The relationship between childhood socioeconomic position (CSEP) and cognitive decline in later life remains a subject of debate, with no clear consensus. This study aims to examine the impact of CSEP on cognitive decline and the potential mediating effects of depressive symptoms and loneliness. Data were drawn from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe, involving 24,615 participants aged 50-90 years over an 8-year follow-up. CSEP was measured using four indicators at age 10: primary breadwinner's occupational status, overcrowding, housing quality, and the number of books. Cognitive performance, assessed across waves 5-9, included episodic memory (immediate and delayed recall) and executive function (verbal fluency). A linear mixed-effects model was applied to analyze the influence of CSEP on cognitive decline. The results indicated that individuals with disadvantaged CSEP had lower cognitive abilities in later life (interceptdisadvantaged = -0.71 for memory, interceptdisadvantaged = -1.72 for verbal fluency) and experienced a faster decline in memory (βage×disadvantaged = -0.11), though no significant impact was observed on the rate of executive function decline. Depressive symptoms (βindirect = -0.02 for memory, βindirect = -0.05 for verbal fluency) and loneliness (βindirect = -0.01 for memory, βindirect = -0.03 for verbal fluency) may partially mediate the link between disadvantaged CSEP and cognitive function. These findings suggest that early-life socioeconomic conditions play a role in cognitive abilities in later life. This evidence deepens public understanding of the mechanisms driving cognitive decline and suggest that strategies to mitigate cognitive aging should be implemented early in life.

Identifying the underlying factors that trigger suicidal ideation and understanding their interactive effects is essential for predicting suicidal thoughts. This study seeks to explore the psychopathological, socioeconomic, and demographic determinants of suicidal ideation in outpatients referred to a specialized psychiatric clinic.

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the psychiatric clinic of the 22nd Bahman Hospital in Qazvin, Iran, from 2020 to 2021. The study comprised 288 participants (78 with suicidal ideation and 210 without). All participants completed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and Kuppuswamy's Socioeconomic Status Scale. Demographic and clinical data were collected and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.

Individuals with suicidal ideation demonstrated significantly higher SCL-90-R scores compared to those without (150.84 ± 37.87 vs. 119.13 ± 33.81, respectively, p < 0.001). Among the SCL-90-R subscales, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychoticism, Depression, and Somatization exhibited the strongest correlations with suicidal ideation (p < 0.001). Significant risk factors for suicidal ideation included elevated SCL-90-R scores (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.05), marital status (being married vs single) (OR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05-0.29), education level below diploma (OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.17-7.57), low socioeconomic status (OR = 5.80, 95% CI: 1.68-20.44), presence of personality disorder (OR = 3.86, 95% CI: 1.03-14.63), and major depression (OR = 6.40, 95% CI: 1.89-22.42) (p < 0.05).

The results indicate that psychopathological symptoms, educational attainment, marital status, and socioeconomic challenges may contribute significantly to the development of suicidal ideation. It is recommended that specialized care clinics prioritize the assessment of suicidal thoughts to facilitate the implementation of appropriate preventive measures.

Socioeconomic status (SES) influences physical and mental health, however its relation with brain structure is less well documented. Here, we examine the role of SES on brain structure using Mendelian randomisation. First, we conduct a multivariate genome-wide association study of SES using educational attainment, household income, occupational prestige, and area-based social deprivation, with an effective sample size of N = 947,466. We identify 554 loci associated with SES and distil these loci into those that are common across those four traits. Second, using an independent sample of ~35,000 we provide evidence to suggest that SES is protective against white matter hyperintensities as a proportion of intracranial volume (WMHicv). Third, we find that differences in SES still afford a protective effect against WMHicv, independent of that made by cognitive ability. Our results suggest that SES is a modifiable risk factor, causal in the maintenance of cognitive ability in older-age.

Stark socioeconomic inequalities in childhood mental health have been widely reported. Understanding whether they vary with age, by type of difficulty or sex can inform public health policies to tackle socioeconomic inequalities. We investigated the effects of early life childhood socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) (maternal education and household income) on developmental trajectories of externalising and internalising difficulties in childhood and adolescence, in males and females from the UK-representative Millennium Cohort Study (N = 15383). We estimated the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) (absolute difference between the most versus least advantaged) using linear mixed-effects regression models, on parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire externalising and internalising difficulties score, at 5, 7, 11, 14, and 17 years(y). The mean externalising score was high at 5y (4.8 [95 %CI: 4.7, 4.9]) and decreased slightly, while mean internalising score increased over childhood, reaching 3.9 [3.8, 4.1] by 17y, with a steeper trend for females in adolescence. Lower maternal education was associated with greater externalising scores at 5y (SII, Male: 3.0 [2.7 to 3.3]; Female: 2.7 [2.4, 3.0]) with inequalities decreasing slightly up to 17y (SII Male: 2.4 [2.0 to 2.7], Female: 2.5 [2.1, 2.8]). Inequalities in internalising scores increased slightly over childhood (SII Female 5y: 1.3 [1.1, 1.6]; 17y: 1.9 [1.5, 2.3]; SII Male 5y = 1.6 [1.3, 1.8], 17y = 1.8 [1.5, 2.2]). Patterns were similar using household income. Disadvantaged SECs are associated with persistently higher levels of parent-reported mental health difficulties up to 17y, with larger effects on externalising than internalising difficulties, but little differences by sex or socioeconomic measure.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is associated with negative mental health outcomes. Many studies conceptualize resilience as experiencing CM without developing psychopathology (primary resilience). However, some people may develop subsequent psychopathology but recover and demonstrate higher global functioning (secondary resilience). This study investigated the role of salience and emotion network (SEN) (including the amygdala, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and anterior insula) and cognitive control network (CCN) (including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and thalamus) connectivity in primary and secondary resilience.

We examined resting-state functional connectivity in 108 nonclinical control participants and 154 individuals with any mood disorder (AMD). We measured functioning and CM using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), respectively. For primary resilience, we conducted whole-brain analyses of SEN and CCN regions to test for group × CTQ interactions. For secondary resilience, within-AMD group analyses tested for CTQ × GAF interactions.

Group × CTQ interactions revealed that control participants with higher levels of CM showed greater within-SEN and within-CCN connectivity than participants in the AMD group. In the AMD group, participants with higher levels of CM and functioning (secondary resilience) showed greater within-CCN connectivity while participants with higher levels of CM and lower functioning showed greater within-SEN connectivity.

Greater SEN connectivity appears to play a key role in primary resilience, as observed in the control group, but only within the context of greater CCN connectivity. Future work should explore which cognitive control features are most beneficial and whether targeted interventions help foster resilience to recurrent psychopathology.

Offspring of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZoff) or bipolar disorder (BDoff) have double the risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. Here we report the effects of some parental characteristics on the offspring risk of psychopathology at 4-year follow-up. At baseline, 90 BDoff, 41 SZoff and 107 Community Control offspring (CCoff) aged 6 to 17 were included. At 4-year follow-up, 71% of the sample was assessed. Parents' and offspring's psychiatric diagnoses as well as socio-economic status (SES) and global functioning were assessed in addition to parents' ages at childbirth and offspring subclinical psychotic/bipolar symptoms. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to assess between-group differences in the cumulative incidence of psychiatric disorders and subclinical psychotic/bipolar symptoms and the association of some offspring and parents' variables with risk of psychopathology and subclinical psychotic/bipolar symptoms. SZoff and BDoff had a higher risk of psychopathology than CCoff at 4-year follow-up. SZoff showed a higher risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive disorders and subclinical psychotic symptoms, whereas BDoff displayed a heightened risk for mood disorders, ADHD and subclinical bipolar symptoms when compared to CCoff. Higher parental psychosocial functioning and SES were associated with a lower prevalence of psychopathology. Both SZoff and BDoff samples have a higher risk for psychopathology but the pattern of this psychopathology seems to be group specific. Longer follow-up studies and larger sample sizes are needed to assess the capacity of psychopathological disorder and subclinical psychotic or bipolar symptoms to predict progression to fully-fledged disorders.

Numerous studies have suggested that catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is associated with depressive mood. However, most published studies have examined the relationship between CHE and depressive mood only among middle-aged and older people who are already susceptible to depressive mood. The objective of our analysis was to determine the associations between household CHE and depressive mood among adults and children/adolescents.

Our study population consisted of Chinese residents who participated in the 2016 CFPS, 2018 CFPS, and 2020 CFPS. Our analytical sample was restricted to children/adolescents aged 10-17 years and adults aged 18 years and older. We utilized multilevel random effects multivariate logistic regression models to investigate the associations between CHE and depressive mood among both adults and children/adolescents.

Our study revealed that 15% of adults and 12.61% of children/adolescents had experienced CHE and that CHE was positively associated with depressive mood among adults (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.50) and among children/adolescents (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.96) after adjustment for potential confounding factors. This positive association persisted in different subgroup analyses. In addition, we found that being insured with either urban or rural health insurance was associated with decreased odds of depressive mood.

Our study indicated that CHE is common in Chinese families and may increase the risk of depressive mood for both adults and children/adolescents. These findings emphasize the need to focus on expanding health insurance coverage, as well as implementing family-based mental health resources and financial literacy programs to reduce the psychological impact of CHE across all age groups.

In February 2022, Ukraine suffered a devastating assault by Russia, leading to destruction, casualties, and mass displacement. Among those displaced were over 1.5 million children. Forced displacement exposes children to a heightened risk of mental health issues.

This study investigated the prevalence of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health issues among child refugees shortly after their displacement from Ukraine to Israel. It aimed to identify factors influencing PTSD development and explore their associations.

The study included 59 child refugees who had arrived in Israel after fleeing the war in Ukraine. Parents completed self-report questionnaires to assess their children's mental health.

Only three children met the DSM diagnostic criteria for PTSD, with higher scores in the negative cognition and re-experiencing clusters. Over half of the children exhibited general mental health problems, with approximately 40 % showing internalizing problems, and 30 % showing externalizing problems. The study also found a significant comorbidity between PTSD symptoms and internalizing problems. Additionally, internalizing problems emerged as the sole significant predictor of PTSD levels when considering factors such as age, gender, economic status, parents' work status, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems.

Child refugees frequently experience psychological distress, even if they do not meet the formal diagnostic criteria for PTSD. They often exhibit other distress symptoms, primarily internalizing problems, which can be challenging to detect. A deeper understanding of the challenges faced by refugee children can inform the development of targeted assistance programs and the recruitment and training of personnel in host countries.

The objectives of this study were to characterize 24-month trajectories of psychopathology, validate psychopathology groups, and identify youth, parent, family, and neighbourhood characteristics associated with each identified trajectory in a sample of youth with chronic physical illness (CPI). Data come from a longitudinal study of 263 youth aged 2-16 years diagnosed with CPI and their parents. Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics at a pediatric hospital in Canada and assessed at recruitment (baseline), 6, 12, and 24 months. Parents reported on youth psychopathology using the Emotional Behavioural Scales. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify trajectories of psychopathology. Baseline predictors of trajectory group membership were investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Three distinct psychopathology trajectories best fit the data; the model had a BIC of -3579.70 and average posterior probabilities of 0.97. The trajectories were classified as, low-stable (LS: n = 156, 58%), moderate-decreasing (MD: n = 85, 34%), and high-decreasing (HD: n = 21, 8%). Youth who were older [HD: OR = 1.33 (1.05, 1.69)], had higher disability scores [HD: OR = 1.31 (1.19, 1.45) and MD: OR = 1.14 (1.08, 1.21)], had parents with greater psychological distress scores [HD: OR = 1.11 (1.05, 1.18) and MD: OR = 1.04 (1.01, 1.07)], and came from households with higher incomes [HD: OR = 4.67 (1.06, 20.67)] were associated with higher psychopathology trajectories compared to LS. Parent-reported youth psychopathology was generally low over 24 months, though over one-third had symptoms that reflected borderline clinical psychopathology. Predictors for group membership could help identify at-risk youth with CPI early for psychopathology.

The digitalization of society increasingly blurs boundaries between analog and digital worlds, offering opportunities such as telemedicine and global connectivity through digital platforms. However, it also presents risks, including cyberbullying, addiction potential, harmful content, misinformation, and privacy concerns from data breaches and surveillance technologies. Social media, with its global reach, amplifies both opportunities for positive engagement and the responsibility to navigate largely unregulated content. Adolescents, due to their developing critical evaluation skills and high prevalence of mental health challenges, are particularly vulnerable in this space and must navigate the risks associated with social media while simultaneously leveraging it for essential developmental tasks, such as identity formation and building social connections. To support them in this challenge, we propose adapting the traditional life skills approach to address the challenges of social media use, empowering adolescents to navigate both digital and analog environments effectively. These life skills include critical thinking, communication, and managing emotions and stress - all of which are essential for navigating social media. Despite its complexities, social media offers a unique platform for health promotion and prevention interventions due to its wide accessibility and reach. It holds significant promise for adolescent health by providing information, motivation, and social support. However, evidence-based, youth-centered prevention strategies on these platforms are still in early development and require further research to ensure effectiveness. Prevention programs integrating proven behavior change techniques, aligning with the preferences and needs of adolescents, and teaching essential life skills can empower them to navigate digital and analog challenges effectively.

Differences in symptoms of depression and anxiety by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) among a diverse cohort of young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic (Spring 2020-Fall 2021) have not been examined.

We analyzed four waves of biannual, panel data from n = 2629 emerging adults (16-25 years old) from the Texas Adolescent Tobacco and Marketing Surveillance study (TATAMS). We conducted a series of mixed effects ordinal logistic regression models to compare the independent and joint effects of race/ethnicity and SES on symptoms of (a) depression and (b) anxiety, adjusting for sex, cohort, and time.

Symptoms of depression (aOR range: 1.54 - 2.19; 95% CI: 1.02 - 3.08) and anxiety (aOR range: 1.64 - 2.19; 95% CI: 1.22 - 2.79) were elevated among low SES young adults, across all racial/ethnic groups. Across SES groups, symptoms of depression were lower among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites (aOR range: 0.33 - 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.62) and Hispanics /Latinos (aOR range: 0.33 - 0.38; 95% CI: 0.20 - 0.57); similarly, symptoms of anxiety were lower among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites (aOR range: 0.44; 95% CI: 25 - 0.77) and Hispanics/Latinos (aOR range: 0.47 - 0.56; 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.83). No significant interaction (joint effect) was observed between SES and race/ethnicity during this period.

Low SES was persistently related to poor mental health. Lower odds of symptoms of anxiety and depression among non-Hispanic Black young adults may reflect the 'mental health paradox'. Overall, mental health policies should prioritize lower SES young adults regardless of race and ethnicity.

Detrimental impacts of early ecological adversity on children's development are known, but our understanding of their mechanisms and factors contributing to multifinality of developmental trajectories triggered by adversity is incomplete. We examined longitudinal pathways from ecological adversity parents experienced when children were infants, measured as a cumulative index of fine-grained scores on several ecological risks, to children's future self-regulation (SR) in 200 U.S. Midwestern community families (96 girls). Parents' observed power-assertive styles were modeled as mediators, and their negative internal working models (IWMs) of the child, coded from interviews - as moderators. Both were assessed twice, at 16 months and at 3 years, to inform our understanding of their developmental timing. Children's SR was reported by parents and observed at 4.5 years. Path analyses revealed moderated mediation in mother-child relationships: A path from higher early ecological adversity to elevated power assertion to children's poorer SR was significant only for mothers with highly negative IWMs of the child. Maternal negative IWMs assessed early, at 16 months, moderated the link between ecological adversity and power assertion. Once elevated, maternal power assertion was stable through age 3 and not moderated by IWM at age 3. There were no significant effects in father-child relationships.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on adolescent mental health, particularly in China. However, there is a lack of research examining the trends in depressive symptom levels among Chinese adolescents before and after the pandemic. This study aims to investigate the changes in depressive symptom levels among Chinese adolescents pre- and post-pandemic and to identify the factors influencing these changes.

English-language databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Wiley) and Chinese-language databases (CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang) were searched for relevant studies. A total of 90 articles (91 studies) were included in the cross-temporal meta-analysis (N = 473,781), all of which used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to measure depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. The data for these studies were collected over the period from 2010 to 2023.

Findings indicated that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, year was not a significant predictor of adolescent depressive symptom levels, whereas from 2021 to 2023, year became a significant positive predictor. (2) From 2010 to 2020, females exhibited a more pronounced decrease in depressive symptom levels compared to males; however, from 2021 to 2023, gender differences were not significant. (3) From 2010 to 2020, previous social connectedness, including family size three years prior, divorce rate one year prior, and urbanization level three years prior, significantly and negatively predicted the current year's adolescent depressive symptom levels; however, from 2021 to 2023, the predictive effect of all social indicators was not significant.

This study enhances the understanding of the mechanisms underlying depression among Chinese adolescents and provides a foundation for decision-making in prevention and intervention strategies.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a time-varying multidimensional construct with ill-defined dimension-specific and age-specific effects on brain and behavior. We investigated these effects in 4,228 young adults. From 16 socioeconomic indicators, assessed for early (0-10 years) and late (>10 years) stages, we constructed family, provincial, family adverse and neighborhood adverse socioeconomic dimensions. Generally, family SES was associated with brain structure and connectivity along with cognitive function, whereas family adverse and neighborhood adverse SES were associated with personality and emotion. Most associations were observed for both early and late-stage SES; however, adjusting for the effect of early stage SES revealed late-stage-specific SES effects. Changes in SES were associated with personality and cognitive function. Cerebellar and medial frontal volumes and functional connectivity within the left frontoparietal network mediated the associations between family SES and memory and openness. These results inform both more precise interventions for reducing the consequences of adverse SES and experimental designs for excluding confounding socioeconomic effects on human health.

Youth is a period of transition associated with immense biological, physical, and social changes, which increases the vulnerability to mental illnesses. The study aimed to establish the prevalence of severe and extremely severe levels of depression and anxiety symptoms among the youths in Singapore and identify the psycho-social factors associated with them. The National Youth Mental Health Study was a cross-sectional epidemiological study of Singapore Residents aged 15-35 years. The youths self-administered the survey on tablets containing the programmed questionnaires. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales Short Form (DASS-21) was used to assess youths' mental health. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted to examine the socio-demographic correlates and to identify factors associated with psychological distress. The prevalence of severe and extremely severe symptoms of depression was 14.9 % among youths in Singapore. Severe and extremely severe levels of depression symptoms were highest among those in the age group of 20-24 years (20.9 %). The prevalence of severe and extremely severe levels of anxiety symptoms among youths in Singapore was 27.0 %. The prevalence was significantly higher among females (28.9 %) than males (25.0 %). Severe and extremely severe symptoms of anxiety were highest among those in the age group of 20-24 years (34.1 %). Body shape concerns, daily smoking, and self-esteem were significantly associated with severe and extremely severe symptoms of depression and anxiety. The high prevalence of severe and extremely severe levels of depression and anxiety highlights the need for comprehensive and accessible mental health services tailored to the unique challenges faced by youths.

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a frontocentral deflection in the human EEG that is sensitive to error commission. Past research indicates that the ERN is modulated by individual differences in socioeconomic status (SES) and parenting style; however, there is limited research examining sex-differences in how these factors influence the ERN. The present study aimed to elucidate the relations among SES, parenting style, sex, and the ERN. In this study, 176 participants from a relatively large longitudinal study performed a Flanker task at age 15 years to measure the ERN. At the same assessment time, parenting style was assessed via parent report using the Parenting Styles and Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ). Parents reported on their highest level of education which was used as an indicator of household SES. Authoritarian and permissive parenting scores each significantly moderated the relation between maternal education and ERN amplitudes, but in both cases this moderation differed by child sex. There were no significant direct associations between maternal education and ERN amplitude or between parenting scores and ERN amplitude. Overall, findings may suggest sex differences in the impact of social context on error monitoring development. This study highlights (1) that parenting behaviors may modulate the impact of SES on cognitive control and and (2) the importance of considering sex differences when examining the interplay between SES, parenting, and cognitive control.

The containment measures of the COVID-19 pandemic have changed many people's daily lives. The study examines how children and adolescents assess the impact of the coronavirus measures on various areas of life.

Overall, N = 6,475 students (11 - 15 years) in Germany took part in the representative 'Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study in 2022. Logistic regressions were performed to investigate the relationships between the perceived impact of the coronavirus measures on various areas of their lives by age, gender and family wealth.

Two years after the onset of the pandemic, children and adolescents reported both, positive and negative effects of the coronavirus measures. About a half of those surveyed perceived positive effects regarding social relationships. In contrast, approximately one in three respondents reported a deterioration in mental health and school performance. In particular, 11-year-olds, boys and wealthy students reported more often positive effects.

The positive effects of the pandemic on the lives of children and adolescents in individual areas and the resilience (resistance) that is emerging here, as well as the results on more negative assessments of adolescents, girls and respondents with lower family wealth, can be used as a starting point for a needs-oriented and target group-specific health promotion in times of crisis. Future research should focus on the pandemic's long-term effects on young people's development.

Co-occurring anxiety affects 40-80% of autistic individuals; however, little is understood about how anxiety manifests in young autistic children, especially those with intellectual disability (ID), partly due to the paucity of measures designed to assess anxiety symptoms in this population. The present study examined the utility of the Modified Anxiety Dimensional Observation Scale (M-Anx-DOS), an observational measure of anxiety-related behaviors, in preschool-aged autistic children with and without ID.

This study included 48 autistic children (Mean age = 43.96 months; 81.3% with ID) and 30 non-autistic (NA) controls (Mean age = 43.66 months). Anxiety-related behaviors were measured during the M-Anx-DOS. Parent-reported anxiety symptoms were assessed via the Preschool Anxiety Scale-Revised (PAS-R).

Groups exhibited comparable scores on both the M-Anx-DOS and PAS-R. Within the autism group, a subset of M-Anx-DOS scores were related to age, autistic features, or IQ. The M-Anx-DOS exhibited excellent inter-rater reliability and acceptable internal consistency. Convergent validity was promising, with specific M-Anx-DOS scores correlated with parent-reported social, separation, and overall anxiety symptoms. M-Anx-DOS scores were not correlated with parent-reported ADHD or externalizing symptoms, suggesting strong discriminant validity.

This study provides preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the M-Anx-DOS. These findings are promising given the importance of observational measurement of anxiety and lack of existing measures for this critical developmental period. Given the sample size and the complexity of identifying prodromal signs of anxiety in young autistic preschoolers with ID, future longitudinal work is essential to replicate and extend this work.

The increasing use of anxiolytics, hypnotics, and sedatives (AHS) among adolescents is a growing public health concern. Social determinants such as gender or socioeconomic status have a significant influence on consumption levels. However, whether trends in adolescent AHS use show socioeconomic and gender disparities is unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the trends in gender and socioeconomic inequalities in secondary school students' AHS use in Spain from 2010 to 2021.

A repeated cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education in Spain (n = 192,656), targeting students aged 14-18 years during 2010-2021. Gender-specific prevalences of AHS use were calculated according to the educational and occupational status of the mother, the father, and both parents. Chi-squared tests assessed statistical significance of the observed social gradients. The Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and Slope Index of Inequality (SII) with 95% confidence intervals were used to measure inequality magnitudes. Consumption trends were examined through prevalence ratios (PR) derived from age-adjusted robust variance Poisson models.

Statistically significant social inequalities in AHS use were identified among girls, which increased over time. These inequalities were particularly pronounced when considering maternal educational level (e.g. 2021: 21.5% vs. 16.3%; RII2021 = 1.37 [1.16-1.62]) and paternal occupational status (e.g. 2021: 23.2% vs. 16.5%). Trends showed a significant increase among all groups in both male and female students (e.g. both parents with primary education: PR2021 = 1.74 [1.23-2.47] and PR2021 = 1.83 [1.49-2.25], respectively).

The findings highlight the necessity for developing equity-focused public health policies addressing adolescent AHS use, especially among disadvantaged female students. Further research is needed to explore the social determinants of adolescent AHS use, considering inequalities from an intersectional perspective.

To investigate potential gender- and age-specific changes over time in vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) on a population-based level. Further, factors associated with changes in VRQoL will be explored.

The Gutenberg Health Study is a population-based, prospective, observational, single-center cohort study in Germany. VRQoL was quantified at baseline and 5-year follow-up using the visual function scale (VFS) and socio-emotional scale (SES-VRQoL). VFS and SES-VRQoL are calculated using the "National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Functioning Questionnaire" (NEI-VFQ-25). Both scales range from 0 to 100, 0 corresponds to the sum that would be achieved if a participant had answered all items with the worst performance, and 100 corresponds to the sum of all items answered with the best possible performance. Distance-corrected visual acuity was measured in both eyes. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to identify ophthalmic and sociodemographic predictors of VRQoL.

A total of 10,152 participants (mean age 54.2 years; 49.2% female) were included in the analysis. The mean visual functioning decreased from 89.6 (IQR: 81.3, 95.1) at baseline to 85.9 (IQR: 79.2, 92.6) at 5-year follow-up in the VFS (p < 0.001). Participants' socio-emotional well-being remained the same from baseline to 5-year follow-up in the SES-VRQoL. In multivariable linear regression analysis, older age (0.03, p = 0.002) and female gender (-1.00, p < 0.001) were associated with a VFS change. Higher baseline socioeconomic status was associated with a slightly positive increase in VFS (0.07, p = 0.001). Deterioration of visual acuity in the better and worse-seeing eye was associated with negative VFS change over 5 years (better-seeing eye: -5.41, p < 0.001, worse-seeing eye: -7.35, p < 0.001). Baseline socioeconomic status was associated with SES-VRQoL change (0.06, p < 0.001). The negative change in visual acuity showed an association with negative SES-VRQoL in the better (-4.15, p < 0.001) and worse-seeing eye (-3.75, p < 0.001). Stratification of the regression models by age and gender showed greater reductions in VFS scores with visual acuity changes in participants aged 65 years or older and a more pronounced decrease in female participants over 5 years.

This study demonstrated an association between visual acuity change and change in VRQoL over 5 years, with a greater decrease in female participants and participants aged 65 years or older. The better-seeing eye and the worse-seeing eye both had an impact on changes in VRQoL.

What is known Previous studies have predominantly used cross-sectional designs to investigate the correlation between visual acuity and vision-related quality of life, with limited insights into how visual acuity changes over time affect vision-related quality of life in a large cohort. What is new This study demonstrates that visual acuity changes significantly impact VRQoL over a 5-year period, with a notable decrease observed in female participants and those aged 65 years or older. Analysis reveals both the better-seeing and worse-seeing eye contribute to changes in VRQoL, highlighting the necessity of comprehensive visual assessments in both eyes for a more accurate understanding of VRQoL outcomes.

Many adolescents with non suicidal self injury disorder have suicidal ideation. However, the specific characteristics of adolescents with NSSI-D that contribute to high suicide risk remain unclear. This study observes the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and suicide risk among adolescents with non suicidal self injury disorder, and explores the mechanism underlying the high risk of suicide in this population.

Adolescents with non suicidal self injury disorder and their parents from a psychiatric outpatient clinic were selected to conduct paper questionnaires to measure their sociodemographic conditions. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interviews' Suicidality Module(MINISM) was used to assess suicide risk of participants. The Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS), and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale(PHCSS) were used to measure depressive and anxiety symptoms, and self-concept of adolescents with non suicidal self injury disorder. According to the high suicide risk cutoff value of MINISM, the sample was divided into high suicide risk group and non-high suicide risk group. We performed descriptive and correlation statistical and network analysis to study the types of depressive and anxiety symptoms associated with suicide risk and the mechanism underlying suicide risk among non suicidal self injury disorder adolescents.

A total of 112 non suicidal self injury disorder adolescent participants were included in this study. Severe depressive symptoms(OR=8.205, 95%CI=3.454-19.490) and severe anxiety symptoms(OR=3.926, 95%CI=1.613-9.554) are associated with a high risk of suicide. The father's college/university education(p<0.01) is associated with severe anxiety symptoms, and low self-concept(p<0.01) is associated with severe depressive symptoms. Network analysis suggests the centrality of anxiety symptoms and father's education level.

The results of statistical analysis suggest that severe depressive symptoms are related to the high risk of suicide (based on MINISM) in adolescents with NSSI-D statistical significantly, and anxiety symptoms and low self-concept are associated with depressive symptoms in NSSI-D adolescents. Interventions targeting anxiety symptoms in adolescents with NSSI-D may help reduce their suicide risk.

Despite growing recognition of the importance of mental health status for the achievement of the global development goals, substantial challenges persist in addressing this issue in both developed and developing countries. The literature has pointed to a variety of conditions as triggers for mental health problems, including exposure to unexpected natural disasters. Contributing to the literature, our study quantifies the mental health consequences of the devastating 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake in Indonesia. We combine the Modified Mercalli Intensity from the United States Geological Survey with individual-level data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey to assess the impacts on municipalities with varying earthquake intensities. Employing a difference-in-differences approach, we identify a significant and persistent deterioration in the mental health condition for individuals in municipalities with stronger earthquake severity. To explore the mechanisms underlying this impact, we analyze the roles of family casualties, physical health declines, and socio-economic disruptions, identifying family loss and worsened physical health as particularly influential factors driving the observed mental health outcomes.

Assessing socioeconomic status (SES), mental health, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young children is crucial for making informed health care decisions and identifying areas of intervention. The present study aimed to investigate potential associations between SES, mental health, and HRQoL in 5-7-year-old children.

The present study included mother-reported health assessments for 621 children aged 5-7 years in Grade 1 collected between 2019 and 2023 as part of the Starting Right™ project. Online questionnaires were used to support public health nurses in assessing children's health status. HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-27, 5 subscales) and mental health [Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), 4 subscales] were assessed. Sociodemographic characteristics, sex, maternal education, and income were obtained from Statistics Norway. The data were analyzed using multiple robust regression.

Mother-reported mean scores for the KIDSCREEN-27 were within the normal range compared with European norms (8-11 years). However, for each KIDSCREEN-27 dimension, there were individuals whose mothers reported scores that were substantially lower than average. Having mental health problems, defined as being in the 80th and 90th percentiles of the SDQ Total problem score, was associated with 2.1-10.7-point lower KIDSCREEN-27 scores (p < 0.001-0.021), which was most noticeable in the KIDSCREEN-27 school environment subscale. Weak but significant positive associations were found between SES and HRQoL.

Our results provide important insights into the associations between SES, mental health, and HRQoL in young children. Given the strong association between mental health problems and HRQoL in Grade 1 children, the assessment of both is essential, so that early interventions, an improved caring environment, and nurturing support can be initiated.

This study examines social isolation and suicide risk in South Korea's permanent rental housing, which has been in existence since 1989. The research objectives are threefold: firstly, to identify individuals and households at heightened risk of mental health challenges; secondly, to analyze the causal relationships between residential environments and mental health outcomes; and thirdly, to formulate evidence-based recommendations for suicide prevention interventions. The study employs data from the Housing Management Agency and the Korea Welfare Panel Survey (KOWEPS) to emamine a range of factors, including household composition, age, gender, housing satisfaction, and social relationships. The study's key findings indicate an elevated prevalence of suicide and loneliness, particularly among older adults and single-person households. Significant influences on these outcomes include financial stress, housing tenure, neighborhood characteristics, and housing quality. The study identifies depression as a critical factor, influenced by self-esteem, social support, and environmental satisfaction, with older residents with lower education and employment rates being most at risk. The research underscores the need for demographically targeted mental health strategies and highlights the importance of expanded public health interventions and housing improvements. It advocates for early identification and proactive management of mental health risks, emphasizing a comprehensive approach to reducing social isolation and suicide in permanent rental housing.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a serious multisystem autoimmune disease, marked by alarming sociodemographic inequities. In the United States and around the world, social disadvantage is strongly tied to higher prevalence, more severe disease, and poorer outcomes. A growing list of environmental exposures that contribute to the risk and incidence of SLE have been investigated, and many are now established. However, these environmental exposures-including exposure to air pollution and other contaminants, lifestyle and behavioral factors, and psychologic stress and distress-are not evenly distributed in any population. Individuals of lower socioeconomic status and historically minoritized groups suffer from an imbalanced burden of adverse environmental exposures. In research, clinical practice, and policy making, the strong association of social determinants of health (SDoH) with these exposures has not been given adequate spotlight. In this narrative review, we examine known associations between environmental exposures and SLE risk through the lens of SDoH, laying the foundation for future research and policies to target the environmental risk factors for SLE with awareness of the populations disproportionately affected and the contributing SDoH.

Preterm births constitute a major public health issue and a chronic, cross-generational condition globally. Psychological and biological factors interact in a way that women from low socio-economic status (SES) are disproportionally affected by preterm delivery and at increased risk for the development of perinatal mental health problems. Low SES constitutes one of the most evident contributors to poor neurodevelopment of preterm infants. Maternal perinatal mental health disorders have persistent effects on behavioral and physiological functioning throughout the lifespan and may even be evident across generations. The overall objective of the proposed longitudinal, multi-disciplinary and multi-method study is to compare the association of psychosocial (maternal mental health, intersubjectivity, attachment, family functioning, dyadic coping and perceived social support), and biological factors (melatonin and heart rate variability) with preterm infants' development at 9 months (corrected age), between low and high SES families. We will collect data from preterm neonates (<37 weeks gestational age) hospitalized in the Department of Neonatology/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University General Hospital of Heraklion, Greece, and their mothers. Data collection of psychosocial and biological factors will be carried out at birth, and at the corrected age of 6 and 9 months, while preterm infants' cognitive and social development will be assessed at 9 months corrected age. The findings of this study may highlight the need for early interventions for new mothers coming from low SES in order to promote their preterm infants' optimal early neurodevelopment and for community-evidence-based prevention efforts to restrict the cycle of health inequities and intergenerational mental disorders.

Internalizing disorders, including depression and anxiety, are major contributors to the global burden of disease. While the genetic architecture of these disorders in adults has been extensively studied, their early-life genetic mechanisms remain underexplored, especially in non-European populations. This study investigated the genetic mechanisms underlying internalizing symptoms in a cohort of Latin American children.

This study included 1244 Brazilian children whose legal guardians completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questionnaire. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina HumanOmni 2.5-8v1 BeadChip.

The genome-wide association analysis revealed a significant association of rs7196970 (p = 4.5 × 10-8, OR = 0.61), in the ABCC1 gene, with internalizing symptoms. Functional annotation highlighted variants in epigenetically active regulatory regions, with multiple variants linked to differential expression of ABCC1 across several human tissues. Pathway enrichment analysis identified 42 significant pathways, with notable involvement in neurobiological processes such as glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic synapses.

This study identifies ABCC1 variants as novel genetic factors potentially associated with early-life internalizing symptoms. These results may contribute to future research on targeted interventions for childhood internalizing conditions.

Few studies are reported on interventions that have been carried out in children and adolescents using diaphragmatic breathing (DB) together with methods like counseling, muscle relaxation, therapeutic exercise, and music therapy.

The goal of the review is to evaluate the effectiveness of DB as complementary therapy in the stress of the pediatric population (6-18 years old).

Detailed research was carried out in the current literature to find relevant studies published from 2010 to October 2024 in PubMed and Cochrane Library. Thirteen studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Nine studies involved obese and overweight pediatric populations and the other four involved pediatric patients.

The interventions comprised two 8-week studies in an obese pediatric population, seven studies in healthy children and adolescents with normal weight. The studies were based on DB, muscle relaxation, nutrition, counseling, music therapy, and slow breathing exercises. The participants in the intervention group improved in comparison to those in the control group in terms of stress and depression in most included studies, in terms of school performance in two studies, in terms of better family relationships in one study, and showed improvement in anthropometric indicators in two studies. In four studies that involved pediatric patients, stress and fear of medical procedures were reduced.

DB can effectively contribute on its own or in combination with other therapeutic methods to improving physiological and psychological indicators in the pediatric population. It is useful to integrate stress management programs that include DB training as clinical practice in primary healthcare and in school schedules for elementary and high-school students.

Little is known regarding those who die by suicide without having received help. The aim of this study was to compare those who died by suicide without having attended psychiatric care with controls (a) with a psychiatric diagnosis and (b) from the general population.

Cases were all individuals 15+ who lived in Denmark during 2010-2021 and had died by suicide without having attended hospital-based psychiatric care. Cases were matched to controls from the two comparison-groups using a 1:10 ratio and compared using age-and sex-adjusted logistic regression analyses. Geographical variations in psychiatric care utilization were examined.

Among 7119 individuals who died by suicide, 3474 (48.8 %) had not attended psychiatric care. Compared to controls with a psychiatric diagnosis, cases were more likely to be male (OR, 3.9, 95% CI, 3.6-4.2), older (80+ years: OR, 10.7, 95 % CI, 9.2-12.5), have lost a close relative (OR, 1.8, 95 % CI, 1.3-2.6) or recently retired (OR, 1.4, 95 % CI, 1.0-1.1.8). Compared to controls from the general population, cases were associated with male sex (OR, 4.6, 95 % CI, 4.2-5.0), living alone (OR, 2.3, 95 % CI, 2.2-2.5), unemployment (OR, 2.1, 95 % CI, 1.8-2.5), as well as having lost a close relative (OR, 5.0, 95 % CI, 3.5-7.2) or divorced within the last 1 year (OR, 3.6, 95 % CI, 2.7-4.9).

Characteristics and preceding events were limited to available register data.

About half of all who died by suicide had not attended psychiatric care. Being older, male, or exposed to recent stressors were some of the major markers when compared to controls.

Research suggests an association between parental psychiatric disorders and offspring anxiety disorders, yet comprehensive studies are limited. This study aims to investigate the associations between various parental psychiatric disorders and anxiety disorders in their offspring.

Using Finnish register data, this nested case-control study analyzed 867,175 singleton live births from 1992 to 2006, identifying 21,671 cases of anxiety disorders diagnosed between 1998 and 2016. Matched with four controls each (n = 72,414) based on age and biological sex, the study adjusted for demographic and prenatal factors using conditional logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (aORs).

There was a significant association between parental psychiatric disorders and increased risk of anxiety disorders in offspring. The risk was notably higher when both parents had psychiatric disorders (aOR = 5.04; 95 % CI, 4.70-5.39; p < .001). Maternal psychiatric disorders were strongly associated with offspring anxiety than paternal disorders (aOR 1.52; 95 % CI 1.43-1.61; p < .001). This association was consistent regardless of timing of parental diagnosis. Significant associations were observed between any parental psychiatric disorder and increased risks in offspring for specific phobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety, and panic disorder. Maternal psychiatric disorders showed elevated risk for panic disorder and social phobia among girls and separation anxiety and generalized anxiety among boys.

The findings emphasize the significant impact of parental psychiatric health on offspring anxiety disorders, highlighting the influence of genetic and environmental factors. Addressing parental mental health is crucial in preventing childhood anxiety disorders.

Bullying victimisation is an increasing global health problem among adolescents and is associated with short- and long-term adverse mental health outcomes. Investigating whether associations with mental health vary across national contexts and why, can provide insights into mechanisms underlying those associations and inform policy. We used data from 479,685 adolescents participating in the 2018 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) cross-sectional survey and examined whether the associations between bullying victimisation, psychological distress and life satisfaction vary across 63 countries. We further tested the modifying role of country-level factors - bullying prevalence, income inequality and national wealth, by implementing multilevel cross-country analyses. We found significant associations between bullying victimisation, increased psychological distress (β = 0.181; 95%CI: 0.178, 0.184) and decreased life satisfaction (β = -0.158; 95%CI: -0.162, -0.155). Associations between bullying victimisation, psychological distress and life satisfaction among adolescents were consistent across countries in terms of direction but effect sizes varied substantially. The effects ranged from β = 0.08 in the Philippines to β = 0.40 in South Korea for psychological distress and from β = -0.05 in the Philippines to β = -0.36 in the United Kingdom for life satisfaction. In addition, consistent with the "healthy context paradox" effect, associations between bullying and mental health were larger in countries where the prevalence of bullying was lower, as well as in higher-income countries. Interventions aiming to reduce bullying victimisation should aim to provide additional targeted support for those who still experience bullying after the intervention.

Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with a multitude of neural and behavioral aberrations. To develop treatments to mitigate the effects of ELA, it is critical to determine which aspects of cognition are affected and when these disturbances manifest across the lifespan. Here, we tested the effects of maternal separation, an established rodent model of ELA, on punishment-driven risky decision-making longitudinally in both adolescence (25-55 days old) and adulthood (80-100 days old). Risk-taking was assessed with the Risky Decision-making Task, wherein rats choose between a small, safe reward and a large reward accompanied by an escalating risk of punishment (foot shock). We observed that rats exposed to maternal separation were more prone to risk-taking than controls during adolescence, and demonstrated reduced latency to make both risky and safe decisions. Interestingly, this augmented risk-taking was no longer evident in adulthood. Males and females displayed comparable levels of risk-taking during adolescence then diverged in adulthood, with adult males displaying a sharp increase in risk-taking. Finally, we observed that risk-taking changed across the lifespan in rats exposed to maternal separation, but not in control rats. Collectively, these data reveal that ELA engenders risk-taking in adolescence but not adulthood, and that sex differences in risky decision-making are not evident until adulthood. This has important implications for the development of both behavioral and biological treatments to improve decision-making during the vulnerable adolescent period.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of mental health problems and identify potential risk and protective exposures for adolescents in Indonesia.

An innovative sampling approach was applied to simultaneously recruit school- and community-based adolescents aged 16-18 years old from Jakarta (urban megacity) and South Sulawesi (remote province). We used multistage cluster sampling for in-school (N = 1,337) and respondent driven sampling for out-of-school (N = 824) adolescents. Mental health was measured using two validated scales: Kessler-10 and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised. Psychiatric interviews were conducted in a subsample (N = 196) of students from Jakarta to validate the self-report scales.

The estimated population prevalence of psychological distress and depression were 24.3% (95% CI = 21.5-27.2) and 12.6% (10.5-14.4) for in-school and 23.7% (20.7-26.7) and 23.5% (20.4-26.5) for out-of-school adolescents, respectively. In participants who completed a psychiatric interview, common psychiatric morbidities were social anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Compared to in-school females, male in-school adolescents reported a lower prevalence of psychological distress (16.9% (13.1-20.7) vs. 30.4% (26.4-34.4)) and depression (10.1% (7.2-13.1) vs. 14.6 (11.4-17.8)). By contrast, for out-of-school adolescents, males reported a higher prevalence of psychological distress (25.2% (21.6-28.9) vs. 20.2% (15.1-25.3)) and depression (26.3% (22.5-30.1) vs. 16.9% (11.8-21.9)). In-school adolescents who did not seek healthcare despite a perceived need were more likely to report psychological distress and depression.

Adolescent mental health problems are highly prevalent in Indonesia, with substantial variation by gender, geography, and school enrolment. This study and its approach to sampling and measurement may serve as a model to improving mental health surveillance across other settings.

An optimistic view of the future child/youth mental health system is that it will be oriented toward prevention and shaped by innovations in early detection and treatment of functional problems, coupled with the power of digital technology to provide new ways to help individuals and families monitor their well-being and seek or agree to help as it is needed. These innovations will be deployed within a community-based health care system, centered on primary care that fully implements ideas about continuity and comprehensiveness (including social determinants, substance use, and multigenerational care) that have been around for decades.

This study explores the relationship between greenspace and perceived stress, anxiety, and depression, and specifically how perceived and objective greenspace exposure relate to these outcomes. It also explores whether race and socioeconomic status (SES) influence perceived and objective greenspace exposure.

We used structural equation models (SEMs) to assess the combined impacts of perceived greenspace (a latent construct that included greenspace abundance, visibility, access, usage, quality) and objective greenspace (NDVI within a 300-m buffer of residence) exposures on mental health outcomes (perceived stress, anxiety, and depression), adjusted for SES (using a latent variable that combined income, education, employment), race, ethnicity, age, and cohabiting status from a cross-sectional survey on greenspace and mental health in Denver, CO that ran from November 2019 to April 2021. We compared the strength of pathways between perceived and objective greenspace measures and mental health outcomes, as well as those between SES/race/ethnicity and greenspace measures.

Perceived greenspace exposure was directly associated with reduced anxiety; objective greenspace was only indirectly associated with reduced anxiety, through perceived greenspace. Perceived-but not objective-greenspace exposure was associated with lower depression with borderline statistical significance. SES was statistically significantly associated with higher objective greenspace (a direct impact) and perceived greenspace (direct impact and indirect impact mediated by objective greenspace), which suggests that some, but not all, of differential perceptions of greenspace exposure by SES are due to differential levels of objective greenspace exposure by SES.

Our study shows that perceived greenspace exposure may be an integral part of how objective greenspace exposure confers mental health benefits, particularly anxiety. SES may also play a role not just in influencing objective greenspace exposure, but also in shaping peoples' perceptions of greenspace, which are unmeasured in most objective greenspace exposure measures.

Depression is increasingly prevalent among adolescents, with parents' socioeconomic status (SES) serving as significant predictors. Understanding the link between parents' SES and college students' depressive symptoms is of paramount concern. However, the neural basis linking the association between parents' SES and students' depressive symptoms still remains to be explored. In order to address this issue, this study aims to investigate the relationship between parents' SES and students' depressive symptoms, and the role of brain functional connectivity (FC) pattern in this relationship.

In this study, a total of 363 college students without a history of mental or neurological disorders underwent depressive symptoms assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. We used a connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) approach to identify neural biomarkers of depressive symptoms.

The results indicate that there is a negative correlation between parents' SES and students' depression tendencies (Father's education level and SDS: r  = -0.119, p < 0.05; Mother's education level and SDS: r  = -0.117, p < 0.05), suggesting that students whose parents have a higher educational level are less likely to suffer from depression. Furthermore, a FC pattern that can significantly predict depressive symptoms outside of the body was identified (r  = 0.13, p < 0.005), with most of the FCs belonging to the default mode network (DMN) and ventral attention network (VAN). Additionally, the FC pattern associated with depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between parents' SES and depressive symptoms.

Therefore, we believe that improving the education levels of parents may have a practical effect in reducing depressive symptoms among adolescents.

Numerous studies have investigated environmental risk factors in ADHD, and Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, is suspected by several reviews. However, the quality of the studies has never been carefully assessed, leading us to rigorously examine associations between BPA exposure and ADHD and associated symptoms in children. Using PRISMA criteria, we conducted a systematic review on the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Cochrane databases. We used the ROBINS-E tool to assess the quality, and the GRADE Approach. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023377150. Out of 10446 screened articles, 46 were included. Unlike pre-existing reviews, most studies failed to find clear links with ADHD or associated symptoms, with a high risk of bias and a very low level of certainty. Our systematic review reveals insufficient evidence regarding the impact of BPA on ADHD, despite some behavioral results that cannot be generalized. Future studies will require improved consideration of confounding factors and more precise sampling methods. This study did not receive specific funding.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between different screen time (ST)-related behaviors and mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and stress. In addition, this study aimed to determine the moderating role of socioeconomic status (SES). This was a cross-sectional study and included data from 620 adolescents, aged 12-17 years, from the Valle de Ricote, Region of Murcia, Spain. Mental health was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Overall ST, mobile phone use, social network use, and messaging application use were measured using validated questionnaires. SES was assessed using the Family Affluence Scale-III. The results indicated that overall ST was significantly associated with symptoms of depression at the mean SES (unstandardized beta coefficient [B] = 0.005, p = 0.023) and 1 standard deviation (SD) below the mean (B = 0.007, p = 0.011), and with stress only 1 SD below the mean (B = 0.006, p = 0.011). No significant associations were found for anxiety and stress across all socioeconomic levels. Mobile phone use exhibited a strong positive association with symptoms of depression (B = 0.891, p < 0.001), anxiety (B = 0.530, p = 0.014), and stress (B = 0.790, p < 0.001) at 1 SD below the mean SES. Similar patterns were observed for mean SES, albeit with slightly weaker associations. Conversely, social network use was positively associated with all three DASS-21 scales, particularly at 1 SD below the mean SES, with the strongest associations found for symptoms of depression (B = 0.327, p < 0.001), anxiety (B = 0.325, p < 0.001), and stress (B = 0.318, p < 0.001). Furthermore, messaging application use did not show significant associations with symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress across any SES levels. In conclusion, social inequalities may influence the associations between various ST-related behavior and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among adolescents. These findings may have implications for the design of effective interventions to improve symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in this population.

Children's mental health status (MHS) is frequently influenced by their primary carers (PCs), underscoring the significance of monitoring disparities longitudinally. This research investigated the association between socio-demographic clusters and mental health trajectories among children and their PCs over time. Data from waves 6-9c2 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) were analyzed using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to identify four socio-demographic classes among children aged 10-11 years at wave 6. Multinomial logistic regression and predictive marginal analysis explored associations between classes and mental health outcomes. PCs in Class 4 (disadvantaged and separated families with indigenous children) exhibited higher odds of borderline and abnormal MHS compared to Class 1 (prosperous and stable working families) across all waves. However, while MHS of PCs' impacted children consistently, the association with socio-demographic classes was significant only in wave 6. Class 4 children had elevated risks of mental illness compared to Class 1, while Class 3, characterized by educated working mothers, had lower risks. Reducing mental health risks entails addressing socio-economic disparities, supporting stable family structures, and offering tailored interventions like counseling and co-parenting support. Longitudinal monitoring and culturally sensitive approaches are crucial for promoting mental well-being across diverse groups.