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Sapkota BD, Simkhada P, Newton D, Parker S. Domestic Violence Against Women in Nepal: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2703-2720. [PMID: 38288481 PMCID: PMC11370213 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231222230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to examine the factors that put women at risk of domestic violence in Nepal. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), PubMed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched supplemented by searching of the reference list manually. Of the 143 studies identified 24 were included in the final review. Search strategy was developed, and studies were included if they considered female participants (age 15-49 years) in heterosexual relationship, with exposure of different factors and whose outcomes were the magnitude of any form of violence (physical, sexual, and emotional/psychological). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the studies included. The findings are categorized based on the four levels of the ecological framework. At the individual level, the alcohol consumption level of husband, education level of both women and men, women's age at the time of marriage and childhood exposure to violence were found to be highly prevalent risk factors. At the relationship level, most prevalent risk factors were controlling husband and decision-making capacity of women. At the community level, belonging to underprivileged community or low caste system and living in Terai region were the risk factors. At the societal level, patriarchal belief and norms supporting violence were the risk factors. The complex nature of violence against women in Nepal requires culturally sensitive interventions along with organized efforts from the local and intra government to improve the status of Nepalese women at all levels of the ecological framework.
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Reyal HP, Dissanayake N, Gunarathna H, Soysa D, Fernando MS, Senarathna L. Association between individual-level socioeconomic factors and intimate partner violence victimisation in women: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080117. [PMID: 38503416 PMCID: PMC10952995 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health problem. Although both men and women experience IPV, the burden is more on women. To address IPV effectively, it is important to understand the factors that cause IPV including the socioeconomic factors. However, there is an inadequacy of knowledge on how socioeconomic factors at different levels affect IPV. Hence, the objective is to review the individual-level socioeconomic factors associated with IPV victimisation of women and girls. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The search strategy was developed to identify publications from January 2010 to 30 June 2024. The selected electronic databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct will be searched. The eligibility criteria for data collection are based on participants/population (women and girls), exposure (socioeconomic factors) and outcome (IPV). In primary search, the title and abstracts will be screened and reference lists of selected articles will be screened for additional studies. Two researchers will independently screen the articles, and in any disagreements, a third researcher will be consulted. The data will be tabulated to present the study and participant characteristics, comparison descriptors between victims and non-victims, inclusion and exclusion criteria, primary and secondary outcomes data, results, limitations and implications. A quality assessment will be performed on the selected studies to avoid bias. A narrative synthesis will summarise the findings. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was waived because only secondary data are used. The protocol will be published, and the findings will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022373535.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizana Parween Reyal
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayomi Dissanayake
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Harsha Gunarathna
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | - Dilukshi Soysa
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Lalith Senarathna
- Department of Health Promotion, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale, Sri Lanka
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Mojahed A, Alaidarous N, Shabta H, Hegewald J, Garthus-Niegel S. Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the Arab Countries: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:390-407. [PMID: 32878586 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020953099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) profoundly damages physical, sexual, reproductive, and psychological health, as well as social well-being of individuals and families. We sought in this systematic review to examine the risk factors according to the integrative ecological theoretical framework for IPV for women living in the Arab countries. We searched Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS, supplemented by hand searching of reference lists. A research strategy was developed and observational studies were included if they considered female participants (age ≥13) in heterosexual relationships, estimates of potential risk factors of IPV, and IPV as a primary outcome. We conducted a narrative synthesis of the risk factors data from 30 cross-sectional studies. Factors associated with increased IPV against women were extracted and categorized into four levels according to the updated integrative ecological model. At the individual level, risk factors were either related to victims or perpetrators of IPV. Factors relating to marriage, conflict within the family, etc., were explored and included within the family level, whereas factors relating to the extended family and the nature of marriage were included in the community level. Finally, risk factors relating to the cultural context that are influenced by the political and religious backgrounds were included in the societal level. The complex structure of violence against women in the Arab world calls for socioculturally sensitive interventions, which should be accompanied by systematic and structured work aimed at improving Arab women's status at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amera Mojahed
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, 39063Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Nada Alaidarous
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, 6221University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hanade Shabta
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8125Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Janice Hegewald
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, 39063Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, 39063Dresden University of Technology, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, 39063Medical School Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Abdel-Salam DM, ALruwaili B, Osman DM, Alazmi MMM, ALghayyadh SAM, Al-sharari RGZ, Mohamed RA. Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence among Women Attending Different Primary Health Centers in Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010598. [PMID: 35010864 PMCID: PMC8744963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious and widespread problem worldwide. IPV can seriously influence the physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health of women as well as the welfare of their children. In the Middle East, IPV is pervasive and widely acceptable. The present study was done to determine the prevalence and correlates of IPV among women attending different primary health centers in the Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 403 Saudi women attending different primary health centers in the Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. A structured anonymous questionnaire was distributed to the targeted population during a face-to-face interview. Data analysis was done using the SPSS program, version 24. Results: The present study showed that 30.3% of the participants had been exposed to IPV over the last year. Concerning the types of violence, the present study revealed that emotional violence is the highest followed by physical and then sexual violence representing 92.6%, 67.2%, and 44.3%, respectively. The significant predictors of IPV were women with one to three children (OR = 7.322, p-value = 0.006), women with four children or more (OR = 13.463, p-value = 0.006), and women married to husbands with aggressive behavior (OR = 98.703, p-value < 0.001). Not taking the approval on marriage was significantly associated with more exposure to violence (OR = 3.190, p-value = 0.042). In addition, husband smoking status was a significant predictor for IPV (OR = 2.774, p-value = 0.012). However, women married to alcoholic drinkers had a significantly lower risk for exposure to IPV (OR = 0.108, p-value = 0.040). On the other hand, women’s age, marital status, women’s educational level, monthly income in RS, perception of income sufficiency, marriage duration, the age difference between women and their husband, and drug abuse status of the husband were not significant predictors of IPV (p-value ≥ 0.05). Sociocultural effects were the most frequent reason for IPV as reported by the participants (57.4%). The most common consequences of IPV were psychological problems (75.4%) and injuries (42.6%). Women’s reactions to IPV were leaving home (32.8%) or no reaction (36.8%) to retain their marriage. Conclusions: IPV remains an important public health problem among married women in this study area. Urgent interventions including educational and screening programs for Saudi women are required to mitigate the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M. Abdel-Salam
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bashayer ALruwaili
- Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Doaa Mohamed Osman
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Maha Mamluh M. Alazmi
- College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.M.A.); (S.A.M.A.); (R.G.Z.A.-s.)
| | | | | | - Rehab A. Mohamed
- Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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Maor M, Ataika M, Shvartzman P, Lavie Ajayi M. "I Had to Rediscover Our Healthy Food": An Indigenous Perspective on Coping with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010159. [PMID: 35010422 PMCID: PMC8750381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is disproportionally prevalent among the Bedouin minority in Israel, with especially poor treatment outcomes compared to other indigenous groups. This study uses the perspective of the Bedouins themselves to explore the distinct challenges they face, as well as their coping strategies. The study is based on an interpretive interactionist analysis of 49 semi-structured interviews with Bedouin men and women. The findings of the analysis include three themes. First, physical inequality: the Bedouin community's way of coping is mediated by the transition to a semi-urban lifestyle under stressful conditions that include the experience of land dispossession and the rupture of caring relationships. Second, social inequality: they experience an inaccessibility to healthcare due to economic problems and a lack of suitable informational resources. Third, unique resources for coping with T2DM: interviewees use elements of local culture, such as religious practices or small enclaves of traditional lifestyles, to actively cope with T2DM. This study suggests that there is a need to expand the concept of active coping to include indigenous culture-based ways of coping (successfully) with chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Maor
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Moflah Ataika
- Clalit Health Services, Siaal Research Center for Family and Primary Care, Division of Community Health, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Pesach Shvartzman
- Pain and Palliative Care Unit, Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Division of Community Health, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Maya Lavie Ajayi
- Gender Studies, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
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Perry MA, Edwards E. Differential diagnosis of metabolic disease in a commingled sample from 19th century Hisban, Jordan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 33:220-233. [PMID: 34004547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research attempts a differential diagnosis of skeletal lesions in a commingled sample from Hisban, Jordan, focusing on non-adults in the assemblage. MATERIALS 2,883 well-preserved skeletal elements and 9 relatively complete skulls representing an MNI of 32 non-adults (<18 years old). METHODS All skeletal elements were observed macroscopically and pathophysiological processes underlying any lesions or other anomalies were assessed, followed by a comparative approach to rule out potential diagnoses. RESULTS The skeletal lesions observed were caused by inflammation due to chronic hemorrhaging, marrow hyperplasia due to an increase in hemopoiesis, rapid bone growth, and the impact of biomechanical strain on poorly mineralized elements. Rickets, scurvy, and acquired anemias best fit this pattern of lesions, although inflammation from other sources such as trauma or infection could not be definitively ruled out. CONCLUSIONS The in utero and postnatal environments at Hisban were conducive to the development of vitamin C and D deficiencies from birth until 2 years of age. The analysis of commingled remains requires an ontological shift in the importance of the individual to the population in paleopathology. SIGNIFICANCE This investigation demonstrates the efficacy of a combined biological and comparative approach in differential diagnosis in complicated commingled collections. In addition, it emphasizes the importance of the mother-infant dyad in understanding metabolic disease. LIMITATIONS Histological and radiographic analyses were not included in this diagnostic study due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Isotopic analysis to investigate childhood diet and histological and radiographic analyses to assess survival of deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Perry
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
| | - Emily Edwards
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
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Afrouz R, Crisp BR, Taket A. Seeking Help in Domestic Violence Among Muslim Women in Muslim-Majority and Non-Muslim-Majority Countries: A Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:551-566. [PMID: 29911507 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018781102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women from different backgrounds and cultures are at risk of domestic violence. Disclosing the abusive experience and seeking help is not straightforward and easy and might be a complicated and long-term process. Muslim women, like other groups of women, may face various barriers to disclose abusive relationships and for seeking help. Some of the barriers may be common for the majority of Muslim women in different contexts, while others might be related to women's situations and the wider society they live. To identify these barriers and make recommendations for future studies, this article reviews related papers conducted in both Muslim-majority and non-Muslim-majority countries. METHOD A critical systematic review of the literature was conducted for identifying Muslim women's barriers in disclosing abuse and seeking help. RESULTS Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The main identified barriers are discussed into under four themes: social context, family context, individual factors, and expectations of service providers. CONCLUSIONS Although the researchers tried to investigate various barriers in seeking help, many of them have not focused on structural obstacles. Besides, in many Muslim-majority countries, the issue has not been explored. Therefore, the results of the current article will not apply to those countries. Recommendation for future research comprises more qualitative research compatible with the women's cultures and backgrounds in different societies, focusing more on structural and cultural factors to explore and find women's barriers to seek help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojan Afrouz
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beth R Crisp
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann Taket
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Daoud N, Berger-Polsky A, Abu-Kaf S, Sagy S. Sense of coherence among Bedouin women in polygamous marriages compared to women in monogamous marriages. Women Health 2020; 60:43-59. [PMID: 31068120 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2019.1610826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared sense of coherence (SOC) among Bedouin women in polygamous with those in monogamous marriages. SOC is a global orientation toward life as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful, and is derived from generalized resistance resources that promote effective coping in stressful life situations. Strong SOC may be a resource for strengthening resilience and promoting health. We administered questionnaires to 464 Indigenous Arab Bedouin women (ages 18-49 years) in 2008-2009 using the 13-item SOC questionnaire. Contrary to our hypothesis, SOC was higher among women in polygamous compared to monogamous marriages. Husband's education, husband's abandonment of the household, living in unrecognized villages, and low mastery (perception of one's ability to control life situations) were associated with higher SOC. These results might suggest that polygamy may provoke new coping mechanisms among women as they reappraise life amidst low mastery, accept cultural norms, and marshal new resources, thereby increasing key elements of SOC, including comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. Interventions and services seeking to empower women in polygamous marriages should build on their resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaya Daoud
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexandra Berger-Polsky
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Sarah Abu-Kaf
- Conflict Management & Resolution Program, Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shifra Sagy
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Hermon N, Wainstock T, Sheiner E, Golan A, Walfisch A. Impact of maternal depression on perinatal outcomes in hospitalized women-a prospective study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2019; 22:85-91. [PMID: 29968130 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-018-0883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Scarce data exists regarding the prevalence of antenatal depression in hospitalized pregnant women, and its effect on perinatal outcome. We aimed to estimate the risk of maternal depression among women hospitalized in a high-risk pregnancy department, and to evaluate its potential association with adverse perinatal outcome. A depression screening self-questionnaire-based prospective study was performed, in which hospitalized pregnant women who screened positive for depression were compared to those who screened negative. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used for antenatal depression screening. Pregnancy course and perinatal outcome were compared between the groups. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to control for clinically relevant confounders. During the study period, 279 women met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 28.3% (n = 79) screened positive for depression (≥ 10 points on the EPDS). In the univariate analysis, a significantly higher incidence of preterm delivery (< 37 weeks), low birthweight (< 2500 g), low Apgar scores (at 1 and 5 min), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions were noted among the screen positive group. In the multivariate regression model, controlled for maternal age, ethnicity, gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, past preterm delivery, and gestational age upon admission, maternal antenatal depression during hospitalization was noted as an independent risk factor for preterm delivery (adjusted OR 3.32, 95%CI 1.16-9.52, p = 0.026). Maternal antenatal depression during hospitalization is very common and appears to play a significant and independent role in the prediction of preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narkis Hermon
- Joyce and Irving Goldman Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Tamar Wainstock
- The Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eyal Sheiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Agneta Golan
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Asnat Walfisch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Crabtree-Nelson S, Vincent NJ, Shalabi I. Exploring the Experience of Arab American and Arab Immigrant Women With Intimate Partner Violence. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:918-931. [PMID: 30567873 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-17-00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a study resulting from of a university-community partnership. The faculty of the university and the executive director of local community agency serving the local Arab American and Arab immigrant community had a shared interest in looking at the unique experiences and needs of Arab women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). This led to a qualitative research project in which 25 Arab American women were interviewed about their experience with IPV. Contextual themes emerged related to cultural context, community response, and survival resilience. Implications for practice and direction for future research are discussed.
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Barnawi FH. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Domestic Violence Against Women Attending a Primary Care Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2017; 32:1171-1186. [PMID: 26021859 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515587669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence (DV) against women can negatively affect the physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health of the women as well as the well-being of their children. The objective was to estimate among Saudi women the prevalence of different types of DV, to identify its associated risk factors, and to determine the immediate victims' reactions to such violence. A cross-sectional study was carried between March and July, 2011. Self-administrated questionnaire was administered to ever-married Saudi women attending Al-Wazarat primary health care center, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Out of the 720 women studied, 144 (20%) reported exposure to DV over the last year. The most common DV types were emotional (69%), social (34%), economic (26%), physical (20%), and sexual violence (10%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following characteristics were independently associated with DV: younger women age, longer duration of marriage, higher women education, lower husband education, working husbands, military occupation, fewer children, husbands with multiple wives, smoking husbands, aggressive husbands, presence of chronic disease in women or husbands, and non-sufficient family income. The most common impacts of DV on women were medical or behavioral problems (72%) and psychiatric problems (58%). The most common reactions to DV were seeking separation (56%) and doing nothing (41%). More than 90% of children of abused women suffered psychological or behavioral problems. In conclusion, DV against Saudi women is considerable and the response is generally passive. Promoting a culture non-tolerant to DV and providing accessible, effective, and trustful social services to abused women are critically needed.
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Erez E, Ibarra PR, Gur OM. At the Intersection of Private and Political Conflict Zones: Policing Domestic Violence in the Arab Community in Israel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2015; 59:930-963. [PMID: 24831799 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14532602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses the challenges posed by state intervention in a multicultural society characterized by intense political conflict, juxtaposing the voices of batterers, victims, community members, and the officials who are involved in policing domestic violence (DV) in the Arab community in Israel. A meta-analysis of interview-based data excerpts appearing in published studies shows how the response to DV in the Arab community, though consistent with Israeli law and policy, creates a sense of paralysis for the police and frustration for the parties to the violence as well as the affected communities. The cultural, social, and political forces that underlie the dynamics, tensions, and pressures experienced by the various parties are analyzed in the context of everyday life amid concerns about the Israeli-Arab conflict. The implications for policing DV in minority communities, and for police-community relations in political conflict zones, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Erez
- University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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Buchbinder E, Barakat R. Self-Determination in Intervention With Battered Arab Women in Community Health Clinics in Israel. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2014.987922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Daoud N, Braun-Lewensohn O, Eriksson M, Sagy S. Sense of coherence and depressive symptoms among low-income Bedouin women in the Negev Israel. J Ment Health 2014; 23:307-311. [PMID: 25188747 DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2014.951475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher sense of coherence (SOC) has been associated with lower depression in Western societies; however, it is not clear whether this association manifests similarly in non-Western cultural contexts. AIMS To examine the associations between different levels of SOC and depressive symptoms (DS) among indigenous-minority Arab Bedouin women in Israel and explore possible explanatory variables for this association. METHODS We conducted face-to-face interviews with 464 women (aged 18-49 years). DS was measured based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. We used the SOC-13 questionnaire and conducted path analysis using Structural Equation Modeling to examine the contribution of two levels of SOC (low/high) to predict DS beyond psychological resources and socioeconomic position. RESULTS The mean score of SOC was 3.42, standard deviation (SD) = 1.15. While high SOC (mean = 4.38, SD = 0.66, range = 3.5-6.38) was positively and significantly associated with DS (r = 0.46), SOC was not associated (r = 0.02) with DS in the low SOC group (mean = 2.4, SD = 0.56, range = 1-3.42). CONCLUSIONS Relationships between high versus low SOC and DS among Bedouin women differ from those found in Western societies. This raises questions about the use of SOC as a universal tool in different cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaya Daoud
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
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Gottlieb N, Feder-Bubis P. Dehomed: the impacts of house demolitions on the well-being of women from the unrecognized Bedouin-Arab villages in the Negev/Israel. Health Place 2014; 29:146-53. [PMID: 25090105 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-five Bedouin-Arab villages in South Israel are regarded illegal settlements by the state. Consequently, the residents׳ homes are subject to demolition. Based on 12 semi-structured multiple-participant interviews, this paper examines the house demolitions׳ impacts on women, in the context of gendered constructions of social roles and space. It highlights that the marginalized position of Arab-Bedouin women - as women in a patriarchal community, as members of a minority within Israeli society, and as residents of an "invisible" settlement - contributes to the devastating effects of the house demolitions. In particular, the study׳s results show that the house demolitions inflict severe personal and collective trauma, amplified by women׳s primary role as mothers. Paradoxically, the very same role also becomes a source of resilience and political resistance, as women act to defend a sense of home and restore family life in the face of state violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gottlieb
- Department of Health System Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Paula Feder-Bubis
- Department of Health System Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
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16
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Ergöçmen BA, Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu İ, Jansen HAFMH. Intimate partner violence and the relation between help-seeking behavior and the severity and frequency of physical violence among women in Turkey. Violence Against Women 2014; 19:1151-74. [PMID: 24142955 DOI: 10.1177/1077801213498474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the severity and frequency of physical violence from an intimate partner experienced by 15- to 59-year-old women and their help-seeking behavior by using data from the "National Research on Domestic Violence Against Women in Turkey." Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare the relationship between severity and frequency of violence and women's characteristics. Of all ever-partnered women, 36% have been exposed to partner violence; almost half of these experienced severe types of violence. Women used informal strategies to manage the violence instead of seeking help from formal institutions. Help-seeking behavior increases with increased severity and frequency of violence.
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17
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Buchbinder E, Barakat R. Between the empowered self and the social costs: Arab abused women's perceptions of their relationship with social workers in community health clinics in Israel. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2014; 53:398-413. [PMID: 24717186 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2014.884039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abused women seek help from medicine services extensively. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 married Arab-Israeli abused women about their relationships with social workers in community health clinics. Analysis reveals that women's evaluation of the impact of encounters with social workers is bipolar. On one pole are the difficulties and stressors derived from the cultural limitations that are placed on their ability to bring changes. On the other pole are the benefits--awareness in coping with repressive social powers and empowerment as competent choosers. The discussion elaborates the conflicts and paradoxes inherent in the nature of the interventions with abused women in a collectivistic culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Buchbinder
- a School of Social Work , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
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18
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Spencer RA, Shahrouri M, Halasa L, Khalaf I, Clark CJ. Women's help seeking for intimate partner violence in Jordan. Health Care Women Int 2013; 35:380-99. [PMID: 23998703 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2013.815755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about Jordanian women's help seeking for intimate partner violence (IPV), despite local and international investment in victim services. Using a clinic based survey (n = 517; response rate 70%) and focus group discussions (FGDs, n = 17) we explored Jordanian women's nonfamily help seeking for physical or sexual IPV. We evaluated survey data using bivariate and multivariate regression and examined FGD transcripts using open coding methodology. Nonfamily help seeking was uncommon, an option only in serious circumstances after familial help was ineffective, and correlated with violence severity and relative violence. Nonfamily resources are underutilized but critical for vulnerable Jordanian women.
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19
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Howard LM, Oram S, Galley H, Trevillion K, Feder G. Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2013; 10:e1001452. [PMID: 23723741 PMCID: PMC3665851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic violence in the perinatal period is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, but evidence is limited on its association with perinatal mental disorders. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and odds of having experienced domestic violence among women with antenatal and postnatal mental disorders (depression and anxiety disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], eating disorders, and psychoses). METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO reference CRD42012002048). Data sources included searches of electronic databases (to 15 February 2013), hand searches, citation tracking, update of a review on victimisation and mental disorder, and expert recommendations. Included studies were peer-reviewed experimental or observational studies that reported on women aged 16 y or older, that assessed the prevalence and/or odds of having experienced domestic violence, and that assessed symptoms of perinatal mental disorder using a validated instrument. Two reviewers screened 1,125 full-text papers, extracted data, and independently appraised study quality. Odds ratios were pooled using meta-analysis. Sixty-seven papers were included. Pooled estimates from longitudinal studies suggest a 3-fold increase in the odds of high levels of depressive symptoms in the postnatal period after having experienced partner violence during pregnancy (odds ratio 3.1, 95% CI 2.7-3.6). Increased odds of having experienced domestic violence among women with high levels of depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in the antenatal and postnatal periods were consistently reported in cross-sectional studies. No studies were identified on eating disorders or puerperal psychosis. Analyses were limited because of study heterogeneity and lack of data on baseline symptoms, preventing clear findings on causal directionality. CONCLUSIONS High levels of symptoms of perinatal depression, anxiety, and PTSD are significantly associated with having experienced domestic violence. High-quality evidence is now needed on how maternity and mental health services should address domestic violence and improve health outcomes for women and their infants in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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20
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Assaf S, Chaban S. Domestic Violence Against Single, Never-Married Women in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Violence Against Women 2013; 19:422-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801213486330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association between decision-making power, with other background variables, and domestic violence against single, never-married women in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT). Secondary analysis using data from a 2006 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics domestic violence survey revealed that decision-making power and age were significant predictors of physical and psychological abuse. Relation to household head, refugee status, education, employment, and locality were not significant; region was only significant for psychological abuse. Further studies are needed to understand what factors allow single, never-married women to exercise decision-making power in the household and its association with domestic violence.
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Gottlieb N, Belmaker I, Bilenko N, Davidovitch N. Bedouin-Arab women's access to antenatal care at the interface of physical and structural barriers: A pilot study. Glob Public Health 2011; 6:643-56. [PMID: 20521192 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2010.482534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since 2000, the Israeli Public Health Services have established eight Maternal-and-Child-Health (MCH) stations in unrecognised Bedouin-Arab villages in South Israel in order to reduce barriers to healthcare. The goals of this pilot study were: (1) to explore the new MCH stations' impact on antenatal care (ANC) accessibility; and (2) to compare access to ANC between women from villages with MCH stations and women from villages without MCH stations. The study combined quantitative and qualitative methods including structured interviews with 174 MCH service users, review of 158 ANC records and 16 in-depth interviews with Bedouin-Arab women. The establishment of MCH stations in unrecognised villages has improved physical access to ANC and secondarily diminished other barriers related to financial and sociocultural dimensions of women's access to healthcare, thus enhancing women's options for independent healthcare-seeking; yet, limited opening hours, staff shortages and communication problems hamper ANC delivery at the new MCH stations. This pilot study indicates that the MCH stations' establishment in unrecognised villages was a successful intervention, which improved women's access to ANC. Even though current service delivery challenges need to be overcome to achieve the intervention's full potential, its replication should be considered in further villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gottlieb
- Department for Health System Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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22
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Bandyopadhyay M, Small R, Watson LF, Brown S. Life with a new baby: how do immigrant and Australian-born women's experiences compare? Aust N Z J Public Health 2010; 34:412-21. [PMID: 20649783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about immigrant mothers' experiences of life with a new baby, apart from studies on maternal depression. Our objective was to compare the post-childbirth experiences of Australian-born and immigrant mothers from non-English speaking countries. METHODS A postal survey of recent mothers at six months postpartum in Victoria (August 2000 to February 2002), enabled comparison of experiences of life with a new baby for two groups of immigrant women: those born overseas in non-English-speaking countries who reported speaking English very well (n=460); and those born overseas in non-English-speaking countries who reported speaking English less than very well (n=184) and Australian-born women (n=9,796). RESULTS Immigrant women were more likely than Australian-born women to be breastfeeding at six months and were equally confident in caring for their baby and talking to health providers. No differences were found in anxiety or relationship problems with partners. However, compared with Australian-born women, immigrant mothers less proficient in English did have a higher prevalence of depression (28.8% vs 15%) and were more likely to report wanting more practical (65.2% vs 55.4%) and emotional (65.2% vs 44.1%) support. They were more likely to have no 'time out' from baby care (47% vs 28%) and to report feeling lonely and isolated (39% vs 17%). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Immigrant mothers less proficient in English appear to face significant additional challenges post-childbirth. Greater awareness of these challenges may help to improve the responsiveness of health and support services for women after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Bandyopadhyay
- Mother and Child Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria.
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23
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Clark CJ, Silverman JG, Shahrouri M, Everson-Rose S, Groce N. The role of the extended family in women's risk of intimate partner violence in Jordan. Soc Sci Med 2010; 70:144-51. [PMID: 19837499 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The extended family as a potential cause of and protection against intimate partner violence (IPV) remains relatively unstudied. This mixed-methods study used focus group discussions (FGDs) and a clinic-based survey to investigate several family-based risk and protective factors associated with women's risk of IPV in Jordan. Seventeen FGDs (total number of participants = 105) were conducted with women in Amman. Each transcript was coded for categories using open coding methodology and mapping. Relevant categories and subcategories were family support, family interference, family abuse, exposure to violence in childhood, and place of residence. For the survey, systematic probability proportionate to size methodology was used to select a sample of 517 literate, ever married, women from seven reproductive health clinics located throughout the country (response rate = < or = 70%); due to missing data, the analytic sample was restricted to 418 women. Measures assessed the categories mentioned above. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between IPV and the main predictors of interest (residence, family interference, family violence, exposure to violence as a child, and family support). The combined results of the FGDs and the survey demonstrated that the respondent's husband's exposure to violence in childhood and violence perpetrated by other family members were risk factors for IPV. Family interference was also significantly related to IPV but only when the respondent identified the interference as harmful to her relationship. Residence with the respondent's in-laws demonstrated mixed effects. A supportive family was protective against IPV, although the FGDs revealed that families were not always an effective source of assistance. Findings demonstrate the continued role of the wife's and husband's kin in women's risk of IPV in Jordan, highlighting the importance of a broader view of the context of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari Jo Clark
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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24
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Cwikel J, Segal-Engelchin D, Mendlinger S. Mothers’ Coping Styles During Times of Chronic Security Stress: Effect on Health Status. Health Care Women Int 2010; 31:131-52. [DOI: 10.1080/07399330903141245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Clark CJ, Hill A, Jabbar K, Silverman JG. Violence during pregnancy in Jordan: its prevalence and associated risk and protective factors. Violence Against Women 2009; 15:720-35. [PMID: 19269932 DOI: 10.1177/1077801209332191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study estimates the lifetime prevalence of physical violence during pregnancy and examines risk and protective factors among women (N = 390) attending reproductive health clinics in Jordan. Approximately 15% reported physical violence during pregnancy. The husband was the sole perpetrator in 83% of the cases. A high frequency of quarreling, the husband's use of alcohol, attitudes supportive of a woman's duty to obey her husband, infrequent communication between the respondent and her family, and exposure to violence as a child increased the risk of violence. Consanguinity (marriage to a blood relative) and higher education levels were protective against violence during pregnancy.
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26
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Lev-Wiesel R, Chen R, Daphna-Tekoah S, Hod M. Past Traumatic Events: Are They a Risk Factor for High-Risk Pregnancy, Delivery Complications, and Postpartum Posttraumatic Symptoms? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009; 18:119-25. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lev-Wiesel
- Professor and Head of the Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, Faculty of Welfare and Health Studies, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roni Chen
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
| | | | - Moshe Hod
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
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27
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Akmatov MK, Mikolajczyk RT, Labeeb S, Dhaher E, Khan MM. Factors associated with wife beating in Egypt: analysis of two surveys (1995 and 2005). BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2008; 8:15. [PMID: 18801155 PMCID: PMC2556994 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-8-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Wife beating is an important public health problem in many developing countries. We assessed the rates of wife beating and examined factors associated with wife beating in 1995 and 2005 in Egypt. Methods We used data from two Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Egypt in 1995 and 2005 using multistage household sampling. Data related to wife beating included information from 7122 women in 1995 and 5612 women in 2005. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors independently associated with wife beating. Special weights were used to obtain nationally representative estimates. Results In 1995 17.5% of married women in Egypt experienced wife beating in the last 12 months, in 2005 – 18.9% or 16.0%, using different measures. The association between socio-demographic differentials and wife beating was weaker in the newer survey. The 12-month prevalence of wife beating was lower only when both partners were educated, but the differences across education levels were less pronounced in 2005. Based on the information available in the 2005 survey, more educated women experienced less severe forms of wife beating than less educated women. Conclusion Different measures used in both surveys make a direct comparison difficult. The observed patterns indicate that the changes in prevalence may be masked by two opposite processes occurring in the society: a decrease in (severe forms of) wife beating and an increase in reporting of wife beating. Improving the access to education for women and raising education levels in the whole society may help reducing wife beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas K Akmatov
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
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28
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Huss E, Cwikel J. Embodied drawings as expressions of distress among impoverished single Bedouin mothers. Arch Womens Ment Health 2008; 11:137-47. [PMID: 18493707 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-008-0007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates how marginalized, Bedouin, single mothers define pain through different depictions of their bodies and their embodied experience. Using visual data generated through an empowerment group with single Bedouin women living in the Negev, illustrative pictures were selected. The potential of drawing as an indirect, but deeply communicative symbolic vehicle with which to express the women's pain and struggle as marginalized and impoverished women is demonstrated through themes that emerged from a content analysis of the women's art and their verbal comments about what they had drawn. A central theme identified pain due to painful life circumstances, rather than due to inherent sickness or weakness. Other themes identified included the body as a site for cultural transition, power negations with men, intellectual development, and the struggles of motherhood. This shows how the visual depiction of pain on the page offers a socially critical, yet potentially mental health promoting medium that locates women's distress, not as the result of personal and physical weakness, but as the result of social oppression. The implications for the use of art with socially marginalized women are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrat Huss
- The Center for Women's Health Studies and Promotion at Ben Gurion, University of the Negev, PO Box 653 Beer Sheva, Israel.
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29
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Mendlinger S, Cwikel J. Spiraling between qualitative and quantitative data on women's health behaviors: a double helix model for mixed methods. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2008; 18:280-93. [PMID: 18216346 DOI: 10.1177/1049732307312392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A double helix spiral model is presented which demonstrates how to combine qualitative and quantitative methods of inquiry in an interactive fashion over time. Using findings on women's health behaviors (e.g., menstruation, breast-feeding, coping strategies), we show how qualitative and quantitative methods highlight the theory of knowledge acquisition in women's health decisions. A rich data set of 48 semistructured, in-depth ethnographic interviews with mother-daughter dyads from six ethnic groups (Israeli, European, North African, Former Soviet Union [FSU], American/Canadian, and Ethiopian), plus seven focus groups, provided the qualitative sources for analysis. This data set formed the basis of research questions used in a quantitative telephone survey of 302 Israeli women from the ages of 25 to 42 from four ethnic groups. We employed multiple cycles of data analysis from both data sets to produce a more detailed and multidimensional picture of women's health behavior decisions through a spiraling process.
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30
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Boy A, Kulczycki A. What We Know About Intimate Partner Violence in the Middle East and North Africa. Violence Against Women 2008; 14:53-70. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801207311860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about intimate partner violence in the Middle East and North Africa. This review synthesizes and critically evaluates the literature. Of 59 studies found, only 21 reported data on the prevalence of such violence or on beliefs regarding its justification, covering just 9 countries. Spousal abuse is pervasive and widely accepted. Victims are of all ages and are more likely to be rural and less educated. National data from Egypt and Jordan indicate almost 9 in 10 ever-married women accept at least one reason for wife beating. Change is possible but will require increased research, coalition building, and intervention efforts.
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31
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Huss E. Shifting Spaces and Lack of Spaces: Impoverished Bedouin Women's Experience of Cultural Transition through Arts-Based Research. VISUAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08949460701688973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Leshem M, Saadi A, Alem N, Hendi K. Enhanced salt appetite, diet and drinking in traditional Bedouin women in the Negev. Appetite 2007; 50:71-82. [PMID: 17606311 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Negev Bedouin are desert dwellers in high summer heat and scarce shade and water. They are under pressure to cease their traditional way of life. To document, while still possible, how traditional Bedouin nutritional habits may have accommodated to these conditions, we evaluated sodium appetite, diet and drinking in Bedouin women (n=31) who still partially maintained their traditional way of life in isolated tribal encampments in the spring of 2005. Data were compared to urban Bedouin women (n=15), and to urban Jewish women (n=15) representing mainstream dietary habits in the same region, and to published data. About 60% (by energy) of the encampment diet is traditional, but this proportion is reduced in summer. Encampment Bedouin women rated concentrated salt solution as more preferred than other groups, added 40% more salt to an ideal test soup and had a approximately 50% greater absolute dietary sodium intake. The sodium content of the traditional Bedouin diet is approximately 25% higher than the Jewish women's diet. This enhanced sodium appetite is reflected in the value of salt in their folklore. The possible causes of the enhanced salt appetite are considered. In addition, dietary intake (M=3470, SE=285 kcal) was approximately 50% greater than in urban Jewish women. Fluid intake (approximately 2.4 L/d) was approximately 20% greater than Jewish women, but may have been inadequate in the exposed encampments because 8 of the 31 women reported an occurrence of dehydration, 6 of them while pregnant. Encampment women BMI (30.3+/-1.1 kg/m2) was high, and health problems were typical of populations in transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Leshem
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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33
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Cwikel J, Segal-Engelchin D. Implications of Ethnic Group Origin for Israeli Women’s Mental Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:133-43. [PMID: 15900414 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-005-3670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Israel is an immigrant society comprised of diverse ethnic groups differentiated by variables such as emigration history, health status, educational level, and economic status. The major question addressed in this study is whether differences in women's mental health status are related to ethnic group origin, per se, or rather can be explained by the associated social-demographic strata. The impact of ethnic group origin, social support, health status, education, and economic difficulties was assessed on a set of mental health outcomes. The analysis was carried out in a random sample of 522 women residing in the Negev region of Israel-a culturally diverse area. The findings indicate that social support, economic status, health status, and ethnic group origin all contribute to shaping women's mental health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cwikel
- Spitzer Department of Social Work and The Center for Women's Health Studies and Promotion, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
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34
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Kasturirangan A, Krishnan S, Riger S. The impact of culture and minority status on women's experience of domestic violence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2004; 5:318-32. [PMID: 15361586 DOI: 10.1177/1524838004269487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The influence of culture and ethnic background on women's experience of domestic violence has been explored in research only recently. Here the authors review research about the impact of culture and minority status in the United States on women's experience of domestic violence, considering family structure,immigration, acculturation, oppression, and community response. The authors encourage researchers and service providers to acknowledge the effects on women of sociopolitical dynamics, including racism, and to identify specific aspects of culture that are relevant to intimate partner abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarati Kasturirangan
- Division of Community and Prevention Research in Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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