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Nakamura AK, Tanaka A. Facial mimicry depends on the emotion we recognize in others' faces. Cogn Emot 2025:1-16. [PMID: 40393473 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2025.2497933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
Facial mimicry is known to play an important role in emotional communication. While major models of facial mimicry assume a relationship between facial mimicry and emotion recognition, the empirical evidence for such a relationship is mixed. In this study, the facial movements of the same participants were compared when they recognised the same uncertain faces as "happiness" or "anger." When faces expressed anger in the upper half (upper anger) and happiness in the lower half (lower happiness), participants responded that it was "happiness" in some trials and "anger" in others. The electromyography data showed that participants frowned more in trials in which they recognised anger in the upper anger and lower happiness faces than in trials in which they recognised happiness in the same faces (Experiment 1). By presenting the upper and lower half of expressions individually, we confirmed that upper anger and lower happiness were both salient in the expression intensity and that both the upper and lower half of the faces individually induced emotionally congruent facial movements (Experiment 2). Despite limitations, this study supported the relationship between facial mimicry and emotional recognition. These findings aid in further understanding social interaction at an unconscious and physical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Nakamura
- School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Suginami, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tanaka
- School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Suginami, Japan
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2
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Ma H, Zhang Y, Shan X, Hu X. Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Creativity Perception of Music Practitioners. J Intell 2025; 13:47. [PMID: 40278056 PMCID: PMC12028248 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence13040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 04/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) tools and the creative abilities of music practitioners within the context of globalization and technological advancements that are transforming creative industries. Through a quantitative analysis, the study assesses how AI tool usage influences creative output. By surveying music practitioners from diverse backgrounds, it captures their experiences and perceptions of AI technologies in music creation. Grounded in cognitive science and diffusion of innovation theories, the research also empirically examines the relationship between AI technology acceptance and creativity perception, while considering the role of socioeconomic factors. Regression analysis was used to explore the relationships between key variables, ensuring robust and reliable results. The results suggest that AI technology acceptance is significantly correlated with creative performance, particularly among individuals with formal music education and experience using music composition software. However, socioeconomic factors such as age, gender, and professional background also influence how extensively AI is utilized in the creative process. These findings provide new insights into AI's role in creative industries and offer data to inform music education and technology training policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ma
- College of Music, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Graduate School Arts & Culture, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea;
| | - Xin Shan
- The Graduate School Arts & Culture, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea;
| | - Xiaoxi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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3
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Cheng Q, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Wang Q, Peng W. Relationships between daily emotional experiences and smartphone addiction among college students: moderated mediating role of gender and mental health problems. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1490338. [PMID: 39726616 PMCID: PMC11670668 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1490338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The theoretical model of smartphone addiction highlights the role of emotional factors in fostering addictive behaviors. However, most research has focused on long-term emotional states and pathologies, often overlooking the immediate effects of daily emotional fluctuations on smartphone usage and their mechanisms. Methods Our study employed an online survey and a moderated parallel mediation model to explore how daily emotional experiences influence smartphone addiction among college students. We analyzed the mediating roles of anxiety, stress, and depression, and the moderating effect of gender. Results Our findings indicate that daily negative emotional experiences were positively correlated with smartphone addiction, with stress serving as a significant mediator in the relationship between both positive and negative emotional experiences and addiction. Interestingly, positive emotional experiences directly increased smartphone addiction risk among female students, but they also significantly reduced stress and depression, especially pronounced in women. Further analysis indicated that positive emotions primarily mitigate addiction through reducing stress, a pathway especially significant in females. Discussion The study not only confirms the substantial impact of emotional experiences on addiction but also deepens our understanding of their mechanisms, underlining the importance of considering the nature of emotional experiences and gender-specific effects in devising prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Cheng
- Insititute of Modern Services, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Jinhua University of Vocational Technology, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongying Zhu
- Insititute of Modern Services, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qunlong Wang
- Insititute of Modern Services, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Insititute of Modern Services, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Economics and Social Welfare, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
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Quigley L, Russell K, Yung C, Dobson KS, Sears CR. Associations between attentional biases for emotional images and rumination in depression. Cogn Emot 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39660686 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2434158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
Rumination is a key feature of depression and contributes to its onset, maintenance, and recurrence. Researchers have proposed that biases in the attentional processing of emotional information may underlie rumination, and particularly, the brooding component. This investigation evaluated associations between attentional biases for emotional images and rumination, including both brooding and reflection, in currently and never depressed participants. In two separate studies, participants viewed sets of four emotional images (happy, sad, threatening, and neutral) for 8 s in a free-viewing eye-tracking paradigm. In both studies, currently depressed individuals attended to happy face images and happy naturalistic images significantly less than never depressed individuals. In Study 2, currently depressed individuals attended to sad naturalistic images significantly more than never depressed individuals. There were no statistically significant associations between attentional biases and any of the forms of rumination, independent of their shared relationship with depression symptoms. These findings call into question the robustness of the link between attentional biases and rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Quigley
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kristin Russell
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Christine Yung
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Keith S Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Kao C, Zhang Y. Sex Differences in Processing Emotional Speech Prosody: Preliminary Findings from a Multi-Feature Oddball Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:1216. [PMID: 39766415 PMCID: PMC11674735 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14121216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Emotional prosody, the intonation and rhythm of speech that conveys emotions, is vital for speech communication as it provides essential context and nuance to the words being spoken. This study explored how listeners automatically process emotional prosody in speech, focusing on different neural responses for the prosodic categories and potential sex differences. METHODS The pilot data here involved 11 male and 11 female adult participants (age range: 18-28). A multi-feature oddball paradigm was used, in which participants were exposed to sequences of non-repeating English words with emotional (angry, happy, sad) or neutral prosody while watching a silent movie. RESULTS Both mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a components were observed, indicating automatic perceptual grouping and neural sensitivity to emotional variations in speech. Women showed stronger MMN to angry than sad prosody, while men showed stronger MMN to angry than happy prosody. Happy prosody elicited the strongest P3a, but only in men. CONCLUSIONS The findings challenge the notion that all facets of emotion processing are biased toward female superiority. However, these results from 22 young adult native English speakers should be interpreted with caution, as data from a more adequate sample size are needed to test the generalizability of the findings. Combined with results from studies on children and elderly adults, these preliminary data underscore the need to explore the complexities of emotional speech processing mechanisms to account for category and sex differences across the lifespan in a longitudinal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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Quigley L, Dobson KS, Russell K, Sears CR. Negative affective priming: Reliability and associations with depression symptoms in three samples. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:5086-5102. [PMID: 37801214 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The negative affective priming (NAP) task is a behavioral measure of inhibition of emotional stimuli. Previous studies using the NAP task have found that individuals with depression show reduced inhibition of negative stimuli, suggesting that inhibition biases may play a role in the etiology and maintenance of depression. However, the psychometric properties of the NAP task have not been evaluated or reported. In the present study, we report data on the association between NAP task performance and depression symptoms in three independent samples, and we evaluate the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the NAP effect indices. The NAP effect for both negative and positive target words had poor internal consistency in all three samples, as well as poor 2-week (Study 2) and 6-month (Study 3) test-retest reliability. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of response times (RT) for the individual trial types were moderate to high, as were the intercorrelations between trial types. This pattern of results indicates that overall RT is reliable but variance in RTs for the different trial types in the NAP task is indistinguishable from variance in overall RT. Depression symptom severity was not associated with the NAP effect for negative or positive target words in any of the samples, which could be due to the poor reliability of the NAP effect. Based on these findings, we do not recommend that researchers use the NAP task as a measure of individual differences in the inhibition of emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Quigley
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Keith S Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin Russell
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Carpita B, Nardi B, Giovannoni F, Parri F, Cerofolini G, Bonelli C, Massimetti G, Pellecchia E, Pini S, Cremone IM, Dell’Osso L. Assessing Autistic Traits, Hikikomori Tendencies, Pathological Videogaming, and Eating Disorders in University Students: Are Pathological Videogaming and Eating Disorders Gender-Specific Manifestations of the Autism Spectrum? Brain Sci 2024; 14:720. [PMID: 39061460 PMCID: PMC11274810 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the previous literature, specific attention has been paid to investigate autism spectrum symptoms and traits in university students. In this framework, we aimed to evaluate the presence and correlates of autistic traits, hikikomori tendencies, altered eating behaviors, and pathological videogaming in a sample of Italian university students enrolled in bachelor's degree courses. A total of 1192 students were recruited via an online survey and assessed with the Hikikomori Questionnaire-25, the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum Questionnaire, the Eating Attitude test-26, and the Assessment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction. Our results highlighted significant differences in the prevalence of autistic traits, social withdrawal tendencies, altered eating habits, and pathological videogame use in university students based on gender, age, parents' level of instruction, and field of study. A significant effect of the presence of autistic traits and gender on the scores obtained with the other questionnaires was reported. Our results not only support the role of autistic traits as a vulnerability factor for the development of a set of psychopathological conditions but also suggest that gender could modulate this vulnerability, supporting the hypothesis of gender-specific phenotypes in the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carpita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Benedetta Nardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Francesca Parri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Gianluca Cerofolini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Chiara Bonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Gabriele Massimetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | | | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Mirko Cremone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Liliana Dell’Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (F.G.); (F.P.); (G.C.); (C.B.); (G.M.); (S.P.); (I.M.C.); (L.D.)
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Imbir K, Pastwa M, Walkowiak M. The Role of the Valence, Arousing Properties and Subjective Significance of Subliminally Presented Words in Affective Priming. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2023; 52:33-56. [PMID: 34628565 PMCID: PMC10030452 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-021-09815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the verbal affective priming paradigm, the properties of a subliminally presented stimulus alter the interpretation of neutral target stimulus. In the experiment reported here, we tested the role of four factors (valence, origin, arousing properties and subjective significance) that determine the emotional reactions to words in affective priming. Subliminal masked presentation of words preceded the explicit task, which was assessment of neutral Quick Response code (QR code) stimuli. The QRs were codes for words representing personality traits. The results showed the effect of assimilation (negative words caused a negative interpretation, positive caused a positive interpretation) for words' emotional valence and no effects for origin. Concerning arousal, we found a weak negative trend. In the case of subjective significance, a moderate positive trend was found. These results suggest that affective priming effects are susceptible not only to the valence of priming stimuli but also to activation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Imbir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Pastwa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Walkowiak
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 5/7 Stawki St., 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Kapitanović A, Tokić A, Šimić N. Differences in the recognition of sadness, anger, and fear in facial expressions: the role of the observer and model gender. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:308-313. [PMID: 36607723 PMCID: PMC9985350 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated gender differences in the accuracy and speed of recognition of facial expressions of sadness, anger, and fear in male and female models showing these emotions. According to the fitness threat hypothesis, females should be faster and more accurate in recognising emotional facial expressions of fear and sadness, whereas males should be faster and more accurate in recognising anger. According to the evolutionary opponent's emotion recognition, male observers should be more efficient in recognising emotions presented by male models, and female observers in recognising emotions presented by female models. The facial expression recognition task included 210 colour images from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) database. The sample consisted of university students (29 male and 29 female). Testing was conducted individually, and efficiency measured with accuracy and speed of recognition (reaction time). The results showed that females were faster than males in recognizing all three facial expressions. They were also more accurate in recognizing fear, whereas there were no gender differences in accurate recognition of sadness and anger. No significant interactions were found between model and observer gender on either measure (accuracy and speed of recognition). However, all three emotional expressions were recognised more accurately, but not faster, when the model was female. The gender-specific pattern in facial expression recognition found in this study does not completely corroborate the fitness threat hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Tokić
- University of Zadar, Department of Psychology, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Nataša Šimić
- University of Zadar, Department of Psychology, Zadar, Croatia
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10
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Kiyar M, Kubre MA, Collet S, Van Den Eynde T, T'Sjoen G, Guillamon A, Mueller SC. Gender-affirming hormonal treatment changes neural processing of emotions in trans men: An fMRI study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 146:105928. [PMID: 36155318 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some transgender people desire a transition through gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT). To date, it is unknown how GAHT changes emotion perception in transgender people. METHODS Thirty transgender men (TM), 30 cisgender men (CM), and 35 cisgender women (CW) underwent 3 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while passively viewing emotional faces (happy, angry, surprised faces) at two timepoints (T0 and T1). At T0 all participants were hormone-naïve, while TM immediately commenced testosterone supplementation at T0. The second scanning session (T1) occurred after 6-10 months of GAHT in TM. All 3 groups completed both T0 and T1 RESULTS: GAHT in TM shifted the neural profile whilst processing emotions from a sex-assigned at birth pattern at T0 (similar to CW) to a consistent with gender identity pattern at T1 (similar to CM). Overall, the brain patterns stayed the same for the cis people at T0 and T1. CONCLUSIONS These findings document the impact of hormone treatment, and testosterone supplementation specifically, on emotion perception in TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kiyar
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Mary-Ann Kubre
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Sarah Collet
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | | | - Guy T'Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Antonio Guillamon
- Department of Psychobiology, National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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11
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Fernandez A, Quigley L, Dobson K, Sears C. Coherence of attention and memory biases in currently and previously depressed women. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:1239-1254. [PMID: 35819001 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2099348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has found that depression is characterised by biased processing of emotional information. Although most studies have examined cognitive biases in isolation, simultaneous examination of multiple biases is required to understand how they may interact and influence one another to produce depression vulnerability. In this study, the attention and memory biases of currently depressed, previously depressed, and never depressed women were examined using the same stimuli and a unified methodology. Participants viewed negative, positive, and neutral words while their eye gaze was tracked and recorded. After a distraction task, participants completed an incidental recognition test that included words from the eye-tracking task and new words. The results supported the hypothesised mediation model for positive words: currently depressed women had a reduced attention bias for positive words and, in turn, had poorer memory for positive words relative to never depressed women. Previously depressed women, however, showed a lack of coherence between attention and memory biases for positive words. The groups did not differ in their attention or memory biases for negative words. The findings provide novel evidence in support of a causal link between the absence of protective attention and memory biases for positive information in clinical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Leanne Quigley
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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12
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Wong HK, Estudillo AJ. Face masks affect emotion categorisation, age estimation, recognition, and gender classification from faces. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:91. [PMID: 36209185 PMCID: PMC9547636 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although putting on a mask over our nose and mouth is a simple but powerful way to protect ourselves and others during a pandemic, face masks may interfere with how we perceive and recognize one another, and hence, may have far-reaching impacts on communication and social interactions. To date, it remains relatively unknown the extent to which wearing a face mask that conceals the bottom part of the face affects the extraction of different facial information. To address this question, we compared young adults' performance between masked and unmasked faces in four different tasks: (1) emotion recognition task, (2) famous face recognition and naming test, (3) age estimation task, and (4) gender classification task. Results revealed that the presence of face mask has a negative impact on famous face recognition and emotion recognition, but to a smaller extent on age estimation and gender classification tasks. More interestingly, we observed a female advantage in the famous face recognition and emotion recognition tasks and a female own-gender bias in gender categorisation and age estimation tasks. Overall, these findings allude to the lack of malleability of the adulthood face recognition and perceptual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoo Keat Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Alejandro J Estudillo
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
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13
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Timme S, Hutchinson J, Regorius A, Brand R. The Influence of Affective Priming on the Affective Response During Exercise: A Replication Study. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:286-294. [PMID: 35690391 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The affective response during exercise is an important factor for long-term exercise adherence. Pottratz et al. suggested affective priming as a behavioral intervention for the enhancement of exercise-related affect. The present paper aims to replicate and extend upon these findings. We conducted a close replication with 53 participants completing a brisk walking task in two conditions (prime vs. no prime). Affective valence was assessed during exercise, and exercise enjoyment and remembered/forecasted pleasure were assessed postexercise. We could not replicate the findings of Pottratz et al., finding no evidence for positive changes in psychological responses in the priming condition. However, linear mixed models demonstrated significant interindividual differences in how participants responded to priming. These results demonstrate that affective priming during exercise does not work for everyone under every circumstance and, thus, provide an important contribution to the understanding of boundary conditions and moderating factors for priming in exercise psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinika Timme
- Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam,Germany
| | - Jasmin Hutchinson
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA,USA
| | - Anton Regorius
- Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam,Germany
| | - Ralf Brand
- Sport and Exercise Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam,Germany
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14
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Knopp M, Burghardt J, Meyer B, Sprung M. How Individual and Situational Factors Influence Measures of Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind in Psychiatric Inpatients. Front Psychol 2022; 13:855038. [PMID: 35664128 PMCID: PMC9161354 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders are associated with difficulties to correctly infer the mental states of other's (theory of mind; ToM). These inferences either relate to affective states of others (affective ToM) or to their thoughts, intentions, or beliefs (cognitive ToM) and can be associated with mental disorder. The current study explores the influence of individual and situational effects on the measurement of ToM abilities within two clinical samples, to increase generalizability. We analyzed data from 229 in-patients; 103 patients treated for alcohol use disorder and 126 patients treated for a personality disorder. ToM was assessed with the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC). We analyzed changes in test performance over the course of the test using a logistic linear mixed effects model. Performance on the cognitive ToM items decreased over time, while performance on the affective ToM items increased over time. This difference was more pronounced among older individuals. The results show important moderators of ToM performance that might help to resolve inconsistencies in the current literature about ToM abilities in different clinical or age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Knopp
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Burghardt
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Manuel Sprung
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Psychiatric Rehabilitation Clinic Gars am Kamp, Psychosomatisches Zentrum Waldviertel, Gars am Kamp, Austria
- Psychosomatisches Zentrum Waldviertel, University Hospital for Psychosomatic Medicine Eggenburg, Eggenburg, Austria
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15
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Schroter FA, Jansen P. Making peace with disliked others: the effects of a short loving-kindness meditation on implicit and explicit emotional evaluations. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:110. [PMID: 35488316 PMCID: PMC9055729 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main goal of the study was to investigate the effects of a short loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on explicit and implicit evaluations of oneself and disliked public persons. We expected a more positive explicit and implicit evaluation of oneself and a disliked public person after the LKM and a mood improvement. Methods Before and after the implementation of a short LKM vs. imagery task, mood, explicit and implicit evaluations were analyzed in 69 students. Results Our results demonstrated only a reduction in negative and positive mood in both groups and regarding the explicit and implicit tasks, only a significant main effect of picture and a trend for the time*group interaction for mood, implicit and explicit attitudes with medium effect-sizes.
Conclusions A possible influence of a short intervention on emotional evaluations should be treated with caution. The claim that a short loving-kindness meditation enhances social connectedness might awake false hopes. This study suggests being careful with the interpretation of single meditation effects and future studies should examine the effects of a long-lasting meditation training on explicit and implicit evaluations of the self and disliked politicians as well as the sustainability of those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Jansen
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Sarauskyte L, Monciunskaite R, Griksiene R. The role of sex and emotion on emotion perception in artificial faces: An ERP study. Brain Cogn 2022; 159:105860. [PMID: 35339916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sex has a significant impact on the perception of emotional expressions. However, it remains unclear whether sex influences the perception of emotions in artificial faces, which are becoming popular in emotion research. We used an emotion recognition task with FaceGen faces portraying six basic emotions aiming to investigate the effect of sex and emotion on behavioural and electrophysiological parameters. 71 participants performed the task while EEG was recorded. The recognition of sadness was the poorest, however, females recognized sadness better than males. ERP results indicated that fear, disgust, and anger evoked higher amplitudes of late positive potential over the left parietal region compared to neutral expression. Females demonstrated higher values of global field power as compared to males. The interaction between sex and emotion on ERPs was not significant. The results of our study may be valuable for future therapies and research, as it emphasizes possibly distinct processing of emotions and potential sex differences in the recognition of emotional expressions in FaceGen faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livija Sarauskyte
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Rasa Monciunskaite
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ramune Griksiene
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius, Lithuania
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17
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Varo C, Solé B, Jiménez E, Bonnín CM, Torrent C, Valls E, Lahera G, Martínez-Arán A, Carvalho AF, Miskowiak KW, Vieta E, Reinares M. Identifying social cognition subgroups in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: a cluster analytical approach. Psychol Med 2022; 52:159-168. [PMID: 32546284 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with social cognition (SC) impairments even during remission periods although a large heterogeneity has been described. Our aim was to explore the existence of different profiles on SC in euthymic patients with BD, and further explore the potential impact of distinct variables on SC. METHODS Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted using three SC domains [Theory of Mind (ToM), Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Attributional Bias (AB)]. The sample comprised of 131 individuals, 71 patients with BD and 60 healthy control subjects who were compared in terms of SC performance, demographic, clinical, and neurocognitive variables. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the effect of SC-associated risk factors. RESULTS A two-cluster solution was identified with an adjusted-performance group (N = 48, 67.6%) and a low-performance group (N = 23, 32.4%) with mild deficits in ToM and AB domains and with moderate difficulties in EI. Patients with low SC performance were mostly males, showed lower estimated IQ, higher subthreshold depressive symptoms, longer illness duration, and poorer visual memory and attention. Low estimated IQ (OR 0.920, 95% CI 0.863-0.981), male gender (OR 5.661, 95% CI 1.473-21.762), and longer illness duration (OR 1.085, 95% CI 1.006-1.171) contributed the most to the patients clustering. The model explained up to 35% of the variance in SC performance. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed the existence of two discrete profiles of SC among BD. Nearly two-thirds of patients exhibited adjusted social cognitive abilities. Longer illness duration, male gender, and lower estimated IQ were associated with low SC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Varo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Solé
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C M Bonnín
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C Torrent
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Valls
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - G Lahera
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, IRyCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Arán
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A F Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K W Miskowiak
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen Affective Disorder research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Reinares
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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18
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Andermann M, Izurieta Hidalgo NA, Rupp A, Schmahl C, Herpertz SC, Bertsch K. Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of emotional face processing in borderline personality disorder: are there differences between men and women? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1583-1594. [PMID: 35661904 PMCID: PMC9653371 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD); it is, for example, known to influence one's ability to read other people's facial expressions. We investigated behavioral and neurophysiological foundations of emotional face processing in individuals with BPD and in healthy controls, taking participants' sex into account. 62 individuals with BPD (25 men, 37 women) and 49 healthy controls (20 men, 29 women) completed an emotion classification task with faces depicting blends of angry and happy expressions while the electroencephalogram was recorded. The cortical activity (late positive potential, P3/LPP) was evaluated using source modeling. Compared to healthy controls, individuals with BPD responded slower to happy but not to angry faces; further, they showed more anger ratings in happy but not in angry faces, especially in those with high ambiguity. Men had lower anger ratings than women and responded slower to angry but not happy faces. The P3/LPP was larger in healthy controls than in individuals with BPD, and larger in women than in men; moreover, women but not men produced enlarged P3/LPP responses to angry vs. happy faces. Sex did not interact with behavioral or P3/LPP-related differences between healthy controls and individuals with BPD. Together, BPD-related alterations in behavioral and P3/LPP correlates of emotional face processing exist in both men and women, supposedly without sex-related interactions. Results point to a general 'negativity bias' in women. Source modeling is well suited to investigate effects of participant and stimulus characteristics on the P3/LPP generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andermann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie A. Izurieta Hidalgo
- Department for General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha Ecuador
| | - André Rupp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine C. Herpertz
- Department for General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Bertsch
- Department for General Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802, Munich, Germany. .,NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital LMU, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Lin Y, Ding H, Zhang Y. Unisensory and Multisensory Stroop Effects Modulate Gender Differences in Verbal and Nonverbal Emotion Perception. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:4439-4457. [PMID: 34469179 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to examine the Stroop effects of verbal and nonverbal cues and their relative impacts on gender differences in unisensory and multisensory emotion perception. Method Experiment 1 investigated how well 88 normal Chinese adults (43 women and 45 men) could identify emotions conveyed through face, prosody and semantics as three independent channels. Experiments 2 and 3 further explored gender differences during multisensory integration of emotion through a cross-channel (prosody-semantics) and a cross-modal (face-prosody-semantics) Stroop task, respectively, in which 78 participants (41 women and 37 men) were asked to selectively attend to one of the two or three communication channels. Results The integration of accuracy and reaction time data indicated that paralinguistic cues (i.e., face and prosody) of emotions were consistently more salient than linguistic ones (i.e., semantics) throughout the study. Additionally, women demonstrated advantages in processing all three types of emotional signals in the unisensory task, but only preserved their strengths in paralinguistic processing and showed greater Stroop effects of nonverbal cues on verbal ones during multisensory perception. Conclusions These findings demonstrate clear gender differences in verbal and nonverbal emotion perception that are modulated by sensory channels, which have important theoretical and practical implications. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16435599.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Speech-Language-Hearing Center, School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Hongwei Ding
- Speech-Language-Hearing Center, School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences & Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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20
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Varo C, Kjærstad HL, Poulsen E, Meluken I, Vieta E, Kessing LV, Vinberg M, Miskowiak KW. Emotional cognition subgroups in mood disorders: Associations with familial risk. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 51:71-83. [PMID: 34098515 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with mood disorders show heterogeneity in non-emotional cognition. However, it is unclear whether emotional cognition (EC) is characterised by similar heterogeneity. We aimed to investigate the heterogeneity in EC among remitted patients with mood disorders and explore its association with familial risk. Data from 269 partially or fully remitted patients with mood disorders, 87 of their unaffected relatives (UR) and 203 healthy controls (HC) were pooled from two cohort studies. Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted using the EC data from patients. UR were categorised into groups consistent with their affected relatives' cluster assignment. Clusters were compared to HC on EC, non-emotional cognition, clinical characteristics and functioning. We identified three clusters: an 'emotionally preserved' (57%), an 'emotionally blunted' (26%) and an 'emotionally volatile' cluster (17%). 'Emotionally blunted' and 'emotionally volatile' patients also presented more deficits in non-emotional cognition (global cognition read z=-0.3 and -0.5 respectively). Relatives of 'emotionally preserved' patients were more successful at dampening negative emotions (p=.01, d=0.39, 95% CI [-0.76,-0.09]), whereas UR of 'emotionally impaired' patients underperformed in verbal fluency (p=.03, d=0.46, 95% CI [.03, 0.68]) compared to HC. The existence of impaired EC groups in remitted mood disorder highlights a need to screen for and treat EC in mood disorders. Improved ability to dampen emotions in UR of 'emotionally preserved' patients may reflect a resilience marker while impaired verbal fluency in UR of 'emotionally impaired' patients may reflect distinct genetic risk profiles in these EC subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Varo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hanne Lie Kjærstad
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen Affective Disorder research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Poulsen
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen Affective Disorder research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iselin Meluken
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen Affective Disorder research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen Affective Disorder research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Psychiatric Centre North Zealand, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen Affective Disorder research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Lin Y, Ding H, Zhang Y. Gender Differences in Identifying Facial, Prosodic, and Semantic Emotions Show Category- and Channel-Specific Effects Mediated by Encoder's Gender. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:2941-2955. [PMID: 34310173 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The nature of gender differences in emotion processing has remained unclear due to the discrepancies in existing literature. This study examined the modulatory effects of emotion categories and communication channels on gender differences in verbal and nonverbal emotion perception. Method Eighty-eight participants (43 females and 45 males) were asked to identify three basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, and anger) and neutrality encoded by female or male actors from verbal (i.e., semantic) or nonverbal (i.e., facial and prosodic) channels. Results While women showed an overall advantage in performance, their superiority was dependent on specific types of emotion and channel. Specifically, women outperformed men in regard to two basic emotions (happiness and sadness) in the nonverbal channels and only the anger category with verbal content. Conversely, men did better for the anger category in the nonverbal channels and for the other two emotions (happiness and sadness) in verbal content. There was an emotion- and channel-specific interaction effect between the two types of gender differences, with male subjects showing higher sensitivity to sad faces and prosody portrayed by the female encoders. Conclusion These findings reveal explicit emotion processing as a highly dynamic complex process with significant gender differences tied to specific emotion categories and communication channels. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15032583.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Speech-Language-Hearing Center, School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Ding
- Speech-Language-Hearing Center, School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences & Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis
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22
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Tsikandilakis M, Bali P, Yu Z, Madan C, Derrfuss J, Chapman P, Groeger J. Individual conscious and unconscious perception of emotion: Theory, methodology and applications. Conscious Cogn 2021; 94:103172. [PMID: 34332204 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript we review a seminal debate related to subliminality and concerning the relationship of consciousness, unconsciousness, and perception. We present the methodological implementations that contemporary psychology introduced to explore this relationship, such as the application of unbiased self-report metrics and Bayesian analyses for assessing detection and discrimination. We present evidence concerning an unaddressed issue, namely, that different participants and stimulus types require different thresholds for subliminal presentation. We proceed to a step-by-step experimental illustration of a method involving individual thresholds for the presentation of masked emotional faces. We show that individual thresholds provide Bayesian evidence for null responses to the presented faces. Conversely, we show in the same database that when applying established but biased non-individual criteria for subliminality physiological changes occur and relate - correctly, and most importantly incorrectly - to perception concerning the emotional type, and the valence and intensity of a presented masked emotional face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Tsikandilakis
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Persefoni Bali
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaoliang Yu
- Department of Psychology, Wuhan University, China
| | | | - Jan Derrfuss
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Groeger
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
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23
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Cavieres A, Maldonado R, Bland A, Elliott R. Relationship Between Gender and Performance on Emotion Perception Tasks in a Latino Population. Int J Psychol Res (Medellin) 2021; 14:106-114. [PMID: 34306583 PMCID: PMC8297575 DOI: 10.21500/20112084.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic emotions are universally recognized, although differences across cultures and between genders have been described. We report results in two emotion recognition tasks, in a sample of healthy adults from Chile. Methods: 192 volunteers (mean 31.58 years, s.d. 8.36; 106 women) completed the Emotional Recognition Task, in which they were asked to identify a briefly displayed emotion, and the Emotional Intensity Morphing Task, in which they viewed faces with increasing or decreasing emotional intensity and indicated when they either detected or no longer detected the emotion. Results: All emotions were recognized at above chance levels. The only sex differences present showed men performed better at identifying anger (p = .0485), and responded more slowly to fear (p = .0057), than women. Discussion: These findings are consistent with some, though not all, prior literature on emotion perception. Crucially, we report data on emotional perception in a healthy adult Latino population for the first time, which contributes to emerging literature on cultural differences in affective processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Cavieres
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. Universidad de Valparaíso Universidad de Valparaíso Chile
| | - Rocío Maldonado
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. Universidad de Valparaíso Universidad de Valparaíso Chile
| | - Amy Bland
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester Metropolitan University United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology,University of Manchester, UK. The University of Manchester University of Manchester United Kingdom
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24
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Lalitharatne TD, Tan Y, He L, Leong F, Van Zalk N, de Lusignan S, Iida F, Nanayakkara T. MorphFace: A Hybrid Morphable Face for a Robopatient. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2020.3048670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Tanaka M, Yamada E, Maekawa T, Ogata K, Takamiya N, Nakazono H, Tobimatsu S. Gender differences in subliminal affective face priming: A high-density ERP study. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02060. [PMID: 33528111 PMCID: PMC8035456 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subliminal affective priming effects (SAPEs) refer to the phenomenon by which the presentation of an affective prime stimulus influences the subsequent affective evaluation of a target stimulus. Previous studies have reported that unconsciously processed stimuli affect behavioral performance more than consciously processed stimuli. However, the impact of SAPEs on the face-specific N170 component is unclear. We studied how SAPEs for fearful faces affected the N170 for subsequent supraliminal target faces using event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS Japanese adults (n = 44, 20 females) participated in this study. Subliminal prime faces (neutral or fearful) were presented for 17 ms, followed by a backward mask for 283 ms and 800 ms target faces (neutral, emotionally ambiguous, or fearful). 128-channel ERPs were recorded while participants judged the expression of target faces as neutral or fearful. Response rates and response times were also measured for assessing behavioral alterations. RESULTS Although the behavioral results revealed no evidence of SAPEs, we found gender-related SAPEs in right N170 amplitude. Specifically, female participants exhibited enhanced right N170 amplitude for emotionally neutral faces primed by fearful faces, while male participants exhibited decreased N170 amplitude in fearful prime trials with fearful target faces. Male participants exhibited significant correlations between N170 amplitude and behavioral response time in the fearful prime-neutral target condition. CONCLUSIONS Our ERP results suggest the existence of a gender difference in target-face processing preceded by subliminally presented face stimuli in the right occipito-temporal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan
| | - Emi Yamada
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Maekawa
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ogata
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naomi Takamiya
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisato Nakazono
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Tobimatsu
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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26
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Giurgi-Oncu C, Bredicean C, Frandeș M, Enătescu V, Papavă I, Riviș I, Ursoniu S. Social Inferences as Mediators of Wellbeing in Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1679-1687. [PMID: 34079265 PMCID: PMC8166309 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s309009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is an increasingly prevalent chronic mental health condition that involves a range of potentially negative implications, in the long term. Theory of Mind (ToM) serves to form and maintain social relationships, by accurately identifying thoughts and emotions in others. Defective ToM abilities have been noted in people with a history of clinical depression. PURPOSE To identify whether impairments of emotion recognition are correlated with a lower subjective feeling of wellbeing in people diagnosed with a chronic depressive illness. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional analysis of a recurrent depressive disorder (RDD, as per WHO ICD-10 nosology) cohort (n=57), the BECK depression scale and the "Reading the mind in the eyes" test were employed for the diagnosis of clinical symptoms, and for the evaluation of individual ToM skills, respectively. Wellbeing was quantified using the FANLCT scale. RESULTS The wellbeing of service-users decreased significantly, in correlation with their defective emotion recognition abilities. Additionally, a low capacity for the correct perception of emotions in other people appears to significantly influence the social relationships status, with scores of 14.00 (10.00-18.50) at low capacity vs 23.00 (17.58-24.75) at normal capacity (Mann-Whitney U-test, p < 0.001). Our study findings indicate that a normal ability for a correct recognition of emotions in others is significantly and strongly correlated with adequate social relationships (Spearman r = 0.757, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Wellbeing is significantly correlated with the individual ability for a correct recognition of emotions in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălina Giurgi-Oncu
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania.,"Pius Brînzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania.,"Dr. Victor Popescu" Military Clinical Emergency Hospital, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Mirela Frandeș
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Enătescu
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania.,"Pius Brînzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ion Papavă
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania.,"Pius Brînzeu" County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Riviș
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Ursoniu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Public Health, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
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Teismann H, Kissler J, Berger K. Investigating the roles of age, sex, depression, and anxiety for valence and arousal ratings of words: a population-based study. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:118. [PMID: 33160414 PMCID: PMC7648958 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The perception of the affective quality of stimuli with regard to valence and arousal has mostly been studied in laboratory experiments. Population-based research may complement such studies by accessing larger, older, better balanced, and more heterogeneous samples. Several characteristics, among them age, sex, depression, or anxiety, were found to be associated with affective quality perception. Here, we intended to transfer valence and arousal rating methods from experimental to population-based research. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of obtaining and determining the structure of valence and arousal ratings in the setting of the large observational BiDirect Study. Moreover, we explored the roles of age, sex, depression, and anxiety for valence and arousal ratings of words. METHODS 704 participants provided valence and arousal ratings for 12 written nouns pre-categorized as unpleasant, neutral, or pleasant. Predictors of valence and arousal ratings (i.e. age, sex, depression, and anxiety) were analyzed for six outcomes that emerge by combining two affective dimensions with three words categories. Data were modeled with multiple linear regression. Relative predictor importance was quantified by model-explained variance decomposition. RESULTS Overall, average population-based ratings replicated those found in laboratory settings. The model did not reach statistical significance in the valence dimension. In the arousal dimension, the model explained 5.4% (unpleasant), 4.6% (neutral), and 3.5% (pleasant) of the variance. (Trend) effects of sex on arousal ratings were found in all word categories (unpleasant: increased arousal in women; neutral, pleasant: decreased arousal in women). Effects of age and anxiety (increased arousal) were restricted to the neutral words. CONCLUSIONS We report results of valence and arousal ratings of words in the setting of a large, observational, population-based study. Method transfer yielded acceptable data quality. The analyses demonstrated small effects of the selected predictors in the arousal dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Teismann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 (Building D3), 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Johanna Kissler
- Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 (Building D3), 48149, Münster, Germany
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28
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Kao C, Zhang Y. Differential Neurobehavioral Effects of Cross-Modal Selective Priming on Phonetic and Emotional Prosodic Information in Late Second Language Learners. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:2508-2521. [PMID: 32658561 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Spoken language is inherently multimodal and multidimensional in natural settings, but very little is known about how second language (L2) learners undertake multilayered speech signals with both phonetic and affective cues. This study investigated how late L2 learners undertake parallel processing of linguistic and affective information in the speech signal at behavioral and neurophysiological levels. Method Behavioral and event-related potential measures were taken in a selective cross-modal priming paradigm to examine how late L2 learners (N = 24, M age = 25.54 years) assessed the congruency of phonetic (target vowel: /a/ or /i/) and emotional (target affect: happy or angry) information between the visual primes of facial pictures and the auditory targets of spoken syllables. Results Behavioral accuracy data showed a significant congruency effect in affective (but not phonetic) priming. Unlike a previous report on monolingual first language (L1) users, the L2 users showed no facilitation in reaction time for congruency detection in either selective priming task. The neurophysiological results revealed a robust N400 response that was stronger in the phonetic condition but without clear lateralization and that the N400 effect was weaker in late L2 listeners than in monolingual L1 listeners. Following the N400, late L2 learners showed a weaker late positive response than the monolingual L1 users, particularly in the left central to posterior electrode regions. Conclusions The results demonstrate distinct patterns of behavioral and neural processing of phonetic and affective information in L2 speech with reduced neural representations in both the N400 and the later processing stage, and they provide an impetus for further research on similarities and differences in L1 and L2 multisensory speech perception in bilingualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Kao
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Jones LL, Wurm LH, Norville GA, Mullins KL. Sex differences in emoji use, familiarity, and valence. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Bidet-Ildei C, Decatoire A, Gil S. Recognition of Emotions From Facial Point-Light Displays. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1062. [PMID: 32581934 PMCID: PMC7287185 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial emotion recognition occupies a prominent place in emotion psychology. How perceivers recognize messages conveyed by faces can be studied in either an explicit or an implicit way, and using different kinds of facial stimuli. In the present study, we explored for the first time how facial point-light displays (PLDs) (i.e., biological motion with minimal perceptual properties) can elicit both explicit and implicit mechanisms of facial emotion recognition. Participants completed tasks of explicit or implicit facial emotion recognition from PLDs. Results showed that point-light stimuli are sufficient to allow facial emotion recognition, be it explicit and implicit. We argue that this finding could encourage the use of PLDs in research on the perception of emotional cues from faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Bidet-Ildei
- Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR 7295, Poitiers, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Decatoire
- Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France.,Institut Pprime UPR 3346, Poitiers, France
| | - Sandrine Gil
- Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR 7295, Poitiers, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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31
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Rosenberg N, Ihme K, Lichev V, Sacher J, Rufer M, Grabe HJ, Kugel H, Pampel A, Lepsien J, Kersting A, Villringer A, Suslow T. Alexithymia and automatic processing of facial emotions: behavioral and neural findings. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:23. [PMID: 32471365 PMCID: PMC7257227 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulties identifying and describing feelings, an externally oriented style of thinking, and a reduced inclination to imagination. Previous research has shown deficits in the recognition of emotional facial expressions in alexithymia and reductions of brain responsivity to emotional stimuli. Using an affective priming paradigm, we investigated automatic perception of facial emotions as a function of alexithymia at the behavioral and neural level. In addition to self-report scales, we applied an interview to assess alexithymic tendencies. RESULTS During 3 T fMRI scanning, 49 healthy individuals judged valence of neutral faces preceded by briefly shown happy, angry, fearful, and neutral facial expressions. Alexithymia was assessed using the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ) and the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA). As expected, only negative correlations were found between alexithymic features and affective priming. The global level of self-reported alexithymia (as assessed by the TAS-20 and the BVAQ) was found to be related to less affective priming owing to angry faces. At the facet level, difficulties identifying feelings, difficulties analyzing feelings, and impoverished fantasy (as measured by the BVAQ) were correlated with reduced affective priming due to angry faces. Difficulties identifying feelings (BVAQ) correlated also with reduced affective priming due to fearful faces and reduced imagination (TSIA) was related to decreased affective priming due to happy faces. There was only one significant correlation between alexithymia dimensions and automatic brain response to masked facial emotions: TAS-20 alexithymia correlated with heightened brain response to masked happy faces in superior and medial frontal areas. CONCLUSIONS Our behavioral results provide evidence that alexithymic features are related in particular to less sensitivity for covert facial expressions of anger. The perceptual alterations could reflect impaired automatic recognition or integration of social anger signals into judgemental processes and might contribute to the problems in interpersonal relationships associated with alexithymia. Our findings suggest that self-report measures of alexithymia may have an advantage over interview-based tests as research tools in the field of emotion perception at least in samples of healthy individuals characterized by rather low levels of alexithymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rosenberg
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klas Ihme
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Vladimir Lichev
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Sacher
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rufer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Militärstrasse 8, 8021 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine of Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Harald Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André Pampel
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jöran Lepsien
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Guo J, Ma Y, Liu Z, Wang F, Hou X, Chen J, Hong Y, Xu S, Liu X. Performance of facial expression classification tasks in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16:523-530. [PMID: 32003740 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES People show a facial recognition speed advantage, termed positive classification advantage (PCA), when judging whether a facial expression is happy compared to angry or sad. This study investigated emotional face recognition by patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with impaired neurocognition. METHODS Thirty-four patients with OSA and 26 healthy control patients who underwent 1 night of polysomnographic evaluation before recruitment were asked to complete an emotion recognition task. Accuracy rates and reaction times were recorded and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS When participants were asked to classify positive (happy) versus negative (sad) emotional expressions, the phenomenon of PCA disappeared. Importantly, however, compared with the control patients who showed PCA, patients with OSA identified sad faces faster but were similar in processing happy faces. CONCLUSIONS In accordance with previous studies that showed depressive emotion in patients with OSA, our results indicate that patients with OSA show negative bias in facial expression recognition, which might lead to decline in ability of social communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Guo
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yingjuan Ma
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Anti-Ageing, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Fumin Wang
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Anti-Ageing, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Anti-Ageing, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Anti-Ageing, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Anti-Ageing, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Senile Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Department of Anti-Ageing, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong, China
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Lewis B, Price JL, Garcia CC, Nixon SJ. Emotional Face Processing among Treatment-Seeking Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorders: Investigating Sex Differences and Relationships with Interpersonal Functioning. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 54:361-369. [PMID: 30796771 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals in treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD) display deficits across a broad range of cognitive processes. Disruptions in affective processing are understudied, but may be particularly important for interpersonal functioning and post-treatment adaptation. In particular, the role of sex in AUD-associated emotion processing deficits remains largely unaddressed and was a focus of the current investigation. METHODS Fifty-six treatment seekers with AUD and 54 healthy community controls (N = 110) were administered an emotional face discrimination task. Non-affective tasks included a sex-discrimination task and two brief measures of executive functioning. Two measures of interpersonal function were included. RESULTS Emotion processing deficits were evident among women with AUD relative to other groups. This sex-contingent relationship was not observed in measures of executive function, sex-discrimination or interpersonal problems, although individuals with AUD performed more poorly on these measures. CONCLUSIONS Results were consistent with extant literatures examining cognitive, affective and interpersonal functioning among individuals with AUD, and provided novel evidence of vulnerability to alcohol-associated deficits in emotion processing among women. While similar sex-contingent effects were not apparent among other measures, results support modest interrelationships, specifically including the import of emotion processing to interpersonal functioning in AUD. These data offer guidance for further systematic investigation and highlight important considerations for future relapse-prevention and recovery-facilitation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Addiction Research & Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julianne L Price
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Addiction Research & Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christian C Garcia
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Addiction Research & Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sara Jo Nixon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Center for Addiction Research & Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wood A, Martin JD, Alibali MW, Niedenthal PM. A sad thumbs up: incongruent gestures and disrupted sensorimotor activity both slow processing of facial expressions. Cogn Emot 2019; 33:1196-1209. [PMID: 30428767 PMCID: PMC6520217 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1545634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recognising a facial expression is more difficult when the expresser's body conveys incongruent affect. Existing research has documented such interference for universally recognisable bodily expressions. However, it remains unknown whether learned, conventional gestures can interfere with facial expression processing. Study 1 participants (N = 62) viewed videos of people simultaneously producing facial expressions and hand gestures and reported the valence of either the face or hand. Responses were slower and less accurate when the face-hand pairing was incongruent compared to congruent. We hypothesised that hand gestures might exert an even stronger influence on facial expression processing when other routes to understanding the meaning of a facial expression, such as with sensorimotor simulation, are disrupted. Participants in Study 2 (N = 127) completed the same task, but the facial mobility of some participants was restricted, which disrupted face processing in prior work. The hand-face congruency effect from Study 1 was replicated. The facial mobility manipulation affected males only, and it did not moderate the congruency effect. The present work suggests the affective meaning of conventional gestures is processed automatically and can interfere with face perception, but does not suggest that perceivers rely more on gestures when sensorimotor face processing is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Wood
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Jared D Martin
- b Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Martha W Alibali
- b Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Paula M Niedenthal
- b Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
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35
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Mohr B, Dolgopolova I, Roosen J. The influence of sex and self-control on the efficacy of nudges in lowering the energy content of food during a fast food order. Appetite 2019; 141:104314. [PMID: 31181248 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An experiment aimed at reducing calorie content of a food order was performed by introducing interventions at the fast food ordering screen on a tablet computer. Modifications included a virtual order assistant, a color-coded system and highlighting low-calorie choices. Participants of the study were 401 university students. Before starting an order, participants were asked to indicate their calorie goal. Our results show that the order assistant is the only intervention that leads to significantly fewer calories in the fast food order. The effect is due to women ordering fewer high-calorie dishes. Men, in contrast, are unresponsive to changes in the choice context regarding calories ordered. Results indicate that the level of self-control moderates the impact of the feature highlighting choices so that higher levels of self-control lead to lower calorie intake for both sexes. This research highlights the importance of gender and self-control for designing choice environments aimed at decreasing calorie intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Mohr
- Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research, TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Dolgopolova
- Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research, TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Jutta Roosen
- Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research, TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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36
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Deckert M, Schmoeger M, Auff E, Willinger U. Subjective emotional arousal: an explorative study on the role of gender, age, intensity, emotion regulation difficulties, depression and anxiety symptoms, and meta-emotion. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1857-1876. [PMID: 31098662 PMCID: PMC7478944 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Subjective emotional arousal in typically developing adults was investigated in an explorative study. 177 participants (20-70 years) rated facial expressions and words for self-experienced arousal and perceived intensity, and completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS-D). Exclusion criteria were psychiatric or neurological diseases, or clinically relevant scores in the HADS-D. Arousal regarding faces and words was significantly predicted by emotional clarity. Separate analyses showed following significant results: arousal regarding faces and arousal regarding words constantly predicted each other; negative faces were predicted by age and intensity; neutral faces by gender and impulse control; positive faces by gender and intensity; negative words by emotional clarity; and neutral words by gender. Males showed higher arousal scores than females regarding neutral faces and neutral words; for the other arousal scores, no explicit group differences were shown. Cluster analysis yielded three distinguished emotional characteristics groups: "emotional difficulties disposition group" (mainly females; highest emotion regulation difficulties, depression and anxiety scores; by trend highest arousal), "low emotional awareness group" (exclusively males; lowest awareness regarding currently experienced emotions; by trend intermediate arousal), and a "low emotional difficulties group" (exclusively females; lowest values throughout). No age effect was shown. Results suggest that arousal elicited by facial expressions and words are specialized parts of a greater emotional processing system and that typically developing adults show some kind of stable, modality-unspecific dispositional baseline of emotional arousal. Emotional awareness and clarity, and impulse control probably are trait aspects of emotion regulation that influence emotional arousal in typically developing adults and can be regarded as aspects of meta-emotion. Different emotional personality styles were shown between as well as within gender groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deckert
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schmoeger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Auff
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Willinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Varo C, Jiménez E, Solé B, Bonnín CM, Torrent C, Lahera G, Benabarre A, Saiz PA, de la Fuente L, Martínez-Arán A, Vieta E, Reinares M. Social cognition in bipolar disorder: the role of sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive variables in emotional intelligence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139:369-380. [PMID: 30786002 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aims of this study were to examine the differences in the Emotional Intelligence (EI), the emotional domain of social cognition (SC), between euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls (HC) and to evaluate the contribution of sociodemographic, clinical, and neuropsychological variables to EI. METHODS We recruited 202 patients with BD and 50 HC. EI was evaluated using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). The sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive variables that showed a significant association with EI were entered into hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS BD patients obtained significantly lower scores compared to HC in the Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EIQ) and in the Understanding Emotions branch score. The best fitting model for the variables associated with EI in the patients group was a linear combination of gender, estimated IQ, family history of affective diagnosis, and executive function. The model, including these previous variables, explained up to 27.6% of the observed variance (R2 = 0.276, F = 16.406, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The identification of variables associated with deficit in EI, such as male gender, lower estimated IQ, family history of affective diagnosis. and lower executive function performance, may help in selecting treatment targets to improve SC, and especially EI, in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Varo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Solé
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C M Bonnín
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C Torrent
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - G Lahera
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, IRyCIS, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Benabarre
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P A Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, INEUROPA, Oviedo, Spain.,Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - L de la Fuente
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, CIBERSAM Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, INEUROPA, Oviedo, Spain.,Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Arán
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Reinares
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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38
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Newman K, Quigley L, Fernandez A, Dobson K, Sears C. Concurrent and Prospective Relations Between Attentional Biases for Emotional Images and Relapse to Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Kostovičová L. The Differential Effects of Good Luck Belief on Cognitive Performance in Boys and Girls. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 15:108-119. [PMID: 30915176 PMCID: PMC6396703 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v15i1.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that inducing a luck-related superstition leads to better performance on a variety of motor dexterity and cognitive tasks. However, some replication efforts have failed to succeed. At the same time, our previous findings suggest that the effect of good luck belief on cognitive performance interacts with gender. The present research aimed at replicating the study with a sample of adolescents among whom the superstitious beliefs are particularly prevalent. The participants (N = 99) were allocated to either a control or experimental group, and were asked to solve eight problems focused on cognitive reflection, conjunction fallacy, denominator neglect, and probabilistic reasoning. The experimental manipulation negatively affected boys' performance. Yet, it facilitated performance in girls via increase in their self-efficacy, measured as subjective estimate of future success in the tasks. Thus, gender seems to moderate the effect of luck-related belief on solutions to cognitive problems, which are an important part of our day-to-day decisions. Given initial gender gap in the present tasks, the crucial question to be addressed in future research is possibility of gender being a proxy for prior competence. It would imply that good luck beliefs might help low scorers, for instance in becoming less anxious and more confident, but could be harmful for high scorers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kostovičová
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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40
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Andric Petrovic S, Jerotic S, Mihaljevic M, Pavlovic Z, Ristic I, Soldatovic I, Maric NP. Sex differences in facial emotion recognition in health and psychotic disorders. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2019; 24:108-122. [PMID: 30789053 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1582411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies examining sex-differences in facial emotion recognition (FER) in psychosis yielded inconsistent results. Although females are considered to be superior in FER in health, it remains unclear whether the specific sex-difference is present in psychosis. We aimed to examine whether women and men differ in FER ability in health and in psychosis, and to explore potential sex differences in the illness' effects on FER. METHODS Remitted psychotic patients and controls were assessed using the CANTAB Emotion Recognition Task (ERT) examining accuracies/response latencies in identifying basic emotional expressions. General linear model was performed to assess the effects of group, sex and their interactions on ERT performance. RESULTS Healthy females showed FER advantage in comparison to healthy males, while the aforementioned sex-difference was not observed in remitted psychotic patients. Our results also demonstrated the existence of overall FER deficit in psychosis in comparison to healthy controls, as well as the differential illness' effects on the recognition accuracy of facial expression of anger in males and females-suggesting that females with psychotic disorders undergo more profound deterioration of FER ability than their male counterparts. CONCLUSION The assessment of sex-differences in FER and other important features of psychosis is important for better understanding of its neurobiological basis and for the development of targeted treatments for improved functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Jerotic
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marina Mihaljevic
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Zorana Pavlovic
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Ivan Ristic
- b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Ivan Soldatovic
- b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Nadja P Maric
- a Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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41
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Shalev I. Motivated Cue Integration in Alexithymia: Improving Interoception and Emotion Information Processing by Awareness-of-Sensation Techniques. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:329. [PMID: 31133902 PMCID: PMC6524402 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that alexithymia is the result of a multidomain, multidimensional failure of interoception. Whereas much of the literature addresses the cognitive and affective aspects of alexithymia, less is known about the association between the failure of interoception and the process of motivated cue integration. The theory of motivated cue integration integrates high-level control processes with low-level embodied and contextual cues, suggesting that selective attention to internal and contextual cues results in the creation of meaning that, in turn, influences judgment and action generation. Conceptualized as a special case of the cue integration problem, alexithymia may be associated with restricted access to emotional cues, indicating impaired connectivity between low-level embodied cues and top-down goals and values. This problem may also be viewed as a means substitution problem, indicating the individual's need for alternative multisensory information. Based on this reasoning, interventions that exploit awareness-of-sensation techniques (e.g., mindfulness, experiential approach, focusing) may help to improve the distinction between bodily sensation and interpretation and to create meaning of situational state by substitution of inaccessible affective cues with alternative cues. Accordingly, clinicians and neuropsychologists can help individuals who suffer from alexithymia by training them to use awareness-of-sensation techniques and directing their attention to alternative multisensory cues as well as alternative cognitive configurations (e.g., mental images). Integrating peripheral cues in the moment-by-moment generation of meaning and self-regulation can improve affective judgment through the exchange of inaccessible affective cues with alternative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Shalev
- Laboratory for Embodiment and Self-Regulation, Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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42
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Hornung J, Noack H, Kogler L, Derntl B. Exploring the fMRI based neural correlates of the dot probe task and its modulation by sex and body odor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:87-96. [PMID: 30216766 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The dot probe task implicitly cues attention via emotional information, an effect which is especially pronounced for threat-related cues. However, several questions remain unexplored. The first one is whether chemosignals like the androgen-derivative androstadienone can influence such attentional biases. Second, few studies have addressed sex differences regarding attentional biases. Finally, the neural correlates of these potential behavioral effects based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are not known. In two experiments we aimed to answer these questions. A total of 159 healthy individuals (58 oral-contraceptive-users, 42 luteal women, 59 men) were tested. In experiment 1 (behavioral study) we examined attentional biases behaviorally, while in experiment 2 (fMRI study) the dot probe task was complemented by fMRI. Our results provide robust evidence that in healthy participants fearful but not angry or happy faces lead to a strong general attentional bias. Elucidating the neural basis of this effects points to an early processing advantage in bilateral thalamus for valid compared to invalid cued fear. However, this finding was limited to those participants with the strongest attentional biases and was not linked to behavioral measures. Furthermore, no consistent sex or group differences existed neither did the putative human chemosignal androstadienone reliably modulate attentional biases or change neural processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hornung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hannes Noack
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Lead Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lydia Kogler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Lead Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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43
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Steele JR, George M, Cease MK, Fabri TL, Schlosser J. Not Always Black and White: The Effect of Race and Emotional Expression on Implicit Attitudes. SOCIAL COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2018.36.5.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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44
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Putting salient vocalizations in context: Adults' physiological arousal to emotive cues in domestic and external environments. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:25-32. [PMID: 30149085 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salient vocalizations are automatically processed and distinguished from emotionally irrelevant information. However, little is known of how contextual, gender and attentional variables interact to modulate physiological responses to salient emotive vocalizations. In this study, electrocardiogram (ECG) was utilized to investigate differences in peripheral nervous activity of men and women to infant cry (IC), infant laughter (IL) and adult cry (AC) in two different situational contexts: the domestic environment (DE) and the outside environment (OE). As the mental state of listeners can affect their response to vocalizations, a between-subject design was applied: one group was instructed to imagine being inside the scenes (Task 1: explicit task), and the other group was told to look at the scenes (Task 2: implicit task). Results revealed that females exhibited lower inter-beat interval (IBI) index in the OE condition, as compared to both males in OE and females in DE conditions, suggesting greater physiological arousal amongst females in response to vocalizations in an outside environment. Additionally, Task 1 revealed that males demonstrated higher Low Frequency/High Frequency (LFHF) index towards AC than IL. Task 2 showed the same association between these two sounds in females. The implicit task also elicited lower LFHF index in response to both IL and IC than control sound (CS), only amongst females. Findings highlight the important roles that contextual information and cognitive demand play in regulating physiological responses to salient emotive vocalizations. Integrated perspectives of physiological responses to emotive vocalizations that consider the influence of internal (adult mental states) and external (environment) contextual information will provide a better understanding of mechanisms underlying emotional processing of salient social cues.
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45
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Bodenschatz CM, Kersting A, Suslow T. Effects of Briefly Presented Masked Emotional Facial Expressions on Gaze Behavior: An Eye-Tracking Study. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:1432-1448. [PMID: 30032717 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118789041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Orientation of gaze toward specific regions of the face such as the eyes or the mouth helps to correctly identify the underlying emotion. The present eye-tracking study investigates whether facial features diagnostic of specific emotional facial expressions are processed preferentially, even when presented outside of subjective awareness. Eye movements of 73 healthy individuals were recorded while completing an affective priming task. Primes (pictures of happy, neutral, sad, angry, and fearful facial expressions) were presented for 50 ms with forward and backward masking. Participants had to evaluate subsequently presented neutral faces. Results of an awareness check indicated that participants were subjectively unaware of the emotional primes. No affective priming effects were observed but briefly presented emotional facial expressions elicited early eye movements toward diagnostic regions of the face. Participants oriented their gaze more rapidly to the eye region of the neutral mask after a fearful facial expression. After a happy facial expression, participants oriented their gaze more rapidly to the mouth region of the neutral mask. Moreover, participants dwelled longest on the eye region after a fearful facial expression, and the dwell time on the mouth region was longest for happy facial expressions. Our findings support the idea that briefly presented fearful and happy facial expressions trigger an automatic mechanism that is sensitive to the distribution of relevant facial features and facilitates the orientation of gaze toward them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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46
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Chen X, Yuan H, Zheng T, Chang Y, Luo Y. Females Are More Sensitive to Opponent's Emotional Feedback: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:275. [PMID: 30042666 PMCID: PMC6048193 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that females outperformed males in emotional information processing. The present study tested whether the female superiority in emotional information processing exists in a naturalistic social-emotional context, if so, what the temporal dynamics underlies. The behavioral and electrophysiological responses were recorded while participants were performing an interpersonal gambling game with opponents' facial emotions given as feedback. The results yielded that emotional cues modulated the influence of monetary feedback on outcome valuation. Critically, this modulation was more conspicuous in females: opponents' angry expressions increased females' risky tendency and decreased the amplitude of reward positivity (RewP) and feedback P300. These findings indicate that females are more sensitive to emotional expressions in real interpersonal interactions, which is manifested in both early motivational salience detection and late conscious cognitive appraisal stages of feedback processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Psychology in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Psychology in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Psychology in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingchao Chang
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Psychology in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Psychology in Shaanxi Province, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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47
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DeTore NR, Mueser KT, McGurk SR. What does the Managing Emotions branch of the MSCEIT add to the MATRICS consensus cognitive battery? Schizophr Res 2018; 197:414-420. [PMID: 29486955 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Managing Emotions branch of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT-ME) was included within the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) as the measure of social cognition, although limited research has examined its associations with psychosocial functioning in people with schizophrenia or other severe mental illnesses. This secondary analysis with 107 participants examined what the MSCEIT-ME contributes to our understanding of functioning in this population, and whether it uniquely predicts psychosocial functioning after controlling for performance on the other MCCB tests and negative symptoms. Performance on the MSCEIT-ME was significantly correlated with all three MCCP factors (processing speed, attention/working memory, learning) within schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and other mixed diagnoses groups. Better performance on MSCEIT-ME was associated with better psychosocial functioning on the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) in the schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder group, but not in the bipolar or other mixed diagnoses groups. In addition, in the schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder group, after controlling for demographic characteristics in stepwise multiple regression analyses, MSCEIT-ME was the only significant predictor of the QLS total score and the QLS interpersonal relations and intrapsychic foundations subscales, with none of the MCCB factors entering any of the regression models. The MSCEIT-ME may reflect a unique aspect of social cognition that is related to impaired psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia and is not tapped by the other cognitive tests on the MCCB. Further research on the MSCEIT-ME could provide unique insights into the social functioning problems in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R DeTore
- Boston University, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 940 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Kim T Mueser
- Boston University, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 940 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Susan R McGurk
- Boston University, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 940 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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48
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The human body odor compound androstadienone increases neural conflict coupled to higher behavioral costs during an emotional Stroop task. Neuroimage 2018; 171:364-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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49
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Daley RT, Sugarman MA, Shirk SD, O'Connor MK. Spared emotional perception in patients with Alzheimer's disease is associated with negative caregiver outcomes. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:595-602. [PMID: 28282729 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1286457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caregivers (CGs) for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often experience negative mental health and relationship outcomes. Additionally, emotional perception abilities are often compromised in early AD; the relationships between these deficits and CG outcomes are unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between emotional perception abilities in AD participants and CG well-being. METHODS Participants included 28 individuals with AD, their spousal CGs, and 30 older controls (OCs). Patients and controls completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Advanced Clinical Solutions: Social Perception subtest. CGs completed questionnaires related to relationship satisfaction, burden, depression, and patient neuropsychiatric symptoms and activities of daily living. RESULTS The patient group performed significantly worse than OCs on measures of cognition and emotional perception. Several significant relationships emerged between AD participant emotional perception and CG outcomes. Higher CG depression was associated with greater overall emotional perception abilities (r = .39, p = .041). Caregiver burden was positively correlated with AD participants' ability to label the emotional tones of voices (r = .47, p = .015). Relationship satisfaction was not significantly correlated with emotional perception. DISCUSSION This study replicated earlier findings of impaired emotional perception abilities in AD participants. However, preserved abilities in emotional perception were associated greater CG depression and burden. Interestingly, the CGs satisfaction with the marital relationship did not appear to be influenced by changes in emotional perception. Higher emotional engagement among couples in which one spouse has cognitive impairment may contribute to increased negative interactions and in turn a greater sense of burden and depression, while leaving the marital relationship preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Daley
- a Psychology Department , Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Bedford VAMC , Bedford , MA 01730 , USA
| | - Michael A Sugarman
- a Psychology Department , Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Bedford VAMC , Bedford , MA 01730 , USA
| | - Steven D Shirk
- a Psychology Department , Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Bedford VAMC , Bedford , MA 01730 , USA
| | - Maureen K O'Connor
- a Psychology Department , Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Bedford VAMC , Bedford , MA 01730 , USA
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50
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Li Q, Zhou S, Zheng Y, Liu X. Female Advantage in Automatic Change Detection of Facial Expressions During a Happy-Neutral Context: An ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:146. [PMID: 29725293 PMCID: PMC5917044 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in conscious emotional processing represent a well-known phenomenon. The present event-related potential (ERP) study examined sex differences in the automatic change detection of facial expressions, as indexed by the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN). As paid volunteers, 19 females and 19 males were presented peripherally with a passive emotional oddball sequence in a happy-neutral context and a fearful-neutral context while they performed a visual detection task in the center of the visual field. Both females and males showed comparable accuracy rates and reaction times in the primary detection task. Females relative to males showed a larger P1 for all facial expressions, as well as a more negative N170 and a less positive P2 for deviants vs. standards. During the early stage (100–200 ms), females displayed more negative vMMN responses to both happy and neutral faces than males over the occipito-temporal and fronto-central regions. During the late stage (250–350 ms), females relative to males exhibited more negative vMMN responses to both happy and neutral faces over the fronto-central and right occipito-temporal regions, but only more negative vMMN responses to happy faces over the left occipito-temporal region. In contrast, no sex differences were found for vMMN responses in the fearful-neutral context. These findings indicated a female advantage dynamically in the automatic neural processing of facial expressions during a happy-neutral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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