.)
Rafaela Moreira ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (R.M.); (G.M.); (A.S.-L.); (P.G.d.S.); (S.S.-S.)
Guilherme Moreira ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (R.M.); (G.M.); (A.S.-L.); (P.G.d.S.); (S.S.-S.)
Ana Silva-Loureiro ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (R.M.); (G.M.); (A.S.-L.); (P.G.d.S.); (S.S.-S.)
Priscilla Gomes da Silva ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (R.M.); (G.M.); (A.S.-L.); (P.G.d.S.); (S.S.-S.) Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Public Health Institute, Porto University, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal Associate Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
Claudia Istrate CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
Sérgio Santos-Silva ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (R.M.); (G.M.); (A.S.-L.); (P.G.d.S.); (S.S.-S.)
Antonio Rivero-Juarez Clinical Virology and Zoonosis, Infections Diseases Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofía Hospital, Córdoba University, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
David Carmena Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
João R. Mesquita ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.M.); (R.M.); (G.M.); (A.S.-L.); (P.G.d.S.); (S.S.-S.) Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Public Health Institute, Porto University, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal Associate Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal

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Chou YH, Fan HJ. Cryptosporidium-induced acute kidney injury in the setting of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2024;368:253-257. [PMID: 38795967 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]

Stensvold CR, Larsen TG, Grüttner J, Nielsen L, Engberg J, Lebbad M. Rodent-adapted Cryptosporidium infection in humans: Seven new cases and review of the literature. One Health 2024;18:100682. [PMID: 39010954 PMCID: PMC11247268 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open

Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. Critters and contamination: Zoonotic protozoans in urban rodents and water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2024;251:121165. [PMID: 38290188 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]

Abstract

Rodents represent the single largest group within mammals and host a diverse array of zoonotic pathogens. Urbanisation impacts wild mammals, including rodents, leading to habitat loss but also providing new resources. Urban-adapted (synanthropic) rodents, such as the brown rat (R. norvegicus), black rat (R. rattus), and house mouse (Mus musculus), have long successfully adapted to living close to humans and are known carriers of zoonotic pathogens. Two important enteric, zoonotic protozoan parasites, carried by rodents, include Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Their environmental stages (oocysts/cysts), released in faeces, can contaminate surface and wastewaters, are resistant to common drinking water disinfectants and can cause water-borne related gastritis outbreaks. At least 48 species of Cryptosporidium have been described, with C. hominis and C. parvum responsible for the majority of human infections, while Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B are the main human-infectious assemblages. Molecular characterisation is crucial to assess the public health risk linked to rodent-related water contamination due to morphological overlap between species. This review explores the global molecular diversity of these parasites in rodents, with a focus on evaluating the zoonotic risk from contamination of water and wasterwater with Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts/cysts from synanthropic rodents. Analysis indicates that while zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are prevalent in farmed and pet rodents, host-specific Cryptosporidium and Giardia species dominate in urban adapted rodents, and therefore the risks posed by these rodents in the transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia are relatively low. Many knowledge gaps remain however, and therefore understanding the intricate dynamics of these parasites in rodent populations is essential for managing their impact on human health and water quality. This knowledge can inform strategies to reduce disease transmission and ensure safe drinking water in urban and peri‑urban areas.

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Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. The risk of wild birds contaminating source water with zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia is probably overestimated. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024;912:169032. [PMID: 38123098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]

Abstract

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important waterborne protozoan parasites that are resistant to disinfectants commonly used for drinking water. Wild birds, especially wild migratory birds, are often implicated in the contamination of source and wastewater with zoonotic diseases, due to their abundance near water and in urban areas and their ability to spread enteric pathogens over long distances. This review summarises the diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in birds, with a focus on zoonotic species, particularly in wild and migratory birds, which is critical for understanding zoonotic risks. The analysis revealed that both avian-adapted and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species have been identified in birds but that avian-adapted Cryptosporidium species dominate in wild migratory birds. Few studies have examined Giardia species and assemblages in birds, but the non-zoonotic Giardia psittaci and Giardia ardeae are the most commonly reported species. The identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in birds, particularly C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in wild migratory birds, is likely due to mechanical carriage or spillback from birds co-grazing pastures contaminated with C. parvum from livestock. Therefore, the role of wild migratory birds in the transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia to source water is likely overestimated. To address knowledge gaps, it is important to conduct more extensive studies on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a broader range of migratory wild birds. There is also a need to investigate the extent to which zoonotic infections with C. hominis/C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblages A and B are mechanical and/or transient, and to assess the load and viability of zoonotic oo/cysts shed in avian faeces. Understanding the contribution of birds to zoonoses is essential for effective disease surveillance, prevention, and control.

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Matas-Méndez P, Ávalos G, Caballero-Gómez J, Dashti A, Castro-Scholten S, Jiménez-Martín D, González-Barrio D, Muñoz-de-Mier GJ, Bailo B, Cano-Terriza D, Mateo M, Nájera F, Xiao L, Köster PC, García-Bocanegra I, Carmena D. Detection and Molecular Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Spain. Animals (Basel) 2024;14:340. [PMID: 38275800 PMCID: PMC10812403 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open

Abstract

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are the main non-viral causes of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals globally. Comparatively, much less information is currently available in free-ranging carnivore species in general and in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in particular. Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were investigated with molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods in individual faecal DNA samples of free-ranging and captive Iberian lynxes from the main population nuclei in Spain. Overall, Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were detected in 2.4% (6/251) and 27.9% (70/251) of the animals examined, respectively. Positive animals to at least one of them were detected in each of the analysed population nuclei. The analysis of partial ssu rRNA gene sequences revealed the presence of rodent-adapted C. alticolis (n = 1) and C. occultus (n = 1), leporid-adapted C. cuniculus (n = 2), and zoonotic C. parvum (n = 2) within Cryptosporidium, and zoonotic assemblages A (n = 5) and B (n = 3) within G. duodenalis. Subgenotyping analyses allowed for the identification of genotype VaA19 in C. cuniculus (gp60 locus) and sub-assemblages AI and BIII/BIV in G. duodenalis (gdh, bg, and tpi loci). This study represents the first molecular description of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in the Iberian lynx in Spain. The presence of rodent/leporid-adapted Cryptosporidium species in the surveyed animals suggests spurious infections associated to the Iberian lynx's diet. The Iberian lynx seems a suitable host for zoonotic genetic variants of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum) and G. duodenalis (assemblages A and B), although the potential risk of human transmission is regarded as limited due to light parasite burdens and suspected low excretion of infective (oo)cysts to the environment by infected animals. More research should be conducted to ascertain the true impact of these protozoan parasites in the health status of the endangered Iberian lynx.

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Affiliation(s)

Pablo Matas-Méndez Faculty of Veterinary, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
Gabriel Ávalos Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
Javier Caballero-Gómez Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.) Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
Alejandro Dashti Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
Sabrina Castro-Scholten Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
Débora Jiménez-Martín Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.)
David González-Barrio Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
Gemma J. Muñoz-de-Mier Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
Begoña Bailo Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.)
David Cano-Terriza Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.) CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
Marta Mateo Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
Fernando Nájera Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
Lihua Xiao College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
Pamela C. Köster Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.) Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Ignacio García-Bocanegra Department of Animal Health, Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), UIC Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (D.J.-M.); (D.C.-T.); (I.G.-B.) CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
David Carmena Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (G.Á.); (A.D.); (D.G.-B.); (B.B.); (D.C.) CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Abdugheni R, Li L, Yang ZN, Huang Y, Fang BZ, Shurigin V, Mohamad OAA, Liu YH, Li WJ. Microbial Risks Caused by Livestock Excrement: Current Research Status and Prospects. Microorganisms 2023;11:1897. [PMID: 37630456 PMCID: PMC10456746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open

Perec-Matysiak A, Hildebrand J, Popiołek M, Buńkowska-Gawlik K. The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wild-Living Carnivores in Poland-A Question Concerning Its Host Specificity. Pathogens 2023;12:pathogens12020198. [PMID: 36839469 PMCID: PMC9968153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open

Abstract

Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that primarily infects the gastrointestinal epithelium in humans and domestic and wild animals. The majority of studies have been focused on human, livestock, and pet infections. Hence, Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife, including wild carnivores, remained neglected. There are several studies reporting the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, but these are only a few molecular surveys; no data is available concerning the occurrence of this parasite in raccoon dogs and martens in Europe, and to the best of our knowledge to date, only one study has reported Cryptosporidium from badgers in Spain. Therefore, we used molecular analyses to identify and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. in wild-living mesocarnivores in Poland. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine, and beech martens were collected and then analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using the nested PCR method. The appearance of PCR products in the reaction with Cryptosporidium-specific primers against the 18S rRNA and actin genes demonstrated that Cryptosporidium spp. occurred in 23.0% of all examined species of animals. Performed sequence analyses showed the presence of the Cryptosporidium skunk genotype, Cryptosporidium vole genotype II, Cryptosporidium canis dog and fox genotypes, as well as Cryptosporidium erinacei, Cryptosporidium ditrichi, Cryptosporidium suis, and Cryptosporidium alticolis, in these hosts. Molecular data presented here indicate that examined mesocarnivores may be a significant reservoir of specific and non-specific Cryptosporidium species, including those with zoonotic potential. Most studies of carnivores have described the presence of non-specific Cryptosporidium spp. in carnivore hosts, and this is probably the result of the transfer of these parasites from prey species through the digestive tract or the transfer of the parasite from a contaminated environment.

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Sing A, Berger A. Cats – Revered and Reviled – and Associated Zoonoses. ZOONOSES: INFECTIONS AFFECTING HUMANS AND ANIMALS 2023:837-914. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27164-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]

Wang P, Zheng L, Liu L, Yu F, Jian Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Zhang L, Ning C, Jian F. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from sheep and goats in China. BMC Vet Res 2022;18:361. [PMID: 36175887 PMCID: PMC9524073 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open

Affiliation(s)

Penglin Wang College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Ling Zheng College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Linke Liu College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Fuchang Yu College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Yichen Jian College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Rongjun Wang College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Sumei Zhang College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Longxian Zhang College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Changshen Ning College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
Fuchun Jian College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.

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Xu J, Liu H, Jiang Y, Jing H, Cao J, Yin J, Li T, Sun Y, Shen Y, Wang X. Genotyping and subtyping of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis isolates from two wild rodent species in Gansu Province, China. Sci Rep 2022;12:12178. [PMID: 35842437 PMCID: PMC9288474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open

Affiliation(s)

Jie Xu National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
Hua Liu National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
Yanyan Jiang National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
Huaiqi Jing National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
Jianping Cao National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
Jianhai Yin National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
Teng Li National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
Yeting Sun National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
Yujuan Shen National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, 200025, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Xin Wang National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.

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Surveillance of berries sold on the Norwegian market for parasite contamination using molecular methods. Food Microbiol 2022;104:103980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]

Prasad N, Bansal S, Akhtar S. Cryptosporidium infection in solid organ transplant recipients in South Asia - Expert group opinion for diagnosis and management. INDIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ijot.ijot_80_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open

Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, Xiao L. An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans. Animals (Basel) 2021;11:3307. [PMID: 34828043 PMCID: PMC8614385 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium skunk genotype in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Iran: concern for zoonotic transmission. Parasitol Res 2021;121:483-489. [PMID: 34750653 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]

Ryan UM, Feng Y, Fayer R, Xiao L. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia - a 50 year perspective (1971-2021). Int J Parasitol 2021;51:1099-1119. [PMID: 34715087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]

Gong Z, Kan ZZ, Huang JM, Fang Z, Liu XC, Gu YF, Li WC. Molecular prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium in domestic free-range poultry in Anhui Province, China. Parasitol Res 2021;120:3519-3527. [PMID: 34417865 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]

Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium cuniculus from Rabbits in Egypt. Pathogens 2021;10:pathogens10060775. [PMID: 34203099 PMCID: PMC8235062 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open

Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Sheley MF, Uzal FA, Navarro MA. Pathology of cryptosporidiosis in raccoons: case series and retrospective analysis, 1990-2019. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021;33:721-727. [PMID: 33955305 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211011949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open

Li J, Ryan U, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Advances in molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in dogs and cats. Int J Parasitol 2021;51:787-795. [PMID: 33848499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]

Guo Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic parasites in farmed exotic animals in China: Implications to public health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021;14:241-247. [PMID: 33898224 PMCID: PMC8056123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]

Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021;34:34/2/e00087-19. [PMID: 33627442 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open

Development of a Subtyping Tool for Zoonotic Pathogen Cryptosporidium canis. J Clin Microbiol 2021;59:JCM.02474-20. [PMID: 33298606 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02474-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open

Guy RA, Yanta CA, Muchaal PK, Rankin MA, Thivierge K, Lau R, Boggild AK. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans in Ontario, Canada. Parasit Vectors 2021;14:69. [PMID: 33482898 PMCID: PMC7821412 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal disease with global distribution. It has been a reportable disease in Canada since 2000; however, routine molecular surveillance is not conducted. Therefore, sources of contamination are unknown. The aim of this project was to identify species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in clinical cases from Ontario, the largest province in Canada, representing one third of the Canadian population, in order to understand transmission patterns.

METHODS

A total of 169 frozen, banked, unpreserved stool specimens that were microscopy positive for Cryptosporidium over the period 2008-2017 were characterized using molecular tools. A subset of the 169 specimens were replicate samples from individual cases. DNA was extracted directly from the stool and nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing was conducted targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU) and glycoprotein 60 (gp60) genes.

RESULTS

Molecular typing data and limited demographic data were obtained for 129 cases of cryptosporidiosis. Of these cases, 91 (70.5 %) were due to Cryptosporidium parvum and 24 (18.6%) were due to Cryptosporidium hominis. Mixed infections of C. parvum and C. hominis occurred in four (3.1%) cases. Five other species observed were Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (n = 5), Cryptosporidium felis (n = 2), Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 1), Cryptosporidium cuniculus (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium muris (n = 1). Subtyping the gp60 gene revealed 5 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. hominis and 3 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. parvum. The most frequent subtype of C. hominis was IbA10G2 (22.3%) and of C. parvum was IIaA15G2R1 (62.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of isolates in this study were C. parvum, supporting the notion that zoonotic transmission is the main route of cryptosporidiosis transmission in Ontario. Nonetheless, the observation of C. hominis in about a quarter of cases suggests that anthroponotic transmission is also an important contributor to cryptosporidiosis pathogenesis in Ontario.

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Fan Y, Wang X, Yang R, Zhao W, Li N, Guo Y, Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular characterization of the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp. in wastewater and sewage in Guangzhou, China. Parasit Vectors 2021;14:66. [PMID: 33472683 PMCID: PMC7818739 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open

Abstract

Background

The waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis can cause intestinal diseases in humans. An understanding of their occurrence and transport in the environment is essential for accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment.

Methods

A total of 238 influent samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 88 samples from eight sewer locations in Guangzhou, China. PCR-based tools were used to detect and genetically characterize Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi. Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora spp. were also analyzed to assess the sources of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in wastewater.

Results

The overall occurrence rates in the WWTP and sewer samples were 14.3% (34/238) and 13.6% (12/88) for Cryptosporidium spp., 55.5% (132/238) and 33.0% (29/88) for G. duodenalis, 56.3% (134/238) and 26.1% (23/88) for E. bieneusi and 45.4% (108/238) and 47.7% (42/88) for Eimeria spp., respectively. Altogether, 11 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes, six G. duodenalis genotypes, 11 E. bieneusi genotypes and four C. cayetanensis were found, together with the presence of nine Eimeria species. The common occurrence of Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV, C. muris and Eimeria papillata and E. nieschulzi suggested that rodents were significant sources of the enteric pathogens detected in the wastewater samples.

Conclusions

While the dominant Cryptosporidium spp. detected in the raw wastewater sampled in this study are not pathogenic to humans, the widely detected G. duodenalis assemblage A and E. bieneusi genotypes D and Type IV are well-known zoonotic pathogens. Further studies are needed to monitor the occurrence of these waterborne pathogens in WWTPs to better understand their transmission and environmental transport in China.

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Zahedi A, Ryan U, Rawlings V, Greay T, Hancock S, Bruce M, Jacobson C. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in dam water on sheep farms – An important source of transmission? Vet Parasitol 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/01435129610106083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]

Jiang W, Roellig DM, Lebbad M, Beser J, Troell K, Guo Y, Li N, Xiao L, Feng Y. Subtype distribution of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium felis in humans and animals in several countries. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:2446-2454. [PMID: 33084542 PMCID: PMC7655080 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1840312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]

Chadwick DR, Sutherland RK, Raffe S, Pool E, Beadsworth M. British HIV Association guidelines on the management of opportunistic infection in people living with HIV: the clinical management of gastrointestinal opportunistic infections 2020. HIV Med 2020;21 Suppl 5:1-19. [PMID: 33271637 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in dam water on sheep farms - An important source of transmission? Vet Parasitol 2020;288:109281. [PMID: 33142151 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]

Abstract

Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections can negatively impact livestock health and reduce productivity, and some species and genotypes infecting livestock have zoonotic potential. Infection occurs via the faecal-oral route. Waterborne infections are a recognised source of infection for humans, but the role of livestock drinking water as a source of infection in livestock has not been described. This study aimed to determine whether contaminated drinking water supplies, such as farm dams, are a likely transmission source for Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections for extensively managed sheep. Dam water samples (n = 47) were collected during autumn, winter and spring from 12 farm dams located on six different farms in south west Western Australia, and faecal samples (n = 349) were collected from sheep with access to these dams. All samples were initially screened for Cryptosporidium spp. at the 18S locus and Giardia spp. at the gdh gene using qPCR, and oocyst numbers were determined directly from the qPCR data using DNA standards calibrated by droplet digital PCR. Cryptosporidium-positive sheep faecal samples were typed and subtyped by sequence analysis of 18S and gp60 loci, respectively. Giardia-specific PCR and Sanger sequencing targeting tpi and gdh loci were performed on Giardia- positive sheep faecal samples to characterise Giardia duodenalis assemblages. To identify Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in dam water samples, next-generation sequencing analysis of 18S and gdh amplicons were performed, respectively. Two species of Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidium xiaoi and Cryptospordium ubiquitum (subtype family XIIa)) were detected in 38/345 sheep faecal samples, and in water from 9/12 farm dams during the study period, with C. xiaoi the species most frequently detected in both faeces and dam water overall. Giardia duodenalis assemblages AI, AII and E were detected in 36/348 faecal samples and water from 10/12 farm dams. For dam water samples where oo/cysts were detected by qPCR, Cryptosporidium oocyst concentration ranged from 518-2429 oocysts/L (n = 14), and Giardia cyst concentration ranged from 102 to 1077 cysts/L (n = 17). Cryptosporidium and Giardia with zoonotic potential were detected in farm dam water, including C. ubiquitum, C. hominis, C. parvum, C. cuniculus, C. xiaoi, and G. duodenalis assemblages A, B and E. The findings suggest that dam water can be contaminated with Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis assemblages that may infect sheep and with zoonotic potential, and farm dam water may represent one source of transmission for infections.

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Zahedi A, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium – An update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission. Res Vet Sci 2020;132:500-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]

Garcia-R JC, Pita AB, Velathanthiri N, French NP, Hayman DTS. Species and genotypes causing human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand. Parasitol Res 2020;119:2317-2326. [PMID: 32494897 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]

Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in Danish cats: risk factors and zoonotic potential. Parasitol Res 2020;119:2275-2286. [PMID: 32451716 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]

Abstract

Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections are common in cats, but knowledge is limited about their clinical importance, risk factors, and the role of cats as a reservoir for human infections. Here, we collected faeces and questionnaire data from 284 cats from shelters and veterinary clinics in the Copenhagen Metropolitan Region (= study population). Additionally, 33 samples were analysed separately from catteries with gastrointestinal clinical signs (= cases). (Oo-)cysts were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy. All Giardia (n = 34) and Cryptosporidium (n = 29) positive samples were analysed by sequencing of the 18S rRNA, gdh and hsp70 loci, and co-infections were detected by McMaster/inverted microscopy. In the study population, 7.0% and 6.7% were positive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium respectively; 48.5% and 36.4% of the breeder cats (cases) were infected. Increased odds of diarrhoea were demonstrated in Giardia (p = 0.0008) and Cryptosporidium (p = 0.034) positive cats. For Giardia, the odds were positively correlated with infection intensity. Co-infection with Cryptosporidium (OR 12.79; p < 0.001), parasitic co-infections other than Cryptosporidium (OR 5.22; p = 0.009), no deworming (OR 4.67; p = 0.035), and male sex (OR 3.63; p = 0.025) were risk factors for Giardia. For Cryptosporidium, co-infection with Giardia was the only risk factor (OR 11.93; p < 0.0001). Genotyping revealed G. duodenalis assemblages A and F, and C. felis, all of them previously detected in humans. In conclusion, excretion of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was associated with clinical disease. Although a public health risk is likely, studies including larger sample sizes, more discriminatory markers and samples from other animals and humans are needed to reveal the full zoonotic potential.

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Liu A, Gong B, Liu X, Shen Y, Wu Y, Zhang W, Cao J. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of human Cryptosporidium infection in China during the past three decades (1987-2018). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020;14:e0008146. [PMID: 32226011 PMCID: PMC7145189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open

Abstract

Background

Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging infectious disease of public health significance worldwide. The burden of disease caused by Cryptosporidium varies between and within countries/areas. To have a comprehensive understanding of epidemiological status and characteristics of human Cryptosporidium infection in China since the first report in 1987, a retrospective epidemiological analysis was conducted by presenting differences in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium by province, year, population, living environment and season and possible transmission routes and risk factors as well as genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in humans.

Methodology/Principal findings

A systematic search was conducted to obtain epidemiological papers of human Cryptosporidium infection/cryptosporidiosis from PubMed and Chinese databases. Finally, 164 papers were included in our analysis. At least 200,054 people from 27 provinces were involved in investigational studies of Cryptosporidium, with an average prevalence of 2.97%. The prevalence changed slightly over time. Variable prevalences were observed: 0.65–11.15% by province, 1.89–47.79% by population, 1.77–12.87% and 0–3.70% in rural and urban areas, respectively. The prevalence peak occurred in summer or autumn. Indirect person-to-person transmission was documented in one outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a pediatric hospital. 263 Cryptosporidium isolates were obtained, and seven Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. hominis (48.3%), C. andersoni (22.43%), C. parvum (16.7%), C. meleagridis (8.36%), C. felis (3.04%), C. canis (0.76%) and C. suis (0.38%).

Conclusions/Significances

This systematic review reflects current epidemiological status and characteristics of Cryptosporidium in humans in China. These data will be helpful to develop efficient control strategies to intervene with and prevent occurrence of human Cryptosporidium infection/cryptosporidiosis in China as well as have a reference effect to other countries. Further studies should focus on addressing a high frequency of C. andersoni in humans and a new challenge with respect to cryptosporidiosis with an increasing population of elderly people and patients with immunosuppressive diseases.

Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans globally. Due to the lack of effective drug treatment and vaccine prevention against cryptosporidiosis, it is particularly important to develop efficient control strategies to intervene with and prevent Cryptosporidium infection in humans. The present review presented and analyzed epidemiological status and characteristics of Cryptosporidium infection in humans in China since the first report in 1987. To date, epidemiological investigations of Cryptosporidium infecion have been carried out in different populations in 27 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. Average prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 2.97% (5,933/200,054). Like other infectious disease, due to poor sanitation conditions in rural areas, people living in rural areas had a significantly higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium (1.77–12.87%) than those living in urban areas (0–3.70%). Seven Cryptosporidium species were identified, including C. hominis, C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. felis, C. canis and C. suis. This retrospective epidemiological analysis indicates wide geographical distribution of human Cryptosporidium infection/cryptosporidiosis in China.

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Cao S, Xu M, Jiang Y, Liu H, Yuan Z, Sun L, Cao J, Shen Y. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in Chickens From Ezhou, Hubei, China. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:30. [PMID: 32083107 PMCID: PMC7005591 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open

Affiliation(s)

Shengkui Cao National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Meng Xu National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Yanyan Jiang National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Hua Liu National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Zhongying Yuan National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Lei Sun National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Jianping Cao National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Yujuan Shen National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

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Rojas-Lopez L, Elwin K, Chalmers RM, Enemark HL, Beser J, Troell K. Development of a gp60-subtyping method for Cryptosporidium felis. Parasit Vectors 2020;13:39. [PMID: 31973771 PMCID: PMC6979280 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open

Morris A, Robinson G, Swain MT, Chalmers RM. Direct Sequencing of Cryptosporidium in Stool Samples for Public Health. Front Public Health 2019;7:360. [PMID: 31921734 PMCID: PMC6917613 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open

Abstract

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease (cryptosporidiosis) in humans and animals, with significant morbidity and mortality especially in severely immunocompromised people and in young children in low-resource settings. Due to the sexual life cycle of the parasite, transmission is complex. There are no restrictions on sexual recombination between sub-populations, meaning that large-scale genetic recombination may occur within a host, potentially confounding epidemiological analysis. To clarify the relationships between infections in different hosts, it is first necessary to correctly identify species and genotypes, but these differentiations are not made by standard diagnostic tests and more sophisticated molecular methods have been developed. For instance, multilocus genotyping has been utilized to differentiate isolates within the major human pathogens, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. This has allowed mixed populations with multiple alleles to be identified: recombination events are considered to be the driving force of increased variation and the emergence of new subtypes. As yet, whole genome sequencing (WGS) is having limited impact on public health investigations, due in part to insufficient numbers of oocysts and purity of DNA derived from clinical samples. Moreover, because public health agencies have not prioritized parasites, validation has not been performed on user-friendly data analysis pipelines suitable for public health practitioners. Nonetheless, since the first whole genome assembly in 2004 there are now numerous genomes of human and animal-derived cryptosporidia publically available, spanning nine species. It has also been demonstrated that WGS from very low numbers of oocysts is possible, through the use of amplification procedures. These data and approaches are providing new insights into host-adapted infectivity, the presence and frequency of multiple sub-populations of Cryptosporidium spp. within single clinical samples, and transmission of infection. Analyses show that although whole genome sequences do indeed contain many alleles, they are invariably dominated by a single highly abundant allele. These insights are helping to better understand population structures within hosts, which will be important to develop novel prevention strategies in the fight against cryptosporidiosis.

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Homem CG, do Nascimento IG, Santana BN, Meireles MV. Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Cryptosporidium canis in dog fecal samples. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019;18:100345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]

Eze UU, Ezeh IO, Nzeakor TA, Attama SC, Ezenduka EV, Onah DN. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in local breed of dogs in Enugu State, Nigeria. Vet World 2019;12:729-734. [PMID: 31327912 PMCID: PMC6584865 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.729-734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open

Protozoan Parasites. Food Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819972.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]

Kopacz Ż, Kváč M, Karpiński P, Hendrich AB, Sąsiadek MM, Leszczyński P, Sak B, McEvoy J, Kicia M. The First Evidence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis Infection in a Colon Adenocarcinoma From an Immunocompetent Patient. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019;9:35. [PMID: 30886833 PMCID: PMC6409345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open

Zahedi A, Gofton AW, Greay T, Monis P, Oskam C, Ball A, Bath A, Watkinson A, Robertson I, Ryan U. Profiling the diversity of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in wastewater treatment plants in Australia using next generation sequencing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018;644:635-648. [PMID: 30743878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]

Abstract

Wastewater recycling is an increasingly popular option in worldwide to reduce pressure on water supplies due to population growth and climate change. Cryptosporidium spp. are among the most common parasites found in wastewater and understanding the prevalence of human-infectious species is essential for accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and cost-effective management of wastewater. The present study conducted next generation sequencing (NGS) to determine the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium species in 730 raw influent samples from 25 Australian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across three states: New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD) and Western Australia (WA), between 2014 and 2015. All samples were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium at the 18S rRNA (18S) locus using quantitative PCR (qPCR), oocyst numbers were determined directly from the qPCR data using DNA standards calibrated by droplet digital PCR, and positives were characterized using NGS of 18S amplicons. Positives were also screened using C. parvum and C. hominis specific qPCRs. The overall Cryptosporidium prevalence was 11.4% (83/730): 14.3% (3/21) in NSW; 10.8% (51/470) in QLD; and 12.1% (29/239) in WA. A total of 17 Cryptosporidium species and six genotypes were detected by NGS. In NSW, C. hominis and Cryptosporidium rat genotype III were the most prevalent species (9.5% each). In QLD, C. galli, C. muris and C. parvum were the three most prevalent species (7.7%, 5.7%, and 4.5%, respectively), while in WA, C. meleagridis was the most prevalent species (6.3%). The oocyst load/Litre ranged from 70 to 18,055 oocysts/L (overall mean of 3426 oocysts/L: 4746 oocysts/L in NSW; 3578 oocysts/L in QLD; and 3292 oocysts/L in WA). NGS-based profiling demonstrated that Cryptosporidium is prevalent in the raw influent across Australia and revealed a large diversity of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes, which indicates the potential contribution of livestock, wildlife and birds to wastewater contamination.

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Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cryptosporidium. Trends Parasitol 2018;34:997-1011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]

Cui Z, Dong H, Wang R, Jian F, Zhang S, Ning C, Zhang L. A canine model of experimental infection with Cryptosporidium canis. Exp Parasitol 2018;195:19-23. [PMID: 30261189 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]

Khan A, Shaik JS, Grigg ME. Genomics and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species. Acta Trop 2018;184:1-14. [PMID: 29111140 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]

Hinsu AT, Thakkar JR, Koringa PG, Vrba V, Jakhesara SJ, Psifidi A, Guitian J, Tomley FM, Rank DN, Raman M, Joshi CG, Blake DP. Illumina Next Generation Sequencing for the Analysis of Eimeria Populations in Commercial Broilers and Indigenous Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:176. [PMID: 30105228 PMCID: PMC6077195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open

Abstract

Eimeria species parasites can cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, most notably in chickens where the economic and welfare implications are significant. Seven Eimeria species are recognized to infect chickens, although understanding of their regional occurrence, abundance, and population structure remains limited. Reports of Eimeria circulating in chickens across much of the southern hemisphere with cryptic genotypes and the capacity to escape current anticoccidial vaccines have revealed unexpected levels of complexity. Consequently, it is important to supplement validated species-specific molecular diagnostics with new genus-level tools. Here, we report the application of Illumina MiSeq deep sequencing to partial 18S rDNA amplicons generated using Eimeria genus-specific primers from chicken caecal contents collected in India. Commercial Cobb400 broiler and indigenous Kadaknath type chickens were sampled under field conditions after co-rearing (mixed type farms, n = 150 chickens for each) or separate rearing (single type farms, n = 150 each). Comparison of MiSeq results with established Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and Sequence Characterised Amplified Region (SCAR) quantitative PCR assays suggest greater sensitivity for the MiSeq approach. The caecal-dwelling Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix dominated each sample set, although all seven species which infect chickens were detected. Two of the three cryptic Eimeria genotypes were detected including OTU-X and OTU-Y, the most northern report for the latter to date. Low levels of DNA representing other Eimeria species were detected, possibly representing farm-level contamination with non-replicating oocysts or Eimeria DNA, or false positives, indicating a requirement for additional validation. Next generation deep amplicon sequencing offers a valuable resource for future Eimeria studies.

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Affiliation(s)

Ankit T Hinsu Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
Jalpa R Thakkar Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
Prakash G Koringa Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
Vladimir Vrba Eimeria Pty Ltd, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
Subhash J Jakhesara Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
Androniki Psifidi Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
Javier Guitian Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Fiona M Tomley Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Dharamsibhai N Rank Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
Muthusamy Raman Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.,Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
Chaitanya G Joshi Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India
Damer P Blake Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

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Zahedi A, Monis P, Gofton AW, Oskam CL, Ball A, Bath A, Bartkow M, Robertson I, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in animals inhabiting drinking water catchments in three states across Australia. WATER RESEARCH 2018;134:327-340. [PMID: 29438893 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]

Abstract

As part of long-term monitoring of Cryptosporidium in water catchments serving Western Australia, New South Wales (Sydney) and Queensland, Australia, we characterised Cryptosporidium in a total of 5774 faecal samples from 17 known host species and 7 unknown bird samples, in 11 water catchment areas over a period of 30 months (July 2013 to December 2015). All samples were initially screened for Cryptosporidium spp. at the 18S rRNA locus using a quantitative PCR (qPCR). Positives samples were then typed by sequence analysis of an 825 bp fragment of the 18S gene and subtyped at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus (832 bp). The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium across the various hosts sampled was 18.3% (1054/5774; 95% CI, 17.3-19.3). Of these, 873 samples produced clean Sanger sequencing chromatograms, and the remaining 181 samples, which initially produced chromatograms suggesting the presence of multiple different sequences, were re-analysed by Next- Generation Sequencing (NGS) to resolve the presence of Cryptosporidium and the species composition of potential mixed infections. The overall prevalence of confirmed mixed infection was 1.7% (98/5774), and in the remaining 83 samples, NGS only detected one species of Cryptosporidium. Of the 17 Cryptosporidium species and four genotypes detected (Sanger sequencing combined with NGS), 13 are capable of infecting humans; C. parvum, C. hominis, C. ubiquitum, C. cuniculus, C. meleagridis, C. canis, C. felis, C. muris, C. suis, C. scrofarum, C. bovis, C. erinacei and C. fayeri. Oocyst numbers per gram of faeces (g^-1) were also determined using qPCR, with medians varying from 6021-61,064 across the three states. The significant findings were the detection of C. hominis in cattle and kangaroo faeces and the high prevalence of C. parvum in cattle. In addition, two novel C. fayeri subtypes (IVaA11G3T1 and IVgA10G1T1R1) and one novel C. meleagridis subtype (IIIeA18G2R1) were identified. This is also the first report of C. erinacei in Australia. Future work to monitor the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in animals in these catchments is warranted.

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de Araújo RS, Aguiar B, Dropa M, Razzolini MTP, Sato MIZ, de Souza Lauretto M, Galvani AT, Padula JA, Matté GR, Matté MH. Detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia assemblages in two watersheds in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018;25:15191-15203. [PMID: 29560592 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]

Lebbad M, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Insulander M, Beser J. Molecular characterization and epidemiological investigation of Cryptosporidium hominis IkA18G1 and C. hominis monkey genotype IiA17, two unusual subtypes diagnosed in Swedish patients. Exp Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29518449 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]

Ewald MPDC, Martins FDC, Caldart ET, Vieira FEG, Yamamura MH, Sasse JP, Barros LDD, Freire RL, Navarro IT, Garcia JL. The first study of molecular prevalence and species characterization of Cryptosporidium in free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) from Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017;26:472-478. [PMID: 29185602 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]

Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Xiao L. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol 2017;48:1-12. [PMID: 29122606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]