|
1
|
Willroth EC, Young G, Ford BQ, Troy A, Swierzewicz D, Mauss IB. Preregistered Direct Replication and Extension of "The Wisdom to Know the Difference: Strategy-Situation Fit in Emotion Regulation in Daily Life Is Associated With Well-Being". Psychol Sci 2025; 36:367-383. [PMID: 40354488 DOI: 10.1177/09567976251335567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Certain emotion-regulation strategies (e.g., reappraisal) are associated with better well-being and are therefore seen as adaptive (health-promoting) strategies. However, it is unlikely that any strategy is adaptive regardless of context. Indeed, reappraisal is associated with positive outcomes in the context of uncontrollable life stress but negative outcomes in the context of controllable life stress. It follows that individuals who have better "strategy-situation fit" (use reappraisal more during uncontrollable vs. controllable situations) should have better well-being beyond their habitual reappraisal use. A previous test of this hypothesis found that strategy-situation fit in daily life was associated with greater well-being (N = 74). We conducted a well-powered preregistered direct replication of this study in 285 U.S. adults. We failed to replicate the original findings and found no evidence for the strategy-situation fit hypothesis, including when accounting for key confounders and moderators. We discuss implications for theory and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Willroth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | - Allison Troy
- Popular Comms Institute, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Iris B Mauss
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Liao L, Zhang K, Zhou Y, Liu J. The association between negative emotion differentiation and emotion regulation flexibility in daily life. Cogn Emot 2025; 39:590-602. [PMID: 39034767 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2381079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Emotion differentiation emphasises labelling emotional experiences in a precise and context-sensitive way. Negative emotion differentiation (NED) has been found to be associated with mental health, where emotion regulation (ER) may act as a pathway. The current study aims to explore the association between NED and flexible ER implementation in daily life. Specifically, we examined how NED was associated with two aspects of ER flexibility: contextual synchrony and temporal ER variability. 101 college students (54% female; Mage = 20.24 years) reported their momentary emotions via a 7-day experience sampling protocol, and the intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to reflect NED. In 10-day daily diaries, they also reported information about the most negative event during the day (i.e. event type, event intensity and ER goal) and how they regulated their emotions. The results revealed that individuals with high NED showed higher levels of synchrony between change in ER use and change in event type and ER goal. In addition, NED was positively associated with both within- and between-strategy variability in ER use. The results demonstrated that the ability to differentiate between negative emotions was related to higher ER flexibility, which shed new light on understanding the role of emotion differentiation in well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyue Liao
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Wang X, Shao S, Cheng H, Blain SD, Tan Y, Jia L. Effects of cognitive flexibility on dynamics of emotion regulation and negative affect in daily life. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2025; 38:365-378. [PMID: 39505488 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2024.2423154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive flexibility is a key factor underlying emotion regulation (ER) and mental health. However, the impact of cognitive flexibility on flexible deployment of ER strategies in changing contexts remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of cognitive flexibility on two noteworthy ER constructs (strategy use and flexibility) and examined downstream impacts on negative affect. METHODS Healthy adult participants (N = 202) completed a 10-day experience sampling protocol. Cognitive flexibility, daily ER (including flexibility and ten specific strategies) and negative affect in daily life were measured. We conducted multilevel regression and mediation models to examine associations among cognitive flexibility, daily ER, and negative affect in daily life. RESULTS Higher cognitive flexibility predicted higher ER flexibility - indicated by strategy - situation fit, use of meta-ER skills and between-strategy variability - as well as higher use of reappraisal and problem solving, but lower use of worry. Mediation analyses suggested that enhanced ER flexibility and reduced use of worry linked cognitive flexibility to reduced negative affect. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings have important implications for understanding the effects of cognitive flexibility on rigid versus flexible ER in ever-changing situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Shao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Scott D Blain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yafei Tan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Braet J, Volkaert B, Braet C, Wante L. Does Context Matter? Daily Diary Study Exploring the Effects of Stressor Intensity and Perceived Controllability on the Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Affect in Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2025; 54:1042-1057. [PMID: 39623164 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Theoretical accounts emphasize the importance of context sensitivity in emotion regulation, yet research often neglects this. This study explored how adolescents' use of three emotion regulation strategies-cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and rumination-interacted with stressor intensity and perceived controllability to influence daily emotions. A total of 249 adolescents participated in a daily diary study (Mage = 12.73, SDage = 0.78; 63.1% males). Adolescents reported their daily use of emotion regulation strategies, emotional states, and contextual factors. In high-intensity stress situations, reappraisal and distraction each showed associations with reductions in negative affect, whereas rumination was related to increases in negative affect. In low-intensity stress contexts, reappraisal was associated with decreases in positive affect, and no significant effects emerged for distraction or rumination. For perceived controllability, no impact on negative affect was found; however, positive affect increased in uncontrollable situations when levels of reappraisal and rumination were low. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of stressor intensity and perceived controllability, suggesting that distraction's effectiveness is less context-dependent than reappraisal and rumination. The current study hypotheses and data analytic plan were preregistered on The Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/dfhqx/ .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Braet
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Brenda Volkaert
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Wante
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Leslie-Miller CJ, Joormann J, Quinn ME. Coping Flexibility: Match Between Coping Strategy and Perceived Stressor Controllability Predicts Depressed Mood. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2025; 6:94-103. [PMID: 40094042 PMCID: PMC11903985 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-024-00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Individual differences in coping responses can predict psychological distress, anxiety, and depression; therefore, it is vital to explore adaptive coping strategies. Recent research suggests that an individual's ability to choose strategies based on the context may be more important than the ability to use any one strategy, an ability termed coping flexibility. For example, problem-focused coping is adaptive for situations of high control, while emotion-focused coping is adaptive for situations of low control. This conceptualization of coping flexibility, termed strategy-situation fit, consists of the match of strategy to situation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if daily fluctuations in strategy-situation fit for daily stressors would be associated with daily levels of depressed mood. A seven-day diary study in a sample of undergraduate students (n = 75) was completed. The results of generalized linear mixed models demonstrated that in situations of high stress and high control, more use of emotion-focused coping was related to higher levels of depressed mood. Additionally, in situations of high stress and low control, more use of emotion-focused coping was related to lower levels of depressed mood. These findings suggest that the match between emotion-focused coping and perceived stressor controllability can be a predictor of daily experiences of depressed mood when faced with high-level stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calissa J. Leslie-Miller
- Department of Psychology, William & Mary, Meghan Quinn, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
- Present Address: Department of Clinical Child Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Meghan E. Quinn
- Department of Psychology, William & Mary, Meghan Quinn, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Hu J, Liu J, Meng M, Gan Y. Emotional growth mindsets and stress controllability buffer the link between stress intensity and anxiety symptoms: An ecological momentary assessment study. J Anxiety Disord 2025; 110:102983. [PMID: 39919436 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 01/30/2025] [Indexed: 02/09/2025]
Abstract
Anxiety is highly prevalent among adults. Evidence suggests that perceived stress controllability and emotional growth mindsets are associated with decreased anxiety. However, whether these positive factors synergistically contribute to reducing the impact of stress on anxiety remains unclear, especially within everyday stress contexts. Multilevel models were used to investigate how perceived stress controllability and emotional growth mindsets interacted to mitigate the adverse impact of daily stress on anxiety, differentiating within- and between-person effects. Overall, 198 participants completed ecological momentary assessments of perceived stress intensity and controllability, emotional growth mindsets, and anxiety four times daily over 10-12 consecutive days. The within-person analyses showed that high emotional growth mindsets buffer the link between perceived stress intensity and anxiety. More importantly, the between-person and cross-level results suggested that the synergistic effect of emotional growth mindsets and perceived stress controllability maximally buffered the correlation between perceived stress intensity and anxiety. Additionally, these results highlighted that the positive association between perceived stress intensity and anxiety was most pronounced among participants with low emotional growth mindsets and perceived stress controllability. These findings further support a synergistic intervention approach that emphasizes anxiety alleviation through enhanced perceived stress controllability and the development of emotional growth mindsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Meng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiqun Gan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Desdentado L, Pollatos O. Expressive Suppression of Emotions in Bulimia Nervosa: An Electroencephalography Study. J Clin Psychol 2025; 81:158-170. [PMID: 39703155 PMCID: PMC11802486 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has found dysfunctional emotion regulation in bulimia nervosa (BN), including self-reported greater habitual use of maladaptive strategies such as suppression than in healthy individuals. However, there is no evidence on the performance in the implementation of expressive suppression in BN. The aim of this study was to investigate brain activity (in terms of ERP) and self-reported ratings associated with expressive suppression of emotions elicited by positive and negative stimuli in women with BN. METHOD Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded from 23 female individuals with BN and 26 matched healthy controls. Participants were shown emotional pictures under two conditions: using facial suppression or attentively viewing. High-density EEG was used to characterize the time course of emotion regulation. RESULTS ERP amplitudes varied significantly with valence, with positive (vs. neutral and negative) pictures eliciting larger ERP amplitudes. However, no significant differences in ERP were observed between the groups or conditions. The BN group reported lower self-efficacy in implementing suppression compared to the control group, the latter with a positive correlation between the perceived self-efficacy and the change in emotional arousal between conditions. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that individuals with BN might have difficulties in monitoring the emotion regulation process compared to healthy individuals. This suggests that other processes (e.g., metacognitive difficulties, self-esteem) rather than a failure to implement suppression, might underlie these results. However, further research is needed to validate this interpretation. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Desdentado
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and EducationUlm UniversityUlmGermany
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and EducationUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Shao S, Nie Q, Teng Z, Blain SD, Wang X. Emotion regulation motives in adolescence shape regulatory strategy use. J Adolesc 2025; 97:249-262. [PMID: 39367730 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotion regulation (ER) motives (i.e., the reasons individuals regulate their emotions) are key factors influencing the development of adolescents' ER abilities. However, age- and gender-related trends in adolescents' ER motives, as well as their impact on the use of ER strategies, remain unclear. METHODS We recruited 5629 participants from two schools in Southwest China (M = 15.18, SD = 1.73; 45.11% male) to complete the Emotion Regulation Goals Scale and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were conducted to examine age- and gender-related differences in ER motive patterns. We then tested whether different patterns of ER motives were also associated with participants' habitual use of two common ER strategies. RESULTS This study revealed nonlinear and diverse age-related differences in adolescents' contra-hedonic and pro-social motives, with notable fluctuations in contra-hedonic motives. Boys exhibited higher levels of contra-hedonic motives, while girls showed higher levels of performance motives. Moreover, ER motives were significantly and broadly associated with individuals' habitual use of reappraisal and suppression. More specifically, pro-hedonic motives were associated with greater use of reappraisal, while contra-hedonic motives were linked to higher levels of suppression. Furthermore, instrumental motives (i.e., performance, pro-social, and impression management) were positively related to both reappraisal and suppression. CONCLUSIONS These findings enhance our understanding of how adolescents' ER motives vary by age and gender, as well as the crucial role different ER motives play in shaping patterns of ER strategy use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Shao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Qian Nie
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaojun Teng
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Scott D Blain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Liu Y, Sang B, Chai X. How Social Situations Affect the Relationships Between Academic Emotional Suppression and Expression and Likability Among Adolescents. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:1184. [PMID: 39767325 PMCID: PMC11672999 DOI: 10.3390/bs14121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Social situation is an important factor in determining whether or not individuals express emotions and how effectively they express them, but few researchers have explored its role (e.g., with others of varying degrees of intimacy and hierarchy) in the social outcomes of academic emotional suppression and expression. Relationships between the adolescents' suppression and expression of emotions and their likability in social situations involving a range of people (e.g., classmates, good friends, teachers) were examined in the current study. A total of 120 adolescents and 74 teachers were selected for this investigation, the results indicating a difference in an individual's likability when suppressing and expressing academic emotions in the presence of others. Specifically, expressing academic emotions in the presence of good friends achieves a higher level of likability than in the presence of classmates; furthermore, suppressing negative academic emotions in the presence of classmates garners a higher level of likability. Adolescents who express their positive and negative academic emotions in the presence of good friends can get higher likability. Teachers prefer adolescents who express positive academic emotions in their presence. These findings emphasize the importance of social situations in the use of strategies to regulate academic emotion regulation and verify the adaptability of emotional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Wenbo College, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai 200042, China;
| | - Biao Sang
- Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Shanghai Academy of Educational Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China;
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Hu J, Gan Y, Li Z, Li X, Xu T, Qiu J, Wang X, Wei D. Examining the moderating role of depressive symptoms on the dynamic interplay between cognitive reappraisal and rumination: Evidence from experience sampling. Behav Res Ther 2024; 183:104645. [PMID: 39426334 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic view of emotion regulation (ER) posits that ER is a temporally dynamic process unfolding over time. Cognitive reappraisal and rumination, two extensively investigated ER strategies, are implicated in depression. However, it remains unclear whether these two strategies exhibit reciprocal relations in real-world contexts, and whether such relations vary across baseline depressive symptoms. To address this, we conducted two experience sampling studies and applied residual dynamic structural equation modeling (RDSEM). Results of the RDSEM revealed significant bidirectional associations between cognitive reappraisal and rumination in the Chinese sample, whereas in the Belgian sample, only a unidirectional relationship was found where rumination predicts subsequent cognitive reappraisal. Additionally, both strategies demonstrated stable autoregressive effects. Interestingly, higher depressive symptoms predicted a lower autoregressive effect of cognitive reappraisal within the Chinese sample, while this was not the case in the Belgian sample. These findings highlight the importance of targeting factors such as dynamics in ER and its relationship with depression symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yiqun Gan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Center for Teacher Education Research, Key Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xianrui Li
- Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tianwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Child Cognition & Behavior Development of Hainan Province, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China.
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Hollenstein T, Faulkner K. Adolescent digital emotion regulation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024; 34:1341-1351. [PMID: 39119778 PMCID: PMC11606268 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The maturation of effective emotion regulation (ER) skills is a core achievement of adolescence and youth are now developing their ER habits and skills in a hybrid reality of digital and non-digital experiences. We present a new model of adolescent digital emotion regulation as a conceptual framework to help guide burgeoning research in this area. We distinguish two primary processes: the regulation of emotions that have been elicited within digital contexts (i.e., the regulation of digitally induced emotions), and how youth regulate their emotions through digital means (i.e., digitally regulated emotion). Following the explication of different pathways in the model and consideration of the affordances of digital contexts, we highlight how this framework connects to theory and guides future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hollenstein
- Department of PsychologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Katie Faulkner
- Department of PsychologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Marciniak MA, Homan S, Zerban M, Schrade G, Yuen KSL, Kobylińska D, Wieser MJ, Walter H, Hermans EJ, Shanahan L, Kalisch R, Kleim B. Positive cognitive reappraisal flexibility is associated with lower levels of perceived stress. Behav Res Ther 2024; 183:104653. [PMID: 39536535 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of positive cognitive reappraisal (PCR) flexibility and variability in mental health in response to real-life stressors among college students. We employed ecological momentary assessment and intervention through ReApp, a mobile app designed to train and promote PCR. We analyzed data from the intervention group of a randomized controlled trial with a total of 100 participants who used ReApp for three weeks. Stressors due to health problems, uncomfortable environment (e.g., rainy weather, crowded buses, etc.), and lack of time were reported most frequently. Stressors related to the war in Ukraine, fear of the future, exams, and COVID-19 were reported as the most severe. To reappraise these stressors, the participants used mostly acceptance and problem-solving tactics. A key finding is the role of emotional demand-dependent PCR flexibility in mental health. Specifically, the flexible adaptation of PCR tactics in response to stressor severity was associated with a more substantial decline in perceived stress over the study period among participants reporting low tendency to use PCR at the study's baseline (β = - 0.963, p = .016, Cohen's f = 0.26). In contrast, stressor domain-dependent flexibility and contextually independent between-tactic variability had no moderating effect on stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms. This study contributes to the field of emotion regulation flexibility by highlighting the adaptive role of emotional demand-dependent PCR flexibility in mental well-being among young adults navigating real-life stressors and underscores the importance of tailoring interventions based on the emotional demands of stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Marciniak
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Stephanie Homan
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Zerban
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gesine Schrade
- Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kenneth S L Yuen
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Matthias J Wieser
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erno J Hermans
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital (PUK), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Kim Y, Kim S, Yoon S. Emotion malleability beliefs matter in emotion regulation: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:841-856. [PMID: 38546155 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2334833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Individuals' beliefs about the malleability of emotions have been theorised to play a role in their psychological distress by influencing emotion regulation processes, such as the use of emotion regulation strategies. We conducted a meta-analysis to test this idea across studies with a focus on the relationships between emotion malleability beliefs and five distinct emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal, suppression, avoidance, rumination, and acceptance. Further, using two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modelling (TSSEM), we examined whether the emotion regulation strategies mediate the cross-sectional relationship between emotion malleability beliefs and psychological distress across studies. Thirty-seven studies were included in the meta-analyses and 55 cross-sectional studies were included in the TSSEM. Results demonstrated that, across studies, emotion malleability beliefs were significantly associated with greater use of putatively helpful strategies (particularly with cognitive reappraisal) and less use of putatively unhelpful strategies (particularly with avoidance). The use of cognitive reappraisal and avoidance partially mediated the relationship between emotion malleability beliefs and psychological distress. These results highlight the importance of considering beliefs about the malleability of emotions in the context of emotion regulation. These findings suggest the potential role of emotion malleability beliefs in interventions for individuals with emotion regulation-related difficulties and psychological distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunsu Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunkyung Yoon
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Ma C, Wang X, Blain SD, Tan Y. The Adaptiveness of Emotion Regulation Variability and Interoceptive Attention in Daily Life. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:640-647. [PMID: 38787549 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In daily life, we must dynamically and flexibly deploy strategies to regulate our emotions, which depends on awareness of emotions and internal bodily signals. Variability in emotion-regulation strategy use may predict fewer negative emotions, especially when people pay more attention to their bodily states-or have greater "interoceptive attention" (IA). Using experience sampling, this study aimed to test whether IA predicts variability in strategy use and whether this variability and IA together predict negative affect. METHODS University student participants ( n = 203; 165 females; Mage = 20.68, SD age = 1.84) completed trait questionnaires and reported state levels of IA, emotional awareness, negative affect, and emotion-regulation strategies, seven times daily for 1 week. RESULTS State IA significantly predicted between-strategy variability, which was mediated by emotional awareness (indirect effect = 0.002, 95% confidence interval = <0.001-0.003). Between-strategy variability was associated with lower negative affect, particularly when individuals had higher state IA (simple slope = -0.83, t = -5.87, p < .001) versus lower IA (simple slope = -0.31, t = -2.62, p = .009). CONCLUSIONS IA appears to facilitate adaptative emotion regulation and help alleviate negative affect. Findings underscore the key roles of IA and emotion-regulation flexibility in mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Ma
- From the School of Psychology (Ma, Tan), Central China Normal University, Wuhan; Department of Psychology (Wang), Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province (Wang), Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health (Blain), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU) (Tan), Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province (Tan), Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
He T, Zhang X, Li L, Hu H, Liu S, Lin X. Comparing positive reappraisal and mindfulness in relation to daily emotions during COVID-19: An experience sampling study. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024; 16:1224-1244. [PMID: 38226770 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Research has suggested that daily cognitive reappraisal and mindfulness are differentially associated with emotional experience. Nevertheless, the different relationship between these two emotion regulation strategies and emotional experience remains unexplored amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, when people were facing unprecedented challenges and disruptions in their everyday lives. The current study aimed to examine the potential unidirectional or bidirectional relations between two strategies and daily emotional experience during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether the associations between the two strategies and emotional experience varied. A total of 184 college students participated in this study. Daily positive reappraisal, mindful attention and awareness (MAA), positive and negative affect, and COVID-19-related stress were assessed utilizing experience sampling method (three times a day for 14 consecutive days). Results suggested that the directionality of the link between the two strategies and daily emotional experience differed. The links between positive reappraisal and positive affect, negative affect, and COVID-19-related stress were transactional. However, a unidirectional relation was observed between positive affect and subsequent MAA. The study provided support for the contextual perspective of emotion regulation by demonstrating that the efficacy of regulation strategies is contingent upon the context. The identification of optimal conditions for effective strategies remains a crucial area for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longfeng Li
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huinan Hu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Beijing Shiyun Jiahe Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Liu Y, Chai X, Sang B, Zhang S. Differences in the effect of adolescents' strategies for expressing academic emotions on academic emotions and peer acceptance in competitive and cooperative situations. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1407885. [PMID: 39021655 PMCID: PMC11252489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1407885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to explore the differences in the effect of adolescents' strategies for expressing academic emotions. In Study 1 a total of 65 adolescents participated in the study of the relationship between academic emotions and strategies for expressing them in competitive and cooperative situations. In Study 2 a total of 113 adolescents participated in the study of the relationship between the strategies and peer acceptance in competitive and cooperative situations. The results showed that the relationship between academic emotions and strategies for expressing them in competitive and cooperative situations was situation stable while the relationship between the strategies and peer acceptance was situation specific. Furthermore, emotional expression may be more adaptive when experiencing positive academic emotions. When adolescents experience negative academic emotions, expressing them is more adaptive from the perspective of their own academic emotional experience; whereas suppressing them is more adaptive from the perspective of peer acceptance. These findings (a) clarify how to use more adaptive strategies for emotional expression in various situations and (b) serve as a guide for helping adolescents use strategies to express emotions flexibly according to the situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Wenbo College, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Biao Sang
- Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Shanghai Academy of Educational Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- School of Preschool Education, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Mikula P, Timkova V, Vitkova M, Szilasiova J, Nagyova I. Suicidal ideation in people with multiple sclerosis and its association with coping self-efficacy. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 87:105677. [PMID: 38728959 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic neurological disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS), is a significant risk factor for psychological distress, which can result in suicidal behaviour. Suicidal ideation (SI) is considered a harbinger of suicide-related mortality. However, so far, little is known about the role of protective factors against SI in MS. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the association between coping self-efficacy and SI when controlled for sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, sleep-related problems, and depression. METHODS The study sample consisted of 162 people with MS, was predominantly female (75.9 %), the mean age was 40.9 ± 11.4 years, the mean disease duration was 11.7 ± 7.1 years, and the mean functional disability score was 3.55 ± 1.1. We used the Coping Self-Efficacy scale (CSE), the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Multiple linear regressions were utilized to statistically analyse the data. RESULTS All assessed coping self-efficacy dimensions were significantly associated with SI in MS when controlled for sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, sleep-related problems, and depression. Furthermore, all assessed coping self-efficacy dimensions were able to alleviate the negative association between income, depression and SI. CONCLUSION People with MS may significantly benefit from psychological support aimed at promoting coping self-efficacy and utilization of various coping strategies. Problem-focused coping, coping focused on getting support, and coping focused on stopping unpleasant thoughts and feelings seem to have comparable associations with SI, and thus interventions aimed at empowering any of these dimensions may be beneficial in diminishing the severity of SI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Mikula
- Department of Social and Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Timkova
- Department of Social and Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Marianna Vitkova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jarmila Szilasiova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Nagyova
- Department of Social and Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Hartanto A, Wong J, Lua VYQ, Tng GYQ, Kasturiratna KTAS, Majeed NM. A Daily Diary Investigation of the Fear of Missing Out and Diminishing Daily Emotional Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Cognitive Reappraisal. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1117-1155. [PMID: 36282043 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221135476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
With modern societies becoming ever-increasingly interconnected due to technology and media, we have gained unprecedented access and exposure to other people's lives. This has resulted in a greater desire to constantly be socially connected with the activities of others, or the fear of missing out (FoMO). While much of the present available research has established the association between FoMO and diminished emotional well-being, little has been done to identify protective factors that can help one cope with the negative psychological consequences of FoMO. Utilizing data from a 7-day diary study of a large sample of young adults (N = 261), the current study aimed to examine the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal in attenuating diminished emotional well-being associated with FoMO. Multilevel modeling showed that cognitive reappraisal attenuated the day-to-day within-person associations between daily FoMO and indicators of daily emotional well-being such as negative affectivity, anxiety, and depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Joax Wong
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Verity Y Q Lua
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Germaine Y Q Tng
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | | | - Nadyanna M Majeed
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Boemo T, Martín-Garcia O, Pacheco-Romero AM, Blanco I, Lafit G, Myin-Germeys I, Sanchez-Lopez A. Not just emotion regulation, but cognition: An experience sampling study testing the relations of ecological interpretation biases and use of emotion regulation strategies with momentary affective states during daily life functioning. Behav Res Ther 2024; 177:104550. [PMID: 38688821 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research is moving from studying cognitive biases and maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) as relatively stable phenomena contributing to affective disturbances, adopting ecological methodologies, such as Experience Sampling Methods (ESM). However, there is still limited ESM evidence on the interactions between stress and ER strategies' use, and negative interpretation biases, regarding their relations with momentary affective states. In this study, we used a new ESM design to disentangle the contextual, regulatory and cognitive processes implicated in daily affective experiences. METHOD A sample of 103 participants completed an ESM study (3 times a day for 10 days) that included self-reports of momentary affect, stress intensity, ER strategies' use and a cognitive task measuring momentary negative interpretation biases. RESULTS Multilevel analyses supported significant interactions of both rumination and worry with stress intensity, to account for momentary higher negative and lower positive affect levels. Furthermore, higher state negative interpretation bias levels uniquely predicted both higher negative and lower positive momentary affect levels. CONCLUSION This study implemented a novel online cognitive task within an ESM procedure, which helped to disentangle how contextual ER strategies' use and momentary cognitive biases uniquely relate to affective experiences in daily life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Boemo
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ivan Blanco
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Ginette Lafit
- Center of Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Center of Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Stover AD, Shulkin J, Lac A, Rapp T. A meta-analysis of cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102428. [PMID: 38657292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal, an adaptive emotion regulation strategy that involves subjectively reinterpreting stressful and adverse experiences in a more positive manner, can enhance personal resilience. Personal resilience is a constellation of attributes that facilitate successful coping and an expeditious return to adaptive functioning after exposure to stress or adversity. This meta-analysis evaluated the association between cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. A systematic and exhaustive search identified 64 independent samples from 55 studies (N = 29,824) that examined the correlation between cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. A random-effects model revealed a positive summary effect (r = 0.47, p < .001), indicating that higher cognitive reappraisal was associated with higher personal resilience. Six potential meta-moderators were tested: culture, age, name of the cognitive reappraisal measure, name of the personal resilience measure, study design, and publication period. After two extreme effect size outliers were omitted, tests of publication bias did not reveal any publication bias in this line of research. This quantitative synthesis offers compelling evidence showing that cognitive reappraisal skills operate as a protective strategy against stress and adversity and, therefore, enhance personal resilience. The protective benefits of cognitive reappraisal in relation to personal resilience are relatively robust, as the correlations were statistically significant for all subgroups in the meta-moderation analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Stover
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America.
| | - Josh Shulkin
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lac
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
| | - Timothy Rapp
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Wang X, Shao S, Cai Z, Ma C, Jia L, Blain SD, Tan Y. Reciprocal effects between negative affect and emotion regulation in daily life. Behav Res Ther 2024; 176:104518. [PMID: 38492548 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The extended process model of emotion regulation provides a framework for understanding how emotional experiences and emotion regulation (ER) mutually influence each other over time. To investigate this reciprocal relationship, 202 adults completed a ten-day experience-sampling survey capturing levels of negative affect (NA) experience and use of ten ER strategies in daily life. Residual dynamic structural equation models (DSEMs) were used to examine within-person cross-lagged and autoregressive effects of NA and ER (strategy use and between-strategy variability). Results showed that NA predicted lower between-strategy variability, lower subsequent use of acceptance and problem-solving, but higher subsequent use of rumination and worry. Moreover, reappraisal and between-strategy variability predicted lower subsequent NA levels, while expressive suppression and worry predicted higher subsequent NA levels. Stable autoregressive effects were found for NA and for maladaptive ER strategies (e.g., rumination and worry). Exploratory correlation analyses revealed positive associations between NA inertia and maladaptive ER strategies. Together, these findings provide evidence of a dynamic interplay between NA and ER. This work deepens how we understand the challenges of applying ER strategies in daily life. Future clinical and translational research should consider these dynamic perspectives on ER and affect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China.
| | - Shiyu Shao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Zhouqu Cai
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chenyue Ma
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Scott D Blain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Yafei Tan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Person AI, Frazier PA. Coping strategy-situation fit vs. present control: relations with perceived stress in U.S. college students. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:219-232. [PMID: 37235712 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2217099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the strategy-situation fit hypothesis, it is adaptive to match coping strategies to the controllability of stressors. Although early research generally supported this hypothesis, recent findings have been inconsistent. The goals of this study were to test the strategy-situation fit hypothesis, addressing limitations of past research, and compare it to an alternative hypothesis from the temporal model of control (i.e., to focus on what one can control rather than matching coping strategies to control appraisals). DESIGN AND METHODS College students (n = 159) completed measures assessing their stressors, coping strategies, stressor controllability, perceived control over present aspects of stressors, and perceived stress. Data were collected via online surveys in Fall 2020. RESULTS Consistent with the strategy-situation fit hypothesis, using a higher ratio of problem-solving coping for more controllable stressors was associated with less stress. However, using more emotion-focused coping for less controllable stressors was not associated with less stress. In addition, focusing on what one could control in the present was associated with less stress, above and beyond strategy-situation fit. CONCLUSIONS It may be more adaptive to focus on what one can control in the present than to match coping styles to stressor controllability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby I Person
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
McKone KMP, Edershile EA, Ladouceur CD, Silk JS. Real-world flexibility in adolescent girls' emotion regulation strategy selection: An investigation of strategy switching. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:181-195. [PMID: 36503633 PMCID: PMC10258216 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an important stage for the development of emotion regulation skills, especially for adolescent girls who are at elevated risk for the development of depression and anxiety. Although some emotion regulation strategies are more effective at helping adolescents regulate negative affect on average, research indicates strategy effectiveness varies with the context in which a strategy is deployed. Yet less work has been done examining which contextual factors are associated with adolescents switching emotion regulation strategies in their daily lives. This study examined individual and contextual factors related to negative interpersonal events that are associated with strategy effectiveness, including age, emotional intensity, perceived controllability, and co-regulatory support, and their association with adolescent emotion regulation strategy switching in daily life via ecological momentary assessment. Results indicated that adolescent girls differed in the degree to which they altered their emotion regulation strategies throughout their daily lives, and that switching strategies was associated with age as well as individual and within-person differences in perceived controllability, emotional intensity, and co-regulatory support. This study provides critical proof-of-concept of the utility of emotion regulation strategy switching as a measure of regulatory flexibility and highlights regulatory processes that may hold clues to the mechanisms of developmental psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecile D Ladouceur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Xu EP, Li J, Zapetis SL, Keefe K, Trull TJ, Stange JP. Momentary impulsivity interferes with emotion regulation strategy prioritization in everyday life in remitted depression. Behav Res Ther 2024; 172:104424. [PMID: 38103360 PMCID: PMC10843662 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selectively prioritizing some emotion regulation (ER) strategies over others has been shown to predict well-being; however, it is unclear what mechanisms underlie this process. Impulsivity, which captures both top-down control of and bottom-up reactivity to emotions, is one potential mechanism of interest. METHODS Using multilevel mediation modeling, we investigated whether lower ER strategy prioritization (i.e., lower between-strategy variability) mediates the relationship between greater momentary impulsivity and lower ER success in 82 individuals with remitted depression or no history of a mental disorder (1558 observations). To determine the specific effect of impulsivity, we covaried for mean regulatory effort and negative affect. RESULTS The indirect effect of impulsivity on ER success was significant at the within-person, but not between-person, level. Specifically, in moments when individuals endorsed more impulsivity than usual, they showed less ER strategy prioritization than usual, which predicted less successful ER. Individuals who, on average, reported more impulsivity indicated lower ER strategy prioritization, but no difference in ER success. CONCLUSION ER strategy prioritization mediated the within-person relationship between greater impulsivity and lower ER success. Interventions focused on training individuals to selectively prioritize ER strategies may improve ER success, particularly when individuals are feeling more impulsive than usual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie P Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Jiani Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Sarah L Zapetis
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Kaley Keefe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, United States
| | - Jonathan P Stange
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Smith PJ, Whitson HE, Merwin RM, O’Hayer CV, Strauman TJ. Engineering Virtuous health habits using Emotion and Neurocognition: Flexibility for Lifestyle Optimization and Weight management (EVEN FLOW). Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1256430. [PMID: 38076541 PMCID: PMC10702760 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1256430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Interventions to preserve functional independence in older adults are critically needed to optimize 'successful aging' among the large and increasing population of older adults in the United States. For most aging adults, the management of chronic diseases is the most common and impactful risk factor for loss of functional independence. Chronic disease management inherently involves the learning and adaptation of new behaviors, such as adopting or modifying physical activity habits and managing weight. Despite the importance of chronic disease management in older adults, vanishingly few individuals optimally manage their health behavior in the service of chronic disease stabilization to preserve functional independence. Contemporary conceptual models of chronic disease management and health habit theory suggest that this lack of optimal management may result from an underappreciated distinction within the health behavior literature: the behavioral domains critical for initiation of new behaviors (Initiation Phase) are largely distinct from those that facilitate their maintenance (Maintenance Phase). Psychological factors, particularly experiential acceptance and trait levels of openness are critical to engagement with new health behaviors, willingness to make difficult lifestyle changes, and the ability to tolerate aversive affective responses in the process. Cognitive factors, particularly executive function, are critical to learning new skills, using them effectively across different areas of life and contextual demands, and updating of skills to facilitate behavioral maintenance. Emerging data therefore suggests that individuals with greater executive function are better able to sustain behavior changes, which in turn protects against cognitive decline. In addition, social and structural supports of behavior change serve a critical buffering role across phases of behavior change. The present review attempts to address these gaps by proposing a novel biobehavioral intervention framework that incorporates both individual-level and social support system-level variables for the purpose of treatment tailoring. Our intervention framework triangulates on the central importance of self-regulatory functioning, proposing that both cognitive and psychological mechanisms ultimately influence an individuals' ability to engage in different aspects of self-management (individual level) in the service of maintaining independence. Importantly, the proposed linkages of cognitive and affective functioning align with emerging individual difference frameworks, suggesting that lower levels of cognitive and/or psychological flexibility represent an intermediate phenotype of risk. Individuals exhibiting self-regulatory lapses either due to the inability to regulate their emotional responses or due to the presence of executive functioning impairments are therefore the most likely to require assistance to preserve functional independence. In addition, these vulnerabilities will be more easily observable for individuals requiring greater complexity of self-management behavioral demands (e.g. complexity of medication regimen) and/or with lesser social support. Our proposed framework also intuits several distinct intervention pathways based on the profile of self-regulatory behaviors: we propose that individuals with intact affect regulation and impaired executive function will preferentially respond to 'top-down' training approaches (e.g., strategy and process work). Individuals with intact executive function and impaired affect regulation will respond to 'bottom-up' approaches (e.g., graded exposure). And individuals with impairments in both may require treatments targeting caregiving or structural supports, particularly in the context of elevated behavioral demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Heather E. Whitson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rhonda M. Merwin
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - C. Virginia O’Hayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Timothy J. Strauman
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Dougherty EN, Bottera AR, Haedt-Matt AA, Wildes JE. Reconceptualizing emotion regulation and coping strategy usage in eating disorders research: The utility of a regulatory flexibility framework. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1835-1841. [PMID: 37465948 PMCID: PMC10592414 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation and coping strategies are often conceptualized in eating disorder (ED) research as inherently adaptive or maladaptive, and successful regulation is often defined as greater overall use of adaptive strategies. However, recent empirical work outside of the field of EDs challenges this categorical conceptualization of strategies, demonstrating that adaptiveness is determined by the ability to flexibly implement and adjust strategies based on contextual demands (i.e., regulatory flexibility). Despite evidence that emotion regulation and coping strategies are best conceptualized in terms of flexibility in the broader literature, few ED studies have adopted this model. We review the current conceptual framework of emotion regulation and coping strategies used in ED research and present regulatory flexibility as an alternative approach to conceptualizing these strategies. The lack of research on regulatory flexibility among individuals with EDs limits our understanding of the role of emotion regulation and coping difficulties in ED risk and maintenance. Adopting a regulatory flexibility model of strategies in EDs may extend knowledge of the role of emotion regulation difficulties in the development and maintenance of EDs. We highlight the potential utility of investigating regulatory flexibility and present recommendations for future research on regulatory flexibility in EDs. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Research on emotion regulation and coping strategy usage in eating disorders often view regulatory strategies as inherently adaptive or maladaptive. However, recent studies support defining strategies in terms of flexibility. Adopting a regulatory flexibility model of strategies in eating disorders research may advance knowledge of the role of emotion regulation difficulties in the development and maintenance of eating disorders, ultimately enhancing prevention and treatment efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angeline R Bottera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
27
|
Benson L, Fleming AR, Hakun JG. Sometimes you just can't: within-person variation in working memory capacity moderates negative affect reactivity to stressor exposure. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:1-11. [PMID: 37720986 PMCID: PMC10951940 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2258579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The executive hypothesis of self-regulation places cognitive information processing at the center of self-regulatory success/failure. While the hypothesis is well supported by cross-sectional studies, no study has tested its primary prediction, that temporary lapses in executive control underlie moments of self-regulatory failure. Here, we conducted a naturalistic experiment investigating whether short-term variation in executive control is associated with momentary self-regulatory outcomes, indicated by negative affect reactivity to everyday stressors. We assessed working memory capacity (WMC) through ultra-brief, ambulatory assessments on smart phones five times per day in a 7-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study involving college-aged adults. We found that participants exhibited more negative affect reactivity to stressor exposures during moments when they exhibited lower than usual WMC. Contrary to previous findings, we found no between-person association between WMC and average stress reactivity. We interpret these findings as reflecting the role of executive control in determining one's effective capacity to self-regulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Benson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Allison R. Fleming
- Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan G. Hakun
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Translational Brain Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
Scheffel C, Zerna J, Gärtner A, Dörfel D, Strobel A. Estimating individual subjective values of emotion regulation strategies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13262. [PMID: 37582918 PMCID: PMC10427653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals have a repertoire of emotion regulation (ER) strategies at their disposal, which they can use more or less flexibly. In ER flexibility research, strategies that facilitate goal achievement are considered adaptive and therefore are subjectively valuable. Individuals are motivated to reduce their emotional arousal effectively and to avoid cognitive effort. Perceived costs of ER strategies in the form of effort, however, are highly subjective. Subjective values (SVs) should therefore represent a trade-off between effectiveness and subjectively required cognitive effort. However, SVs of ER strategies have not been determined so far. We present a new paradigm for quantifying individual SVs of ER strategies by offering monetary values for ER strategies in an iterative process. N = 120 participants first conducted an ER paradigm with the strategies distraction, distancing, and suppression. Afterwards, individual SVs were determined using the new CAD paradigm. SVs significantly predicted later choice for an ER strategy (χ2 (4, n = 119) = 115.40, p < 0.001, BF10 = 1.62 × 1021). Further, SVs were associated with Corrugator activity (t (5, 618.96) = 2.09, p = 0.037, f2 = 0.001), subjective effort (t (5, 618.96) = - 13.98, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.035), and self-reported utility (t (5, 618.96) = 29.49, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.155). SVs were further associated with self-control (t (97.97) = 2.04, p = 0.044, f2 = 0.002), but not with flexible ER. With our paradigm, we were able to determine subjective values. The trait character of the values will be discussed. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on July 19, 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FN9BT .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Scheffel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Josephine Zerna
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Dörfel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Chair of Differential and Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Daches Cohen L, Gross JJ, Rubinsten O. Using Reappraisal to Improve Outcomes for STEM Teachers and Students. J Cogn 2023; 6:45. [PMID: 37577258 PMCID: PMC10418247 DOI: 10.5334/joc.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The many stressors associated with teaching can take a toll, resulting in high levels of burnout among teachers and reduced motivation and academic performance among students. This is especially true in the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. Despite the efficacy of emotion regulation interventions in pedagogical settings in general and in STEM teaching in particular, there is a lack of suitable interventions. We applied the process model of emotion regulation to STEM teaching and proposed a framework, STEM-Model of EmotioN regulation: Teachers' Opportunities and Responsibilities (STEM-MENTOR), to elucidate how the high demands of STEM teaching and contextual factors (e.g., culture, reforms, teacher-student interactions) may lead to intensified negative emotions and deficits in executive functioning and emotion regulation implementation. Teacher emotions, in turn, shape students' STEM-related achievements and epistemic emotions. Thus, teachers' emotion regulation skills have pervasive effects on teaching outcomes for both teachers and students. We illustrate how at each level of our framework, steps could be taken to improve teachers' emotional trajectory. Our proposed STEM-MENTOR framework has implications for theoretical understanding and may help to shape future interventions that focus on cognitive-emotional processes in STEM education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lital Daches Cohen
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Orly Rubinsten
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Warmingham JM, Russotti J, Handley ED, Toth SL, Cicchetti D. Childhood attachment security mediates the effect of childhood maltreatment chronicity on emotion regulation patterns in emerging adulthood. Attach Hum Dev 2023; 25:437-459. [PMID: 37470397 PMCID: PMC10529986 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2023.2234891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This study uses a 2-wave, longitudinal design to evaluate mother-child attachment security (child-reported) and emotion regulation capacities (wave 1, age 10-12) as mediators linking childhood maltreatment chronicity and emotion regulation (ER) patterns in emerging adulthood (wave 2; N = 399; 48.1% male; 77.2% Black/African-American, 11.3% White, 7.8% Hispanic, 3.8% other race). Children from families eligible for public assistance with and without maltreatment exposure participated in a summer research camp (wave 1) and were recontacted in emerging adulthood (wave 2). SEM results showed that greater maltreatment chronicity predicted lower childhood attachment security, which in turn predicted membership in ER profiles marked by emotion dysregulation and limited access to ER strategies. Greater attachment security predicted membership in adaptive ER profiles in emerging adulthood. Results suggest that insecure attachment is one process by which childhood maltreatment disrupts adaptive ER across development, whereas greater attachment security in childhood can promote multiple forms of adaptive emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Warmingham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Russotti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Warmingham JM, Duprey EB, Handley ED, Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D. Patterns of childhood maltreatment predict emotion processing and regulation in emerging adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:766-781. [PMID: 35287777 PMCID: PMC9474738 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is a potent interpersonal trauma associated with dysregulation of emotional processes relevant to the development of psychopathology. The current study identified prospective links between patterns of maltreatment exposures and dimensions of emotion regulation in emerging adulthood. Participants included 427 individuals (48% Male; 75.9% Black, 10.8% White, 7.5% Hispanic, 6% Other) assessed at two waves. At Wave 1, children (10-12 years) from families eligible for public assistance with and without involvement with Child Protective Services took part in a research summer camp. Patterns of child maltreatment subtype and chronicity (based on coded CPS record data) were used to predict Wave 2 (age 18-24 years) profiles of emotion regulation based on self-report, and affective processing assessed via the Affective Go/No-Go task. Results identified associations between task-based affective processing and self-reported emotion regulation profiles. Further, chronic, multi-subtype childhood maltreatment exposure predicted difficulties with aggregated emotion dysregulation. Exposure to neglect with and without other maltreatment subtypes predicted lower sensitivity to affective words. Nuanced results distinguish multiple patterns of emotion regulation in a sample of emerging adults with high exposure to trauma and socioeconomic stress and suggest that maltreatment disrupts emotional development, resulting in difficulties identifying emotions and coping with emotional distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Warmingham
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Erinn B Duprey
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- The Children's Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Fred A Rogosch
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
32
|
Kobylińska D, Lewczuk K, Wizła M, Marcowski P, Blaison C, Kastendieck T, Hess U. Effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies measured by self-report and EMG as a result of strategy used, negative emotion strength and participants' baseline HRV. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6226. [PMID: 37069211 PMCID: PMC10110539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated how emotion regulation (ER) effectiveness-on both a self-reported rating as well as emotional expression (corrugator supercilii muscle activity) level-is affected by the characteristics of the situation (low vs. high negativity), the strategy used (reinterpretation, distraction, suppression, no regulation control condition) and individual dispositions (low vs. high baseline Heart Rate Variability) as well as their interaction. For this purpose, 54 adult women participated in a laboratory study. All the included factors significantly influenced both corrugator activity and appraisals of pictures' negativity (in specific experimental conditions). For example, for high HRV participants, (1) distraction, suppression and reinterpretation significantly decreased corrugator activity compared to the control condition, and (2) distraction decreased appraised picture negativity for high negativity photos. For low HRV participants, distraction and suppression were most effective in decreasing corrugator responses, while suppression was more effective than reinterpretation in decreasing perceived picture negativity in the high negativity condition. Subjectively reported effort and success in applying ER strategies were also dependent on manipulated and dispositional factors. Overall, our results lend support to the flexible emotion regulation framework, showing that emotion regulation effectiveness relies on situational context as well as individual dispositions and their interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kobylińska
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karol Lewczuk
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland.
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wizła
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Marcowski
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Christophe Blaison
- Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt Cedex, France
| | - Till Kastendieck
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
33
|
Liu P, Mo B, Yang P, Li D, Liu S, Cai D. Values mediated emotional adjustment by emotion regulation: A longitudinal study among adolescents in China. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1093072. [PMID: 37057176 PMCID: PMC10086131 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Values have a direct impact on adolescents’ mental health. However, its potential mediated mechanism has received little attention. A 1-year longitudinal survey design was used to explore the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationships between self-transcendence (vs. self-enhancement) values and emotional adjustment among adolescents. Participants were 863 senior school students from Shanghai and Qingdao, Shandong Province. Data on self-transcendence and self-enhancement values, loneliness, depression, and emotion regulation were collected at 2019 and 2020 by using self-report measures. The results showed that (1) adolescents’ endorsement with self-transcendence values decreased and self-enhancement values increased; compared to adolescents in Qingdao, adolescents in Shanghai were more depressed, (2) emotion regulation only mediated the effect of self-transcendence values on loneliness, and (3) not only the relationship between self-transcendence values and depression, but also the relationships between self-enhancement values and loneliness and depression were suppressed by emotion regulation. The study may provide more empirical evidences for the benefits of self-transcendence values and may also give more references on how to improve adolescents’ emotional adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Psychology, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bibo Mo
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Li,
| | - Shihong Liu
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Cai
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Dan Cai,
| |
Collapse
|
|
34
|
Veilleux JC, Warner EA, Chamberlain KD, Brott KH, Schreiber RE, Clift JB. Contextual variation in beliefs about emotion and associated emotion regulation efforts. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
|
35
|
Abstract
Exposure to adversity (e.g., poverty, bereavement) is a robust predictor of disruptions in psychological functioning. However, people vary greatly in their responses to adversity; some experience severe long-term disruptions, others experience minimal disruptions or even improvements. We refer to the latter outcomes-faring better than expected given adversity-as psychological resilience. Understanding what processes explain resilience has critical theoretical and practical implications. Yet, psychology's understanding of resilience is incomplete, for two reasons: (a) We lack conceptual clarity, and (b) two major approaches to resilience-the stress and coping approach and the emotion and emotion-regulation approach-have limitations and are relatively isolated from one another. To address these two obstacles,we first discuss conceptual questions about resilience. Next, we offer an integrative affect-regulation framework that capitalizes on complementary strengths of both approaches. This framework advances our understanding of resilience by integrating existing findings, highlighting gaps in knowledge, and guiding future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Troy
- Popular Comms Institute, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA;
- Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily C Willroth
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Amanda J Shallcross
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;
| | | | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| | - Iris B Mauss
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
|
36
|
Wenzel M, Bürgler S, Brandstätter V, Kreibich A, Hennecke M. Self-Regulatory Strategy Use, Efficacy, and Strategy-Situation-Fit in Self-Control Conflicts of Initiation, Persistence, and Inhibition. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221150478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-control is the ability to (1) initiate, and (2) persist in boring, difficult or disliked activity, and to (3) inhibit impulses to act. We explored the self-regulatory strategies that people use for these three types of self-control conflicts and their subjective efficacy as a function of conflict type. In addition, we hypothesized that people who more frequently create strategy-situation fit by tying strategies to the conflict types they are effective for, are more successful at self-control. A pilot study identified 22 different self-regulatory strategies that could be used for more than one type of self-control conflict. We then used a large data set from two pooled experience sampling datasets ( n = 14,067 reported self-control conflicts) to quantify these strategies’ popularity and subjective efficacy in daily life. Eight strategies were positively and three negatively associated with subjective self-regulatory success but subjective efficacy often depended on type of conflict: Some strategies were effective and some maladaptive only for some types of self-control conflicts. Individuals who created strategy-situation fit for some strategies also reported greater self-regulatory success, as hypothesized. We discuss regulatory flexibility as a crucial component of good self-control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Wenzel
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
37
|
Tan Y, Wang X, Blain SD, Jia L, Qiu J. Interoceptive attention facilitates emotion regulation strategy use. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100336. [PMID: 36199366 PMCID: PMC9512845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Method Results Conclusions
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Tan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
- Corresponding author at: School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Scott D. Blain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University
- Corresponding author at: Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
38
|
Behaving versus thinking positively: When the benefits of cognitive reappraisal are contingent on satisfying basic psychological needs. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
|
39
|
Ben-Baruch YD, Leibovich-Raveh T, Cohen N. The link between emotion regulation and size estimation of spiders pictures among women with fear of spiders. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1053381. [PMID: 36619063 PMCID: PMC9816481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1053381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fear is associated with perceptual biases. People who are afraid of spiders perceive spiders as larger than people without this fear. It is yet unclear, however, whether this effect can be influenced by using implicit (non-deliberate) emotion regulation (ER) processes and explicit (deliberate) ER strategies, such as reappraisal and suppression. Method This study examined the link between implicit and explicit ER and size estimation among women afraid of spiders. After performing an implicit ER (cognitive control) task, participants rated the size and valence of spiders, wasps and butterflies shown in pictures. Participants' tendency to use reappraisal and suppression was assessed using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Results Results showed no effect of implicit ER on size and valence ratings. A greater tendency to use reappraisal was linked to reduced negative feelings on seeing the pictures of spiders. Greater use of suppression, however, was linked to increased size estimation of the spider stimuli. Discussion These results highlight the role of ER in perceptual biases and offer avenues for future ER-based treatments for specific phobias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahel Dror Ben-Baruch
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,*Correspondence: Yahel Dror Ben-Baruch,
| | | | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
|
40
|
Wanqing H, Fenqing L, Solodukho A. Smartphone addiction and cross-cultural adjustment among overseas Chinese students: The role of emotion regulation beliefs and strategies. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1009347. [PMID: 36300043 PMCID: PMC9590311 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1009347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have focused on the cross-cultural adjustment of Chinese students studying in Belarus with the size of this group increasing in recent years. The current study aimed to map the process of cross-cultural adjustment onto various factors including childhood emotional neglect, emotion regulation beliefs, emotional regulation strategies, and smartphone addiction in the international students. Emotional regulation strategy and emotion regulation beliefs could perform as key parts in adapting into overseas life from social learning perspective. Furthermore, smartphone addiction could precipitate a failed adjustment process. Materials and methods A total of 356 Chinese students in Belarus completed a self-administered questionnaire including the Chinese versions of the 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12), sociocultural adaptation scale, mobile phone addiction tendency scale for college students, emotion regulation questionnaire, emotion and regulation beliefs scale, and childhood trauma questionnaire-short form. Correlation analysis, regression analysis and T-tests were used to explore the relationship between the variables. Structural equation modeling was carried out to test the hypotheses for association. Results Emotion regulation beliefs of international students mediated the effect of childhood emotional neglect on cross-cultural adjustment through expression suppression and smartphone addiction. While, in another chain mediation model, childhood emotional neglect affected cross-cultural adjustment only through emotion regulation beliefs and smartphone addiction. Cognitive appraisal independently influenced adjustment through smartphone addiction. Limitations Limitations include its cross-sectional design and self-reported survey methodology. In the future, we can combine experimental manipulations to explore the mechanisms by which various emotion beliefs act on smartphone addiction and cross-cultural adjustment in different situations. Conclusion This study displays the correlation between emotion regulation beliefs to smartphone addiction and cross-cultural adjustment, as well as the harmful effects of childhood emotional neglect; these components should be further addressed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Wanqing
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Science, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Liang Fenqing
- Shenzhen Tiantian Brothers Technology Co., Shenzhen, China
| | - Alexander Solodukho
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Science, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
- *Correspondence: Alexander Solodukho, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9958-2631
| |
Collapse
|
|
41
|
Yang M, Meng Z, Qi H, Duan X, Zhang L. The reciprocal relationships between Chinese children’s perception of interparental conflict, negative thinking, and depression symptoms: A cross-lagged study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:857878. [PMID: 36248573 PMCID: PMC9561413 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present longitudinal study used the traditional cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR) to examine the relationships between perceived interparental conflict (IPC), negative thinking (NT), and depression symptoms in Chinese children. Changes in these three variables over time were also examined, as well as the trait and state aspects of the relationships between them. A sample of 516 third-grade primary students completed questionnaires about IPC, NT, and depression three times over a period of 1 year, at 6-month intervals. The CLPM findings indicated that, assuming that stability of each variable across time was controlled, Chinese children’s perception of IPC significantly affected their level of depression through the mediating path of NT. After taking trait factors into account, among all the significant autoregressive and cross-lagged paths originally found in the CLPM, only one third remained significant in the ALT-SR model. More specifically, the ALT-SR model, revealed a driving effect of children’s NT on perceived IPC and depression symptoms. The CLPM model although elucidated the interplay among three variables, the ALT-SR model showed little evidence of their interrelated growth across time. Taken together, these results indicate that children’s perceived IPC in the long term are a stable trait, with few state-level fluctuations, and is not a significant within-person predictor of subsequent children’s internalization problems. These perceptions appear to contribute more to children’s general psychological tendency than do changes over time. The research is the first to test the reciprocal relationships between Chinese children’s perceived IPC, NT, and depression symptoms. The findings demonstrate that previously proposed theories about the bidirectional relation between IPC and children’s social adjustment, to some extent, may reflect a correlation at a trait level. Put another way, it is IPC’s central tendency to be sensitive in the long term as a stable trait that is associated with their children’s general tendency to show well adjustment. The study contributes to our understanding of that extend previous results and have implications for complementary theoretical and practical interventions. The complementary techniques of CLPM and ALT-SR models offer different insights into children’s internalization problems, and hold promise for supporting the building of more comprehensive children’s developmental theories that acknowledge the interconnectedness of different domains of mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Yang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhaoyan Meng
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Huan Qi
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangfei Duan
- School of Educational Science, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Libin Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
|
42
|
Socastro A, Everaert J, Boemo T, Blanco I, Rodríguez-Carvajal R, Sanchez-Lopez A. Moment-to-Moment Interplay Among Stress Appraisals and Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Daily Life. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:628-640. [PMID: 36381493 PMCID: PMC9537410 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flexible use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies in daily life is theorized to depend on appraisals of occurring stressful events. Yet, to date, little is known about (a) how appraisals of the current situation modulate the use of ER strategies in daily life and (b) how individual differences in affective symptoms impact these relations among appraisals and ER strategy use. This study attempted to address these two limitations using a 5-day experience sampling protocol, with three surveys administered per day in a sample of 97 participants. Each survey measured momentary appraisals of stress intensity and controllability as well as ER strategy use (i.e., rumination, reappraisal, avoidance, and active coping). Results showed that, in situations of low-stress intensity, higher stress controllability was related to greater use of reappraisal and rumination. In situations of high-stress intensity, higher controllability was related to reduced use of rumination. This pattern of flexible use of ER strategies depending on momentary stress appraisals was found for both rumination and avoidance and occurred specifically in individuals reporting lower levels of depression and/or anxiety levels. These findings provide new insight into how flexible use of ER strategies in daily life is modulated by interactions between stress intensity and controllability appraisals at varying levels of affective symptoms. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00122-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Socastro
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonas Everaert
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Boemo
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Blanco
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
|
43
|
Battaglini AM, Rnic K, Jameson T, Jopling E, Albert AY, LeMoult J. The Association of Emotion Regulation Flexibility and Negative and Positive Affect in Daily Life. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:673-685. [PMID: 36035623 PMCID: PMC9398899 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional classifications of emotion regulation (ER) strategies as either uniformly maladaptive or adaptive, recent theoretical models emphasize that adaptability is determined by greater ER flexibility (i.e., the ability to flexibly implement and adjust ER strategies based on the context). This study is the first to empirically test the two central perspectives of ER flexibility on affect. A sample of 384 adults (M age=38.58 years, SD=13.82) residing predominantly in North America completed daily diaries for 14 days. We found evidence that theoretical components of ER flexibility, as defined by greater context sensitivity in the selection of ER strategies, greater ER strategy repertoire, enhanced responsivity to affective feedback, and ER-environmental covariation, were associated with adaptive affective outcomes (i.e., reduced negative affect and/or increased positive affect). This study highlights the importance of examining ER flexibility and its consequences as a critical component of ER. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00132-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Battaglini
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Katerina Rnic
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Taylyn Jameson
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Ellen Jopling
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Arianne Y. Albert
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Psychology Department, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
44
|
Socastro A, Contreras A, Peinado V, Trucharte A, Valiente C, Vazquez C, Sanchez-Lopez A. The mediating role of controllability appraisals and coping strategies on adaptive functioning after job loss: a path model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14898. [PMID: 36050384 PMCID: PMC9436725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Job loss is a stressful event that increases the risk of experiencing depression and anxiety, especially during the initial months of unemployment. This study examined differences in psychological symptoms and resilient functioning accounted by employment status. The results pointed out that recently unemployed compared to currently employed individuals had lower levels of perceived controllability and resilience as well as higher levels of depression and anxiety. Path analyses showed that lower controllability appraisals at wave 1 of recently unemployed compared to employed individuals, in turn, predicted a lower use of active coping and reappraisal at wave 2, with the latter further accounting for lower levels in resilience. Higher use of distraction further mediated the relation between employment status and higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Our findings demonstrate the importance of controllability appraisals and coping strategies used to promote adaptive psychological functioning following job loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Socastro
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Contreras
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Peinado
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Trucharte
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Valiente
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Vazquez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Somosaguas Campus, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
|
45
|
Wolfe HE, Isaacowitz DM. Aging and Emotion Regulation Tactics Across the Historical Events of 2020. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2022:6650780. [PMID: 35895498 PMCID: PMC9384541 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite well-documented cognitive and physical declines with age, older adults tend to report higher emotional wellbeing than younger adults, even during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To understand this paradox, as well as investigate the effects of specific historical contexts, the current study examined age differences in emotion regulation related to the events of 2020 in the United States. We predicted that, due to older adults' theorized greater prioritization of hedonic goals and avoidance of arousal, older adults would report more positivity-upregulation and acceptance tactics than younger adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 81 younger adults (ages 18-25) and 85 older adults (age 55+) completed a retrospective survey on their emotion regulation tactic usage for three specific events: the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the killing of George Floyd, and the presidential election. RESULTS Older adults tended to rely most on acceptance-focused tactics, while younger adults tended to rely on a more even variety of tactics. However, age differences in tactic preferences varied by event, possibly due to younger adults' greater emotion regulation flexibility. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Older adults' higher emotional well-being may not be primarily a result of age differences in positivity-related emotion regulation tactics, but more about differences in acceptance use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Wolfe
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek M Isaacowitz
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
46
|
Riepenhausen A, Wackerhagen C, Reppmann ZC, Deter HC, Kalisch R, Veer IM, Walter H. Positive Cognitive Reappraisal in Stress Resilience, Mental Health, and Well-Being: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related psychopathology is on the rise, and there is a pressing need for improved prevention strategies. Positive appraisal style, the tendency to appraise potentially threatening situations in a positive way, has been proposed to act as a key resilience mechanism and therefore offers a potential target for preventive approaches. In this article, we review n = 99 studies investigating associations of positive cognitive reappraisal, an important sub-facet of positive appraisal style, with outcome-based resilience and relevant other outcomes, which are considered resilience-related. According to the studies reviewed, positive cognitive reappraisal moderates the relation between stressors and negative outcomes and is positively related to several resilience-related outcomes. It also mediates between other resilience factors and resilience, suggesting it is a proximal resilience factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Riepenhausen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Faculty of Philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Wackerhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zala C. Reppmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Deter
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Faculty of Philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medical Clinic, Psychosomatics, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Ilya M. Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences CCM, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Faculty of Philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
47
|
Coping with COVID Stress: Maladaptive and Adaptive Response Styles Predicting College Student Internalizing Symptom Dimensions. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022; 44:1004-1020. [PMID: 35892122 PMCID: PMC9305060 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted daily life for undergraduates and introduced new stressors (e.g., campus closures). How individuals respond to stressors can interact with stress to increase disorder risk in both unique and transdiagnostic ways. The current study examined how maladaptive and adaptive stress response styles moderated the perceived severity of COVID-related stressors effect on general and specific internalizing dimensions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in a combined undergraduate sample across two universities (N = 451) using latent bifactor modeling and LASSO modeling to identify optimal predictors. Results showed that perceived stress severity and maladaptive response styles (not adaptive response styles or interactions between stress and response styles) were associated with both common and specific internalizing dimensions. Results suggest additive associations of stress severity and maladaptive coping with internalizing symptoms during the pandemic’s beginning, and provide important insights for screening, prevention, and intervention during future public health crises.
Collapse
|
|
48
|
Luo J, Zhang B, Cao M, Roberts BW. The Stressful Personality: A Meta-Analytical Review of the Relation Between Personality and Stress. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 27:128-194. [PMID: 35801622 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study presented the first meta-analytic review on the associations between the Big Five personality traits and stress measured under different conceptualizations (stressor exposure, psychological and physiological stress responses) using a total of 1,575 effect sizes drawn from 298 samples. Overall, neuroticism was found to be positively related to stress, whereas extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were negatively linked to stress. When stress assessed under different conceptualizations was tested, only neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were related to stressor exposure. All of the Big Five personality traits were significantly associated with psychological stress perception, whereas the five personality traits showed weak to null associations with physiological stress response. Further moderation analyses suggested that the associations between personality traits and stress under different conceptualizations were also contingent upon different characteristics of stress, sample, study design, and measures. The results supported the important role of personality traits in individual differences in stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
49
|
O’Rourke T, Vogel C, John D, Pryss R, Schobel J, Haug F, Haug J, Pieh C, Nater UM, Feneberg AC, Reichert M, Probst T. The Impact of Coping Styles and Gender on Situational Coping: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study With the mHealth Application TrackYourStress. Front Psychol 2022; 13:913125. [PMID: 35795429 PMCID: PMC9252427 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.913125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different coping styles on situational coping in everyday life situations and gender differences. An ecological momentary assessment study with the mobile health app TrackYourStress was conducted with 113 participants. The coping styles Positive Thinking, Active Stress Coping, Social Support, Support in Faith, and Alcohol and Cigarette Consumption of the Stress and Coping Inventory were measured at baseline. Situational coping was assessed by the question “How well can you cope with your momentary stress level” over 4 weeks. Multilevel models were conducted to test the effects of the coping styles on situational coping. Additionally, gender differences were evaluated. Positive Thinking (p = 0.03) and Active Stress Coping (p = 0.04) had significant positive impacts on situational coping in the total sample. For women, Social Support had a significant positive effect on situational coping (p = 0.046). For men, Active Stress Coping had a significant positive effect on situational coping (p = 0.001). Women had higher scores on the SCI scale Social Support than men (p = 0.007). These results suggest that different coping styles could be more effective in daily life for women than for men. Taking this into account, interventions tailored to users’ coping styles might lead to better coping outcomes than generalized interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa O’Rourke
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- *Correspondence: Teresa O’Rourke,
| | - Carsten Vogel
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dennis John
- Lutheran University of Applied Sciences, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Pryss
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schobel
- DigiHealth Institute, Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Haug
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer Sciences and Psychology, Institute for Databases and Information Systems, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Haug
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer Sciences and Psychology, Institute for Databases and Information Systems, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Pieh
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Urs M. Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja C. Feneberg
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Reichert
- Faculty of Engineering, Computer Sciences and Psychology, Institute for Databases and Information Systems, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Probst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
|
50
|
De France K, Hollenstein T. Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Success During Adolescence: Assessing the Role of Context. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:720-736. [PMID: 34459061 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the role of situational factors in emotion regulation (ER) strategy choice and perceived ER success within a sample of adolescents (n = 178, Mage = 13.93, 42.2% female). Experience-sampling results showed that emotion type and intensity, but not situational control, were associated with strategy use. Instances of anxiety and situational control were associated with higher levels of ER success, while intensity was associated with lower levels of ER success. Finally, situational factors moderated the reappraisal-success and engagement-success associations. These results provide the first assessment of multiple contextual factors on strategy selection and regulatory success during naturalistic emotional evocations and suggest that context is influential for strategy selection, regulatory success, as well as associations between these two highly researched elements of ER.
Collapse
|