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Patra BN, Sagar R, Sharma G, Khandelwal K, Goswami R. Development of Yoga Intervention Module for Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Yoga 2025; 18:81-89. [PMID: 40365370 PMCID: PMC12068465 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_226_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health problems constitute around 7.5% of the global burden of disease. Worldwide, depression has been expected to be the second-leading cause of disability by 2020. Child and adolescent depression are associated with decreased school attendance, poor performance at school, use of drugs and alcohol, violence, and suicidal behavior. In recent times, various complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) such as mindfulness and meditation intervention, acupuncture, nutraceuticals, and physical exercise have also gained interest with encouraging results. One such CAM intervention is Yoga. The current paper focused on the development and validation of yoga therapy. Materials and Methods A yoga module was developed in three steps. The first step was the development of a yoga module where traditional texts, research papers were extensively reviewed. Based on that existing literature, a module was outlined. In the second step, the detailed module was validated by the experts in the field of yoga. In the third step, a pilot study was carried out on five participants and they were administered on depression scale for children. Moreover caregivers were also assessed on variables like depression, stress and anxiety at baseline and postassessment. Results It was found that yoga therapy was acceptable among children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. There was high compliance among participants. They reported overall satisfaction and found a reduction in depression scores on the measures used. Discussion Yoga therapy should be recommended by professionals in out-patient clinics. Moreover, this is a pilot-tested study and hence comment on the efficacy of the present study could not be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichitra Nanda Patra
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gautam Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanika Khandelwal
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Goswami
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Khoury NM, Carbone S, Cote J, LePage E, George S, Zhang-James Y, Duquette J, Hagen K. A welcomed invitation: The feasibility of Trauma Adapted Yoga on a psychiatric inpatient adolescent unit. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2024; 88:81-82. [PMID: 38378309 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayla M Khoury
- Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse NY 13210, USA.
| | - Stephanie Carbone
- Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse NY 13210, USA
| | - John Cote
- Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse NY 13210, USA
| | - Emily LePage
- Syracuse University, 900 S Crouse Ave, Syracuse NY 13224, USA
| | - Susan George
- Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, 100 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yanli Zhang-James
- Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse NY 13210, USA
| | - Jacquelynn Duquette
- Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse NY 13210, USA
| | - Kathryn Hagen
- Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse NY 13210, USA
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Patra BN, Khandelwal K, Sagar R, Sharma G. Effect of Yoga among Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Psychiatric Disorders: A Scoping Review. Int J Yoga 2024; 17:3-9. [PMID: 38899134 PMCID: PMC11185436 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_227_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression has been expected to be the second-leading cause of disability, followed by autism, attention and hyperactivity disorder, and learning disorder. Yoga therapy has found to be beneficial in managing psychiatric disorders. Aim The present study undertakes a scoping review of research on yoga therapy in psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents. Methods Online database was used to identify papers published 2004-2023, from which we selected 11 publications from the United States, Canada, Iran, India, and Australia that used yoga therapy as a primary outcome variable among participants aged 3 years or older. Results The papers reviewed were randomized controlled trials. All studies examined yoga therapy, but one study used mindfulness-based therapy and used few techniques of yoga therapy. The studies examined the effect of yoga therapy on early childhood and adolescence on various psychiatric symptoms such as stress, inattention, hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, and many more. Conclusion While the quality of studies is generally high, research on yoga therapy among children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders would benefit from careful selection of methods and reference standards, suitability for yoga therapy, and prospective cohort studies linking early childhood exposures with yoga therapy outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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Uebelacker LA, Wolff JC, Guo J, Conte K, Tremont G, Kraines M, O'Keeffe B, Fristad MA, Yen S. Assessing feasibility and acceptability of yoga and group CBT for adolescents with depression: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 28:525-540. [PMID: 35608457 PMCID: PMC11927086 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221092885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given increasing rates of depression in adolescents, there is a clear need for innovative treatments. In this pilot randomized clinical trial, we assessed acceptability and feasibility of two group-based interventions: yoga and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The goal of this work is to prepare for a future fully powered randomized trial to test the hypothesis that yoga is not inferior to an established adolescent depression treatment, namely, group CBT. METHODS We enrolled 42 adolescents with elevated depression symptoms. Participants were randomly assigned to a 12-week group-based intervention, yoga or CBT. We had a priori feasibility and acceptability targets, including for recruitment rate, retention rate, expectancy, credibility, program satisfaction, class attendance, engagement in home practice, and instructor/leader manual adherence. We assessed adverse events, and within-subject changes in outcomes (depression, anxiety, impairment, sleep disturbance) and possible mediators (mindfulness, self-compassion). RESULTS Both interventions met most acceptability and feasibility targets. The only target not met related to low engagement in home practice. Participants within each study arm showed decreased depression symptoms over time and increased self-compassion. CONCLUSIONS A yoga intervention appears to be acceptable and feasible to adolescents with depression. However, it may be challenging for this group to engage in unstructured home practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Uebelacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer C Wolff
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenny Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey Tremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Morganne Kraines
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Mary A Fristad
- Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shirley Yen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wu Y, Yan D, Yang J. Effectiveness of yoga for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1138205. [PMID: 37032928 PMCID: PMC10077871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1138205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a relapse rate that cannot be ignored and places a tremendous burden on the patient in the prevention and treatment process. Yoga, a combination of physical and mental exercises, is effective and acceptable for the adjunctive treatment of MDD. This study aimed to explore further the evidence of yoga's efficacy for patients with MDD. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, PsycINFO, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases from their inception to 13 October 2022 were searched by a pre-defined search strategy. RCTs of patients with MDD who met diagnostic criteria for yoga treatment were included. RoB2.0 was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. Improvement in depressive symptoms was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), or other scales were used as primary outcome indicators, and improvement in anxiety was assessed by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale as secondary outcome indicators. RR and Cohen's d at 95% CI were used as effect size estimates, and Q and I2 were used to evaluate the size of heterogeneity, with a p-value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results Thirty-four RCT studies, including 1,269 patients in the treatment group and 1,072 patients in the control group, 48.4% of whom were women, were included in the study. Compared to the control group, the BDI-II results yielded a moderate effect of yoga on the improvement of depressive symptoms (Cohen's d = -0.60; 95% CI: -1.00 to -0.21; p < 0.01), the HAMD results yielded a moderate improvement of yoga on the severity of depressive symptoms (Cohen's d = -0.64; 95% CI: -0.98 to -0.30; p < 0.01), and the STAI results can be concluded that yoga had a negligible effect on the improvement of the level of anxiety (Cohen's d = -0.26; 95% CI: -0.48 to -0.04; p = 0.02). No adverse events occurred in the yoga group during the treatment. Conclusion Yoga can improve depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients with MDD and has a safe and wide patient acceptance. Systematic review registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [PROSPERO, CRD42022373282].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianli Yang
- Department of Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Uebelacker LA, Wolff JC, Guo J, Conte K, Segur R, Caviness CM, Park HS, Peterson S, Tremont G, Rosen RK, Yen S. Single-arm Pilot Trial of Hatha Yoga for Adolescents with Depression. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 7:317-326. [PMID: 36506106 PMCID: PMC9733676 DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2021.1993110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of adolescent depression is increasing, particularly among girls. Existing evidence-based treatments have limitations and/or may not be acceptable to all adolescents and parents. There is evidence that hatha yoga may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for depression in adults. The purpose of the current study was to assess acceptability and feasibility of hatha yoga for depression in teens. We conducted a single-arm pilot trial of 12 weeks of manualized yoga classes specifically targeted toward teens with elevated depression symptoms. We assessed acceptability and feasibility by several metrics and compared our results against a priori benchmarks. We also collected qualitative feedback on the classes. We enrolled 11 teens. We met a priori benchmarks for recruitment and retention rates, credibility of the yoga classes, satisfaction with classes, and (lack of) adverse events causally related to classes. Class attendance and amount of home practice fell below planned benchmarks. Qualitative feedback was positive from the majority, although not all, participants. Results from this study may be used to further refine yoga classes for depressed teens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Uebelacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jennifer C. Wolff
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Jenny Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Ryan Segur
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Celeste M. Caviness
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Butler Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Geoffrey Tremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Rochelle K. Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Shirley Yen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI,Massachusetts Mental Health Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Nourollahimoghadam E, Gorji S, Gorji A, Khaleghi Ghadiri M. Therapeutic role of yoga in neuropsychological disorders. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:754-773. [PMID: 34733640 PMCID: PMC8546763 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yoga is considered a widely-used approach for health conservation and can be adopted as a treatment modality for a plethora of medical conditions, including neurological and psychological disorders. Hence, we reviewed relevant articles entailing various neurological and psychological disorders and gathered data on how yoga exerts positive impacts on patients with a diverse range of disorders, including its modulatory effects on brain bioelectrical activities, neurotransmitters, and synaptic plasticity. The role of yoga practice as an element of the treatment of several neuropsychological diseases was evaluated based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaghayegh Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Münster University, Münster 48149, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
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Uebelacker LA, Wolff JC, Guo J, Feltus S, Caviness CM, Tremont G, Conte K, Rosen RK, Yen S. Teens' perspectives on yoga as a treatment for stress and depression. Complement Ther Med 2021; 59:102723. [PMID: 33895267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand adolescents' experiences and attitudes toward yoga, with a particular focus on acceptability and feasibility of a yoga intervention for depressed adolescents. DESIGN Qualitative analysis of data from three focus groups and eight individual interviews, for a total of 22 teen participants. SETTING Outpatient setting in a psychiatric hospital in the U.S. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Teens were asked about their own and their peers' attitudes toward, and experiences with, hatha yoga; reactions to a study-created yoga video; and opinions on class logistics. RESULTS Teens had both positive and negative attitudes toward, and experiences with, hatha yoga. They commented on "who does yoga;" many responses suggested a limited group (e.g., moms; people with money and time). Participants agreed that yoga could be potentially beneficial for depressed or stressed teens. Self-consciousness while being in a yoga class was a major concern. Overall, teens reacted favorably to the study-created yoga video. Teens had varied opinions about class logistics including class duration and size. Teens cited barriers to class, such as transportation, as well as barriers to home yoga practice. CONCLUSIONS Key points for developing a yoga class that might be appealing to depressed or stressed teens include: creating a class with variety that teens will find interesting; taking concrete steps to decrease teen self-consciousness; incorporating messages relevant for teens and consistent with yoga philosophy; and actively countering stereotypes about who practices yoga. Limitations of this study include the lack of data from male teens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Uebelacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - J C Wolff
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - J Guo
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - S Feltus
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - C M Caviness
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - G Tremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - K Conte
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - R K Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - S Yen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Massachusetts Mental Health Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Janjhua Y, Chaudhary R, Sharma N, Kumar K. A study on effect of yoga on emotional regulation, self-esteem, and feelings of adolescents. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3381-3386. [PMID: 33102300 PMCID: PMC7567196 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_153_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study has investigated the effect of yoga on the emotional regulation, self-esteem, and feelings of the adolescents. Methods: The participants of the study are 110 students aged 13–18 years and studying in the senior secondary schools of Mandi district (Himachal Pradesh). The sample consisted of 52 adolescents practicing yoga and 58 adolescents who have never practiced yoga. The primary data has been collected through standardized instruments. Results: The adolescents practicing yoga were noted to significantly differ from the non-yoga group on emotional regulation, self-esteem, and feeling components. Conclusions: The significant effect of yoga on emotional regulation, self-esteem, and feelings of the adolescents calls for attention of the policy makers for initiating yoga at the school levels through standardized yoga curricula and training teachers to motivate and inspire the students to learn and practice yoga at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Janjhua
- Department of Business Management, College of Horticulture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Chaudhary
- Department of Business Management, College of Horticulture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Business Management, College of Horticulture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Business Management, College of Horticulture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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McGreevy S, Boland P. Sensory-based interventions with adult and adolescent trauma survivors. IRISH JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/ijot-10-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeAn emerging evidence base, and increased awareness of the effects of trauma on the body, advocates a sensory-based approach to treatment with posttraumatic stress and complex trauma survivors. This paper aims to identify, analyse and summarise the empirical evidence for the sensory-based interventions, which occupational therapists are using in the treatment of adult and adolescent trauma survivors.Design/methodology/approachAn integrative review of the literature was undertaken. Both empirical and conceptual papers were included. An inductive approach and constant comparative method were used to understand and synthesise the research.FindingsThe literature search yielded 18 papers describing the types of sensory-based interventions used, sensory processing (SP) patterns and the context and evidence for sensory-based occupational therapy practice with trauma survivors. Nine of the studies were empirical and nine were conceptual and review papers. Themes identified included: atypical SP patterns; type of sensory-based intervention used with trauma survivors; and transdisciplinary treatment programmes can reduce the symptoms of trauma.Practical implicationsSensory-based interventions with adult and adolescent trauma survivors are emerging as promising areas of practice and research in the literature. Although empirical data is limited, the sensory needs of the body in processing trauma experiences is becoming more recognised and are supported by the atypical SP patterns identified in survivors. A sensory-based, transdisciplinary approach to treatment has the potential to be effective in treating the trauma survivor.Originality/valueWith a skill base in sensory integration and occupational analysis, occupational therapists have much to offer the field of trauma studies. This review begins to address the gap in the literature, recommending more rigorous controlled outcome research with larger sample sizes, person-centred studies focussing on the trauma survivor’s perspective and continuing professional development and mentorship for occupational therapists working with this population.
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Pfeiffer B, Clark GF, Arbesman M. Effectiveness of Cognitive and Occupation-Based Interventions for Children With Challenges in Sensory Processing and Integration: A Systematic Review. Am J Occup Ther 2017; 72:7201190020p1-7201190020p9. [PMID: 29280712 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2018.028233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review examines the evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive and occupation-based interventions to improve self-regulation in children and youth who have challenges in processing and integrating sensory information. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guided the methodology. Five studies identified through a comprehensive database search met the inclusion criteria and were separated into categories of cognitive and occupation-based interventions. Articles that did not specifically measure sensory integration (SI) or processing challenges were omitted. Synthesis of the articles suggests that self-regulation (e.g., sensory processing, emotional regulation, executive functioning, social function) improved with cognitive and occupation-based interventions. Because the number of studies that measured sensory processing or SI challenges was limited, researchers are encouraged to include these measures in future research to understand the impact of a broader range of cognitive and occupation-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Pfeiffer
- Beth Pfeiffer, PhD, OTR/L, BCP, FAOTA, is Associate Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA;
| | - Gloria Frolek Clark
- Gloria Frolek Clark, PhD, OTR/L, BCP, SCSS, FAOTA, is Occupational Therapist, Private Practice, Adel, IA
| | - Marian Arbesman
- Marian Arbesman, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Methodology Consultant, Evidence-Based Practice Project, American Occupational Therapy Association, Bethesda, MD; Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; and President, ArbesIdeas, Inc., Williamsville, NY
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