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Chen C, Lin YJ, Lu HH, Liang JS, Chiang HL. Language and motor plasticity in toddlerhood and early preschool as predictors of intelligence in late preschool. J Formos Med Assoc 2025:S0929-6646(25)00106-8. [PMID: 40089415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2025.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2025] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early language and motor development may influence cognitive function in a cascading manner later in life. This study aimed to explore the impact of language and motor plasticity during toddlerhood and early preschool years on intelligence in late preschool, with an additional consideration of the influence of ASD and ADHD diagnoses. METHODS We retrospectively collected medical chart from 423 children aged 2-5 years (316 boys and 107 girls; mean age at Time 1: 3.49 ± 0.98 years), who participated in an early intervention program at a medical center in Northern Taiwan. Language and motor development along with demographic information were assessed during the initial evaluation (Time 1). These assessments were repeated, and intelligence was measured at the follow-up (Time 2). A generalized linear model was used for the data analysis. RESULTS Receptive language developmental change was the strongest predictor of lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, followed by gross, expressive language, and fine motor developmental changes (all p < 0.01). Children with catch-up receptive or expressive language or gross or fine motor development had better IQ outcomes than those with persistent delay (all p < 0.001). There were no ASD-by-developmental type or ADHD-by-developmental type interactions predicting IQ. CONCLUSIONS Better plasticity in language and motor abilities during toddlerhood and early pre-school years was associated with better intelligence in the late pre-school years. The importance of early and effective interventions for language and motor development has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Child Development Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Child Development Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Hui Lu
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jao-Shwann Liang
- Department of Child Development Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Child Development Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Verbecque E, Johnson C, Scaccabarozzi G, Molteni M, Klingels K, Crippa A. Motor difficulties in children with neurodevelopmental conditions: a report from a cross-national study in Belgian and Italian children. Eur J Pediatr 2025; 184:174. [PMID: 39904911 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-025-06009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
Motor behavior alterations are common in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism, developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the extent of motor impairment remains unclear. In autism and ADHD, motor difficulties may be linked to co-occurring DCD, which often goes unrecognized. We aimed to map the prevalence of DCD in autism and ADHD, and to explore motor skill difficulties using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), by comparing children with typical motor development (TMD) with those who have NDDs, and by identifying specific profiles among NDDs. A combined sample of participants (n = 215), including autistic children with(out) intellectual disability (ID) and children with ADHD, DCD, and TMD, performed the MABC-2. Depending on co-occurring DCD/ID, subgroups were composed: autism-only (n = 17), autism + ID (n = 17), autism + DCD (n = 40), ADHD-only (n = 14), ADHD + DCD (n = 12), DCD (n = 25), and TMD (n = 59). MABC-2 differences between TMD/NDDs (Mann-Whitney U test) and among NDDs (Kruskal-Wallis test) were assessed. DCD occurred in 70.2% of the autistic children without ID and in 46.2% of those with ADHD. Children with NDDs performed significantly worse than the TMD (p < 0.001). Manual dexterity skills, aiming and catching, and balance were significantly different across the NDD subgroups (p ≤ 0.001). Particularly children with ( +)DCD and autism + ID performed worse on manual dexterity skills. Children with ( +)DCD were outperformed on aiming and catching. All subgroups, except the ADHD-only group, performed poorly on balance. CONCLUSION Distinct motor difficulties were identified across various NDDs. Children with co-occurring ID or DCD exhibit unique challenges, stressing the importance of motor profile subgrouping. WHAT IS KNOWN • Despite the common occurrence of motor behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders, the extent of motor impairment remains unclear. • Motor difficulties in autism and ADHD may be linked to co-occurring DCD, which often goes unrecognized. WHAT IS NEW • DCD occurred in 70% of the autistic children without ID and in 46% of those with ADHD. • Children with co-occurring ID or DCD exhibit unique challenges, stressing the importance of motor profile subgrouping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Verbecque
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Johnson
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gaia Scaccabarozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Crippa
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
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Yasunaga M, Miyaguchi H, Ishizuki C, Kita Y, Nakai A. Association between Motor Skills, Occupational Performance, and Mental Health in Japanese Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Correlational Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:899. [PMID: 39201834 PMCID: PMC11353002 DOI: 10.3390/children11080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor skills have been linked to executive functions (EFs) in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). However, the traits of other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, remain overlooked. Therefore, this study explored the association between motor skills, occupational performance, and mental health in older kindergarten children with DCD and other NDDs. Overall, 95 participants aged 5-6 years were included in this study and divided into four groups: DCD traits (DCD-t), DCD-t + NDD traits (DCD-t + NDD-t), NDD-t-only, and typically developing children. Motor skills, EFs, and mental health were assessed using the DCD Questionnaire (DCDQ-J) and Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition, School Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (S-AMPS), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), respectively. The DCD-t + NDD-t group exhibited a strong correlation between the S-AMPS motor skill score and the DCDQ-J fine motor skill score (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and between the total DCDQ-J score and the SDQ Total Difficulties Score (r = -0.94, p < 0.001). The findings indicate that children with DCD-t and NDD-t are more likely to experience EF and mental health problems than those with DCD-t only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yasunaga
- Health and Counseling Center, Campus Life Health Support and Consultation Center, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Hideki Miyaguchi
- Department of Human Behavior Science of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
- University of Kochi He alth Scienses, Kochi 781-5103, Japan
| | - Chinami Ishizuki
- Department of Human Behavior Science of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Yosuke Kita
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan;
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akio Nakai
- Research Institute for Education & Graduate School of Clinical Education, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8558, Japan
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Lin LY, Hwang IT, Hsu CF, Yu WH, Lai PC, Chen YW, Tu YF. Comparing fine motor performance among young children with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and specific developmental disorder of motor function. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1372980. [PMID: 38562136 PMCID: PMC10982319 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1372980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The acquisition of fine motor skills is considered to be a crucial developmental milestone throughout early childhood. This study aimed to investigate the fine motor performance of young children with different disability diagnoses. Methods We enrolled a sample of 1,897 young children under the age of 6 years who were at risk of developmental delays and were identified by a transdisciplinary team. A series of standardized developmental assessments included the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-Second Edition, and Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition were used. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted on all children to identify specific developmental disorders. The number of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), comorbidity, motor dysfunction, and unspecified developmental delays (DD) were 363 (19.1%), 223 (11.8%), 234 (12.3%), 285 (15.0%), 128 (6.7%), and 590 (31.1%), respectively. Results Young children with ID, comorbidity, and motor dysfunction demonstrated significant difficulty in performing manual dexterity and visual motor integration tasks and scored significantly lower in these areas than children with ASD, ADHD, and unspecified DD. In addition, fine motor performance was associated with cognitive ability in children with different disability diagnoses, indicating that young children showed better fine motor performance when they demonstrated better cognitive ability. Conclusion Our findings support that differences in fine motor performance differ by disability type. Close links between fine motor performance and cognitive ability in children under the age of 6 years were seen in all disability types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Hwang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Hsu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Lai
- Educational Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Peall KJ, Owen MJ, Hall J. Rare genetic brain disorders with overlapping neurological and psychiatric phenotypes. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:7-21. [PMID: 38001363 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding rare genetic brain disorders with overlapping neurological and psychiatric phenotypes is of increasing importance given the potential for developing disease models that could help to understand more common, polygenic disorders. However, the traditional clinical boundaries between neurology and psychiatry result in frequent segregation of these disorders into distinct silos, limiting cross-specialty understanding that could facilitate clinical and biological advances. In this Review, we highlight multiple genetic brain disorders in which neurological and psychiatric phenotypes are observed, but for which in-depth, cross-spectrum clinical phenotyping is rarely undertaken. We describe the combined phenotypes observed in association with genetic variants linked to epilepsy, dystonia, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We also consider common underlying mechanisms that centre on synaptic plasticity, including changes to synaptic and neuronal structure, calcium handling and the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity. Further investigation is needed to better define and replicate these phenotypes in larger cohorts, which would help to gain greater understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and identify common therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Peall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Gurevitz M, Leisman G. Factors in Infancy That May Predict Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1374. [PMID: 37891743 PMCID: PMC10605556 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global increase in the prevalence of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is of great medical importance, but the reasons for this increase are still unknown. This study sought to identify possible early contributing factors in children who were later diagnosed with ASD. In this retrospective cohort study, postnatal records of 1105 children diagnosed with ASD were analyzed to determine if any signs of ASD could be found in a large database of births and well-baby care programs. We compared the recordings of typically developing children and analyzed the differences statistically. Rapid increases in weight, height, and head circumference during early infancy predict the development of ASD. In addition, low birth weight, older maternal age, and increased weight and height percentiles at six months of age together predict the development of ASD. At two years of age, these four parameters, in addition to impaired motor development, can also predict the development of ASD. These results suggest that the recent increase in ASD prevalence is associated with the "obesity epidemic" and with recommendations of supine sleeping to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, associated with atypical neural network development in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gurevitz
- Well Baby Clinic Physician, Maccabi Health Services, Herzliya 4649713, Israel;
| | - Gerry Leisman
- Movement and Fetal Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Neurology, University of the Medical Sciences of Havana, Havana 11600, Cuba
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Veldhuizen S, Bedard C, King-Dowling S, Barratt J, Kwan M, Cairney J. Stability of M-ABC-2-measured motor functioning in early childhood: Evidence from a large prospective cohort. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 87:103037. [PMID: 36442296 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Some studies have reported that children with poor motor functioning tend to improve over time. However, much existing research does not account for regression towards the mean (RTM). Here, we examine measurement stability among 589 children aged 4-5 years. METHOD We administered the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd Edition annually to 269 children initially scoring above and 252 at or below the 16th percentile. We measured agreement between year 1 and year 2 standard scores using Pearson correlation and derived expected regression towards the mean (RTM). We then regressed follow-up on baseline scores, controlling for relative age, sex, and exact interval between assessments. Finally, we performed a small illustrative simulation. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The mean score in the poor-coordination group rose from 5.6 (SD = 1.5) to 7.2 (SD = 2.8). Year 1 and year 2 scores were correlated at r = 0.66, corresponding to predicted RTM in the MI group of 1.56, close to the observed change of 1.57. Degree of change was not associated with time between assessments. INTERPRETATION Observed improvements in motor functioning were consistent with measurement error. The stability of motor functioning may be greater than it appears from past research, and reported functional improvements in some studies may be illusory. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS?
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Veldhuizen
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chloe Bedard
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sara King-Dowling
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaime Barratt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Kwan
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - John Cairney
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Bhat A. Multidimensional motor performance in children with autism mostly remains stable with age and predicts social communication delay, language delay, functional delay, and repetitive behavior severity after accounting for intellectual disability or cognitive delay: A SPARK dataset analysis. Autism Res 2023; 16:208-229. [PMID: 36533674 PMCID: PMC9939031 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When motor difficulties continue into adolescence/adulthood, they could negatively impact an individual with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)'s daily living skills, physical fitness, as well as physical and mental health/well-being. Few studies have examined motor difficulties in children with ASD as a function of sex or age; however, greater cognitive challenges are associated with worse general motor performance. Based on the Developmental Coordination Disorder-Questionnaire (DCD-Q) data from the SPARK study sample, 87%-88% children with ASD were at-risk for a general motor impairment that persisted until 15 years and was related to their core and co-occurring difficulties. Bhat et al. confirmed motor difficulties in children with ASD on multiple motor dimensions that predicted core and co-occurring conditions after accounting for age and sex. However, presence of intellectual disability (ID) or cognitive delay was not controlled in the previous analysis. Additionally, the effects of age, sex, and cognitive ability on multidimensional motor difficulties of the SPARK sample have not been discussed before. Therefore, this analysis examines the effects of age, sex, and cognitive ability (presence of ID or level of cognitive delay) on the motor performance of children from the SPARK sample using the DCD-Q. Except fine motor skills, multiple motor domains did not change with age in children with ASD. Females without ID improved their fine motor scores with age, and performed better compared to males without ID. Children with ASD and ID had greater motor difficulties across multiple motor domains than those without ID. Even after controlling for age, sex, and presence of ID/cognitive delay; motor performance was predictive of social communication skills, repetitive behavior severity, as well as language and functional delays. Gross motor skills contributed more than fine motor and general motor competence skills in predicting social communication delay. However, fine motor and general motor competence skills contributed more than gross motor skills in predicting repetitive behavior severity and language delay. Both, fine and gross motor skills predicted functional delay. In light of consistent findings on motor difficulties in children with ASD, adding motor issues as a specifier within the ASD definition could provide a clear clinical route for movement clinicians to address motor difficulties of individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Bhat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA,Biomechanics & Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Ketcheson LR, Pitchford EA, Staples KL, MacDonald M, Ulrich DA. Supporting the need for the motor domain to be included in the definition of autism spectrum disorder: A response to Bishop et al.'s critique of Bhat (2021). Autism Res 2022; 15:1796-1798. [PMID: 36052511 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Ketcheson
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Kerri L Staples
- School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Megan MacDonald
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Dale A Ulrich
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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10
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Lino F, Chieffo DPR. Developmental Coordination Disorder and Most Prevalent Comorbidities: A Narrative Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1095. [PMID: 35884081 PMCID: PMC9317644 DOI: 10.3390/children9071095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review describes, in detail, the relationships between Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and most prevalent associated comorbidities in their complexity, heterogeneity and multifactoriality. The research has been conducted on the main scientific databases, excluding single case papers. Blurred borders between the different nosographic entities have been described and advances in this field have been highlighted. In this multifaceted framework a specific profiling for co-occurring DCD, ADHD and ASD signs and symptoms is proposed, confirming the need for a multidisciplinary approach to define new diagnostic paradigms in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lino
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRRCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Pia Rosaria Chieffo
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRRCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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11
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Emotional and behavioral problems in Japanese preschool children with motor coordination difficulties: the role of autistic traits. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:979-990. [PMID: 33566188 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been little research on whether younger children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) symptoms have an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems. This study examined whether coordination difficulties are associated with emotional and behavioral problems (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems, reduced prosocial behavior) in preschool children and the role of autistic traits in this association. Data (N = 1042, age 58-71 months) were analyzed from the Tama Children's Survey (TCS). The Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (LDCDQ) was used to measure coordination difficulty symptoms. Information was obtained on emotional/behavioral problems using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and on autistic traits with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Higher autistic traits were based on SRS cutoff scores (53.5 for boys and 52.5 for girls). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between the variables. In adjusted models, children with probable DCD (pDCD) were significantly more likely to score above the clinical thresholds on all SDQ emotional/behavioral domains. However, nearly all of these associations became nonsignificant after including autistic traits in the analysis. Additional analyses showed that children with pDCD with higher autistic traits had significantly increased odds for emotional problems (odds ratio [OR]: 4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52-13.19), hyperactivity/inattention (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.45-9.64), peer problems (OR: 15.81, 95% CI: 5.96-41.99), and total difficulties (OR: 28.78, 95% CI: 7.23-114.57), compared to children with pDCD alone. These results indicate that the increased risk of emotional/behavioral difficulties in preschool children with pDCD might be mediated by autistic traits.
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Fears NE, Templin TN, Sherrod GM, Bugnariu NL, Patterson RM, Miller HL. Autistic Children Use Less Efficient Goal-Directed Whole Body Movements Compared to Neurotypical Development. J Autism Dev Disord 2022:10.1007/s10803-022-05523-0. [PMID: 35441912 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autistic children have differences in their movements which impact their functional performance. Virtual-reality enables researchers to study movement in safe, engaging environments. We used motion-capture to measure how 7-13-year-old autistic and neurotypical children make whole-body movements in a virtual-reality task. Although children in both groups were successful, we observed differences in their movements. Autistic children were less efficient moving to the target. Autistic children did not appear to use a movement strategy. While neurotypical children were more likely to overshoot near targets and undershoot far targets, autistic children did not modulate their strategy. Using kinematic data from tasks in virtual-reality, we can begin to understand the pattern of movement challenges experienced by autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Fears
- School of Health Professions, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 830 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48170, USA
| | - Tylan N Templin
- School of Health Professions, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd., San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA
| | - Gabriela M Sherrod
- School of Health Professions, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nicoleta L Bugnariu
- School of Health Professions, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
- School of Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, 155 Fifth St., San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Rita M Patterson
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Haylie L Miller
- School of Health Professions, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 830 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48170, USA.
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van der Veer G, Kamphorst E, Minnaert A, Cantell M, Kakebeeke TH, Houwen S. Assessing Motor Performance in Preschool Children: The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment-2 and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2014-2032. [PMID: 34130549 PMCID: PMC8414808 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211025246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparing motor assessment tools that are available for young children is important in order to select the most appropriate clinical and research tools. Hence, this study compared motor performance assessed with the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment-2 (ZNA-2) to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). The sample consisted of 169 children, aged 3-5 years (87 boys; 51%). We used Pearson correlations to examine relationships between the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 component and total scores. In addition, Pearson correlations were performed between individual fine motor and balance items of the ZNA-2 and MABC-2. Results were that the total scores of the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 correlated moderately (r = .40, p < .001). Non-significant to moderate correlations were found between components (r = -.00 to .47) and between individual items of fine motor skills (r = .04 to .38) and balance (r = -.12 to .38). Thus, the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 measure partly similar and partly different aspects of motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda van der Veer
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Erica Kamphorst
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Alexander Minnaert
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Marja Cantell
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zürich,
Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne Houwen
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of
Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
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14
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Zhu JW, Jia WQ, Zhou H, Li YF, Zou MM, Wang ZT, Wu BS, Xu RX. Deficiency of TRIM32 Impairs Motor Function and Purkinje Cells in Mid-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:697494. [PMID: 34421574 PMCID: PMC8377415 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.697494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the cerebellum is crucial to motor balance and coordination in adult mammals. Purkinje cells (PCs), the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, play essential roles in cerebellar motor function. Tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in balance activities of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the mammalian brain and in the development of many nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function has never been examined. In this study we found that motor balance and coordination of mid-aged TRIM32 deficient mice were poorer than those of wild-type littermates. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to assess cerebella morphology and TRIM32 expression in PCs. Golgi staining showed that the extent of dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density of PCs were decreased in the absence of TRIM32. The loss of TRIM32 was also associated with a decrease in the number of synapses between parallel fibers and PCs, and in synapses between climbing fibers and PCs. In addition, deficiency of TRIM32 decreased Type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5A) levels in cerebellum. Overall, this study is the first to elucidate a role of TRIM32 in cerebellar motor function and a possible mechanism, thereby highlighting the importance of TRIM32 in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Children Special Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Shan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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15
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Thomas S, Barnett LM, Papadopoulos N, Lander N, McGillivray J, Rinehart N. How Do Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Affect Motor Competence in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared to Typically Developing Children: A Pilot Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3443-3455. [PMID: 34351537 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Older children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have high levels of motor impairment, however we are unsure if similar patterns exist in young children. This study aimed to investigate motor competence in four-to-seven-year-old children with (n = 17) and without (n = 17) ASD. A series of ANOVAS indicated children with ASD performed significantly poorer on all measures of motor competence, except MABC-2 manual dexterity and ball skills subscales. Results indicate that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) may influence motor competence, regardless of diagnosis. Establishing appropriate levels of engagement in moderate-to-vigorous PA and SB during early school years is important for the development of all children and may be an important early intervention avenue for motor impairment in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - L M Barnett
- School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - N Papadopoulos
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - N Lander
- School of Education, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - J McGillivray
- Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - N Rinehart
- School of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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16
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McQuillan VA, Swanwick RA, Chambers ME, Schlüter DK, Sugden DA. A comparison of characteristics, developmental disorders and motor progression between children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 78:102823. [PMID: 34051667 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have difficulty in the development of motor coordination and with learning new motor skills. Studies demonstrate that children with DCD differ in terms of the nature and severity of their motor difficulties, the incidence of co occurring conditions and family background. However, little is known whether these profiles may relate to motor progression over time. The aim of this study was to describe the profiles of children with and without DCD and track motor progression over time. METHOD The characteristics of thirty-four 7-14 year old children (M = 10.07, 85.3% boys) with and without DCD were compared and their motor progression monitored over a two academic years. DCD was identified using DSM5 criteria. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to classify children as TD (≥25th percentile), having moderate motor coordination difficulties (6-16th percentile) or severe motor coordination difficulties (≤ 5th percentile). The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test - 2 (KBIT-2) was used to measure full scale IQ. Parent questionnaires were used to gather information on socio economic status and co occurrence of other developmental disorders. We used ANOVA to assess whether there were differences in characteristics between the TD children, children with severe motor coordination difficulties and children with moderate motor coordination difficulties. Linear mixed effect modelling was used to estimate any change in motor performance over time and whether this differed between the three groups of children. RESULTS Children with severe motor coordination difficulties had distinct profiles in motor and non-motor domains, lower IQ and a greater likelihood of having associated characteristics of 2 or more developmental disorders. We found significant differences between the poor motor performance of the severe group compared to the other two groups. Longitudinal analyses revealed stable, persistent and lower motor competence for the severe group. The rate of change in motor proficiency for the typical and severe groups was similar. However, the group with moderate motor difficulties gained on average more points per week compared to the typical group and achieved motor scores in the typically developing range over time. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies to compare the characteristics and rate of motor progression of children with and without DCD using different motor proficiency cut off scores. The children with severe motor coordination difficulties progressed at the same rate as typically developing peers but remained in the severe group over time, whereas the children with moderate motor coordination difficulties caught up to TDC. The results indicate that different intervention may be required according to the nature and severity of the characteristics in both the motor and non-motor domains of children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A McQuillan
- School of Education, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, UK.
| | | | | | - Daniela K Schlüter
- Department of Public Health Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, UK
| | - David A Sugden
- School of Education, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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17
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Irie K, Matsumoto A, Zhao S, Kato T, Liang N. Neural Basis and Motor Imagery Intervention Methodology Based on Neuroimaging Studies in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorders: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:620599. [PMID: 33551781 PMCID: PMC7862701 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.620599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the neural bases of the brain associated with movement disorders in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are becoming clearer, the information is not sufficient because of the lack of extensive brain function research. Therefore, it is controversial about effective intervention methods focusing on brain function. One of the rehabilitation techniques for movement disorders involves intervention using motor imagery (MI). MI is often used for movement disorders, but most studies involve adults and healthy children, and the MI method for children with DCD has not been studied in detail. Therefore, a review was conducted to clarify the neuroscientific basis of the methodology of intervention using MI for children with DCD. The neuroimaging review included 20 magnetic resonance imaging studies, and the neurorehabilitation review included four MI intervention studies. In addition to previously reported neural bases, our results indicate decreased activity of the bilateral thalamus, decreased connectivity of the sensory-motor cortex and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, loss of connectivity superiority in the abovementioned areas. Furthermore, reduction of gray matter volume in the right superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, lower fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity in regions of white matter pathways were found in DCD. As a result of the review, children with DCD had less activation of the left brain, especially those with mirror neurons system (MNS) and sensory integration functions. On the contrary, the area important for the visual space processing of the right brain was activated. Regarding of characteristic of the MI methods was that children observed a video related to motor skills before the intervention. Also, they performed visual-motor tasks before MI training sessions. Adding action observation during MI activates the MNS, and performing visual-motor tasks activates the basal ganglia. These methods may improve the deactivated brain regions of children with DCD and may be useful as conditioning before starting training. Furthermore, we propose a process for sharing the contents of MI with the therapist in language and determining exercise strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Irie
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Amiri Matsumoto
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuo Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Toshihiro Kato
- Rehabilitation of Developmental Disorders, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nan Liang
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Quezada NT, Salas-Ortíz SF, Peralta FA, Aguayo FI, Morgado-Gallardo KP, Mac-Rae CA, Fiedler JL, Aliaga EE. Loss of Social/Non-social Context Discrimination by Movement Acceleration in the Valproate Model of Autism. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:555610. [PMID: 33505254 PMCID: PMC7829965 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.555610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental alteration characterized by social/communicative deficits, repetitive/stereotyped movements, and restricted/obsessive interests. However, there is not much information about whether movement alterations in ASD comprise modifications at the basic kinematic level, such as trajectory and velocity, which may contribute to the higher level of processing that allows the perception and interpretation of actions performed by others, and hence, impact social interaction. In order to further explore possible motor alterations in ASD, we analyzed movement parameters in the Valproate (VPA) animal model of autism. We found that VPA-treated rats displayed greater movement acceleration, reduced distance between stops, spent more time in the corner of the open-field arena, and executed a number of particular behaviors; for example, supported rearing and circling, with no major changes in distance and velocity. However, in the social interaction test, we found other alterations in the movement parameters. In addition to increased acceleration, VPA-rats displayed reduced velocity, increased stops, reduced distance/stop and lost the social/non-social area discrimination that is characteristic of control rats in acceleration and stops variables. Hence, even if prenatal VPA-treatment could have a minor effect in motor variables in a non-social context, it has a crucial effect in the capacity of the animals to adjust their kinematic variables when social/non-social context alternation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelva T Quezada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Sebastiana F Salas-Ortíz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Francisco A Peralta
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Felipe I Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Catherine A Mac-Rae
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jenny L Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban E Aliaga
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI-Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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19
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Houwen S, Kamphorst E, van der Veer G, Cantell M. The degree of stability in motor performance in preschool children and its association with child-related variables. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 75:102722. [PMID: 33412454 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the stability of individual differences in motor performance during the early years of life, despite normative age-related growth in motor performance, has important implications for identification of motor coordination difficulties and subsequently, early remediation. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the degree of rank-order and individual-level stability in motor performance in young children with different levels of motor skill proficiency. Subsequently, we explored the influence of child variables (i.e., age, gender, and behavioural self-regulation) on different aspects of stability. In this longitudinal study, a community sample of 68 participants (49% girls) with a mean age of 3 years and 11 months (SD = 7 months) were assesses in three six-monthly waves. The total standard score of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used as the measure of motor performance. Rank-order stability was examined with zero-order Pearson correlations. Individual-level stability was examined by means of stability in classifications (at risk for motor coordination difficulties versus typically developing). In addition to examining stability in group classification, the Reliable Change Index (RCI) was calculated to examine if the difference in a child's scores over time exceeded (increased or decreased relative to) the expected change. The results showed moderate to high rank-order stability between time points. No significant differences in degree of rank-order stability were found between boys and girls and between 3-year old and 4-year old children. In terms of stability of classification, it was shown that for ~50% of the children with motor coordination difficulties and ~ 90% of typically developing the classification based on the cut-off score on the MABC-2 was stable. Based on the RCI, over 90% showed individual-level stability. The level of behavioural self-regulation at T1 (as measured with the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task) was not significantly related to individual-level stability in motor performance. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of a careful choice of stability measures and a reflection on the implications of their results. More research is needed to understand which child and environmental variables impact on stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Houwen
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Erica Kamphorst
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerda van der Veer
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marja Cantell
- Inclusive and Special Needs Education Unit, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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20
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Shared Features or Co-occurrence? Evaluating Symptoms of Developmental Coordination Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3443-3455. [PMID: 33387238 PMCID: PMC10177628 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Motor differences are common in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but rarely evaluated against diagnostic criteria for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). We aimed to determine whether motor problems in ASD represent the possible co-occurrence of DCD. We retrospectively reviewed standardized assessments and parent-reports to evaluate motor ability in 43 individuals with ASD against diagnostic criteria for DCD, and compared to 18 individuals with DCD. Over 97% of cases in the ASD group scored below the 16th percentile in motor ability, with most below the 5th percentile. Over 90% of cases in the ASD group met criteria for co-occurring DCD. Motor challenges are a clinically-significant problem in ASD; systematically assessing the prevalence of co-occurring ASD + DCD is necessary to optimize assessment and intervention.
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21
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Surgent OJ, Walczak M, Zarzycki O, Ausderau K, Travers BG. IQ and Sensory Symptom Severity Best Predict Motor Ability in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:243-254. [PMID: 32410096 PMCID: PMC7665981 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Motor challenges are commonly reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet, there is substantial heterogeneity in motor ability within ASD, and it is unknown what behavioral characteristics best explain individual differences in motor ability in ASD and related conditions. This observational study examined motor ability as a function of sensory features, attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms, ASD symptoms, and IQ in 110 children with ASD, typical development, or an intermediate behavioral profile. While motor challenges were more prevalent in the ASD group compared to other groups, sensory symptom severity and IQ across all individuals best predicted motor performance above-and-beyond group status. Therefore, motor challenges may be best characterized by individual variation in sensory features and cognitive abilities rather than diagnostic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Surgent
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Matthew Walczak
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Occupational Therapy Program in the Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2185 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Oskar Zarzycki
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Karla Ausderau
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Occupational Therapy Program in the Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2185 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brittany G Travers
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Occupational Therapy Program in the Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2185 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room 435, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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22
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Hua J, Du W, Dai X, Wu M, Cai X, Shen M, Zhu L. International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder - Chinese (Mandarin) translation. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 61. [PMID: 33249559 PMCID: PMC7839484 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
目的本国际临床指南由欧洲残疾儿童学会（the European Academy of Childhood Disability，EACD）牵头制定，旨在解决发育性协调障碍（developmental coordination disorder，DCD）的定义、诊断、评估、干预以及与社会心理方面的临床应用关键问题。方法本指南针对五个领域的关键问题，通过文献综述和专家团队的正式讨论达成共识。为保证指南的循证基础，以“机制”、“评估”和“干预”为检索词, 对2012年更新以来提出的最新建议以及新增的“社会心理问题”和“青少年/成人”为检索词进行检索。根据牛津大学循证医学中心证据等级 (证据水平 [level of evidence, LOE]1–4) 将结果进行分类，最终转化为指南建议。并由国际、多学科专家小组举行了两次会议，5个回合的Delphi 专家问卷调查，制定了高质量临床应用实践 (good clinical practice，GCP) 。结果本指南共制定35条建议。其中8条以文献综述为依据 (3 条涉及“评估”，5条涉及“干预”)； 22 条在 2012 年指南的基础上进行了更新；其他为涉及诊断、评估 (3条GCP) 及社会心理问题 (2 条 GCP) 的新建议。此外，其中有1条(LOE)新建议提出视频游戏可作为以活动和参与为导向的传统干预措施的辅助手段，并针对青少年和成人DCD提出了 2 条新建议 (1 条 GCP，1 条 LOE)。结论本指南是基于当前的研究证据和专家共识对DCD进行全面概述。它反映了不同学科临床和科研人员的最新科技水平。本国际指南可作为各国制定指南的基础。
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hua
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenchong Du
- Department of PsychologyNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Xiaotian Dai
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Meiqin Wu
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xianying Cai
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation HospitalTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Min Shen
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation HospitalTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liping Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Women and Children’s HealthShanghaiChina
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23
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Alsaedi RH. An Assessment of the Motor Performance Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Gulf Region. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090607. [PMID: 32899306 PMCID: PMC7564795 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the prevalence, severity, and nature of the motor abnormalities seen in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as to elucidate the associated developmental profiles. The short-form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) was used to assess various aspects of the motor performance of 119 children with ASD and 30 typically developing children (age range: 6–12 years) from three Gulf states. The results revealed the high prevalence of motor abnormalities among the ASD group when compared with the normative data derived from the BOT-2 manual as well as with the data concerning the typically developing group. The results also indicated that the motor performance of the children with ASD fell within the below-average range according to the BOT-2 cut-off score. Further, the results suggested that the age variable may influence the overall motor performance of children with ASD, since the children’s motor abnormalities may decrease with maturation. The results concerning the specific motor dysfunction profiles seen in individuals with ASD could help practitioners, parents, and educators to better understand the nature of the motor deficits exhibited by children with ASD, which could assist with the design and implementation of treatment and rehabilitation programs for such children. Overall, motor performance represents an important aspect that should be considered during the clinical evaluation of ASD and that should not be ignored during early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab H. Alsaedi
- Faculty of Education, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4059, Australia;
- Department of Special Education, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia
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Bhat AN. Is Motor Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Distinct From Developmental Coordination Disorder? A Report From the SPARK Study. Phys Ther 2020; 100:633-644. [PMID: 32154876 PMCID: PMC7297441 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor impairments are pervasive in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); however, children with ASD rarely receive a dual diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The Simons Foundation SPARK study engaged families affected by ASD through an online study. OBJECTIVES The DCD parent questionnaire (DCDQ) was used to assess the prevalence of a risk for motor impairment or DCD in children with ASD between 5 and 15 years of age. DESIGN This study utilizes parent reports from a large database of children with ASD. METHODS A total of 16,705 parents of children with ASD completed the DCDQ. We obtained our final SPARK dataset (n = 11,814) after filtering out invalid data, using stronger cut-offs to confirm ASD traits, and excluding children with general neuromotor impairments/intellectual delays. We compared DCDQ total and subscale scores from the SPARK dataset with published norms for each age between 5 and 15 years. RESULTS The proportion of children with ASD at risk for a motor impairment was very high at 86.9%. Children with ASD did not outgrow their motor impairments and continued to present with a risk for DCD even into adolescence. Yet, only 31.6% of children were receiving physical therapy services. LIMITATIONS Our analysis of a large database of parent-reported outcomes using the DCDQ did not involve follow-up clinical assessments. CONCLUSIONS Using a large sample of children with ASD, this study shows that a risk for motor impairment or DCD was present in most children with ASD and persists into adolescence; however, only a small proportion of children with ASD were receiving physical therapist interventions. A diagnosis of ASD must trigger motor screening, evaluations, and appropriate interventions by physical and occupational therapists to address the functional impairments of children with ASD while also positively impacting their social communication, cognition, and behavior. Using valid motor measures, future research must determine if motor impairment is a fundamental feature of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Narayan Bhat
- A.N. Bhat, PT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19713 (USA); and Biomechanics & Movement Science Program, University of Delaware; and Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware
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Hawks Z, Constantino JN, Weichselbaum C, Marrus N. Accelerating Motor Skill Acquisition for Bicycle Riding in Children with ASD: A Pilot Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:342-348. [PMID: 31535342 PMCID: PMC6949415 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Motor impairment is common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and, as such, a potential target for interventions to improve adaptive functioning. This study investigated motor skill acquisition in children with ASD (n = 15, 12 males; ages 7-16 years) during iCan Bike Camp, a 1-week, community-based intervention (5 × 75-min sessions) to teach independent bicycle riding. After completing the camp's task-oriented, individualized training program, all participants demonstrated motor skill acquisition on the bicycle, and nine participants rode independently at least 70 feet. Exploratory analyses showed that motor coordination and social communication correlated with rates of skill acquisition. These findings indicate the feasibility and efficacy of brief, community-based motor interventions to teach bicycle riding-an important developmental skill supporting adaptive functioning-to children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Hawks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Kilroy E, Cermak SA, Aziz-Zadeh L. A Review of Functional and Structural Neurobiology of the Action Observation Network in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Coordination Disorder. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E75. [PMID: 30925819 PMCID: PMC6523237 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has reported motor impairment similarities between children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and a subgroup of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is a debate as to whether DCD is a co-occurring diagnosis in individuals with ASD and motor impairments (ASDd), or if motor impairments in ASD are distinct from DCD. However, the etiology of motor impairments is not well understood in either disorder. Clarifying comorbidities in ASD is important to determine different etiopathological phenotyping clusters in ASD and to understand the variety of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the disorder. Furthermore, this distinction has important therapeutic relevance. Here we explore the current neuroimaging findings in ASD and DCD and discusses possible neural mechanisms that underlie similarities and differences between the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kilroy
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Sharon A Cermak
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Heathers JA, Gilchrist KH, Hegarty-Craver M, Grego S, Goodwin MS. An analysis of stereotypical motor movements and cardiovascular coupling in individuals on the autism spectrum. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Blank R, Barnett AL, Cairney J, Green D, Kirby A, Polatajko H, Rosenblum S, Smits‐Engelsman B, Sugden D, Wilson P, Vinçon S. International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:242-285. [PMID: 30671947 PMCID: PMC6850610 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM These international clinical practice recommendations (CPR) for developmental coordination disorder (DCD), initiated by the European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD), aim to address key questions on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of DCD relevant for clinical practice. METHOD Key questions in five areas were considered through literature reviews and formal expert consensus. For recommendations based on evidence, literature searches on 'mechanisms', 'assessment', and 'intervention' were updated since the last recommendations in 2012. New searches were conducted for 'psychosocial issues' and 'adolescents/adults'. Evidence was rated according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (level of evidence [LOE] 1-4) and transferred into recommendations. For recommendations based on formal consensus, two meetings of an international, multidisciplinary expert panel were conducted with a further five Delphi rounds to develop good clinical practice (GCP) recommendations. RESULTS Thirty-five recommendations were made. Eight were based on the evidence from literature reviews (three on 'assessment', five on 'intervention'). Twenty-two were updated from the 2012 recommendations. New recommendations relate to diagnosis and assessment (two GCPs) and psychosocial issues (three GCPs). Additionally, one new recommendation (LOE) reflects active video games as adjuncts to more traditional activity-oriented and participation-oriented interventions, and two new recommendations (one GCP, one LOE) were made for adolescents and adults with DCD. INTERPRETATION The CPR-DCD is a comprehensive overview of DCD and current understanding based on research evidence and expert consensus. It reflects the state of the art for clinicians and scientists of varied disciplines. The international CPR-DCD may serve as a basis for national guidelines. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Updated international clinical practice guidelines on developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Refined and extended recommendations on clinical assessment and intervention for DCD. A critical synopsis of current research on mechanisms of DCD. A critical synopsis of psychosocial issues in DCD, with implications for clinical practice. The first international recommendations to consider adolescents and adults with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Blank
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Social PediatricsChild Centre MaulbronnMaulbronnGermany
- Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anna L Barnett
- Department of Psychology, Health & Professional DevelopmentOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - John Cairney
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical EducationUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of Family MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Dido Green
- Department of RehabilitationSchool of Health and WelfareJönköping UniversityJönköpingSweden
| | - Amanda Kirby
- Dyscovery CentreUniversity of South WalesNewportUK
| | - Helene Polatajko
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational TherapyRehabilitation Sciences InstituteUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Sara Rosenblum
- Laboratory of Complex Human Activity and ParticipationDepartment of Occupational TherapyUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Bouwien Smits‐Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation ServicesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - David Sugden
- School of Special Needs EducationUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Peter Wilson
- School of Psychology and Centre for Disability and Development ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Sabine Vinçon
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Social PediatricsChild Centre MaulbronnMaulbronnGermany
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Developmental Motor Profile in Preschool Children with Primary Stereotypic Movement Disorder. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1427294. [PMID: 30895189 PMCID: PMC6393901 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1427294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim Different neuropsychological dysfunctions have been described in children with primary Stereotypic Movement Disorder (SMD), mainly attention or motor coordination problems. Up to now with no study has evaluated psychomotor functions in preschoolers primary SMD. The aim of this observational study was to gather information on the motor profiles of SMD patients in this age range in comparison with typically developing children. Patients and Methods Twenty-six children (four girls) aged 36 to 76 months (mean= 53 ±10) with primary SMD were assessed by a structured evaluation including the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2), the Beery-Buktenica Developmental test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI), the Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised (RBS-R), the Motor Severity Stereotypy Scale (MSSS), and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). The diagnoses of Intellectual Disability or Autism Spectrum Disorder were exclusion criteria from the study. A comparison group of twenty-seven (four girls) typically developing children without stereotypies aged 36 to 59 months (mean= 48 ±7) was also examined. Results The MABC-2 total score was lower than 15th percentile in fifteen children with SMD (58%); the worst performances were observed in Balance and Manual Dexterity subtests. The motor coordination score of VMI was lower than 15th percentile in ten children (38%). The majority of the children with low scores at MABC-2 also had low scores at the motor coordination subscale of VMI. MABC-2 standard scores of the clinical group were significantly lower than those of controls on MABC-2 Total, Balance, and Ball Skills subtests. Conclusion The finding of widespread dysfunction of gross and fine motor abilities in preschoolers with primary SMD seems to delineate a peculiar phenotype and could provide new approaches to the management of this neurodevelopment disorder.
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Cantell M, Houwen S, Schoemaker M. Age-related validity and reliability of the Dutch Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (LDCDQ-NL). RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 84:28-35. [PMID: 29477487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early recognition of children at risk of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is important, but variability in motor development in preschool children affects the validity of instruments to reliably detect children at risk of DCD. AIMS To investigate the age-related validity and reliability of the Dutch version of the Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (LDCDQ-NL). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Two hundred and sixty 3- to 5-year old children were recruited in the Netherlands. Parents filled out the LDCDQ-NL and children were assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 Test (MABC-2 Test). Internal consistency of the LDCDQ-NL was determined by Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was investigated using factor analysis. Concurrent validity was measured by calculating correlations between the LDCDQ-NL and MABC-2. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) were calculated to assess discriminant validity. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Internal consistency of the LDCDQ-NL was 0.91. Factor analysis resulted in three factors (Fine motor skills, Locomotor skills, Ball skills). Correlation between the LDCDQ-NL and MABC-2 Test increased with increasing age. With a sensitivity of 80%, specificity increased with age. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The LDCDQ-NL is a reliable and valid screening instrument for 4- and 5-year old Dutch children; concurrent and discriminant validity are low for 3-year olds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Cantell
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Special Needs Education and Youth Care Unit, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9712 TJ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Suzanne Houwen
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Special Needs Education and Youth Care Unit, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9712 TJ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marina Schoemaker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Centre for Human Movement Sciences, Huispostnummer 23, PO Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Hedgecock JB, Dannemiller LA, Shui AM, Rapport MJ, Katz T. Associations of Gross Motor Delay, Behavior, and Quality of Life in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Phys Ther 2018; 98:251-259. [PMID: 29325143 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have gross motor delays that may accentuate problem daytime behavior and health-related quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe the degree of gross motor delays in young children with ASD and associations of gross motor delays with problem daytime behavior and QoL. The primary hypothesis was that Gross motor delays significantly modifies the associations between internalizing or externalizing problem daytime behavior and QoL. DESIGN This study used a cross-sectional, retrospective analysis. METHODS Data from 3253 children who were 2 to 6 years old and who had ASD were obtained from the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network and analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted linear regression. Measures included the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd edition, gross motor v-scale score (VABS-GM) (for Gross motor delays), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (for Problem daytime behavior), and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) (for QoL). RESULTS The mean VABS-GM was 12.12 (SD = 2.2), representing performance at or below the 16th percentile. After adjustment for covariates, the internalizing CBCL t score decreased with increasing VABS-GM (β = - 0.64 SE = 0.12). Total and subscale PedsQL scores increased with increasing VABS-GM (for total score: β = 1.79 SE = 0.17; for subscale score: β = 0.9-2.66 SE = 0.17-0.25). CBCL internalizing and externalizing t scores decreased with increasing PedsQL total score (β = - 0.39 SE = 0.01; β = - 0.36 SE = 0.01). The associations between CBCL internalizing or externalizing t scores and PedsQL were significantly modified by VABSGM (β = - 0.026 SE = 0.005]; β = - 0.019 SE = 0.007). LIMITATIONS The study lacked ethnic and socioeconomic diversity. Measures were collected via parent report without accompanying clinical assessment. CONCLUSIONS Cross motor delay was independently associated with Problem daytime behavior and QoL in children with ASD. Gross motor delay modified the association between Problem daytime behavior and QoL. Children with ASD and co-occurring internalizing Problem daytime behavior had greater Gross motor delays than children without internalizing Problem daytime behavior; therefore, these children may be most appropriate for early physical therapist evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Hedgecock
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Parker Therapy Care, 19284 Cottonwood Dr, Ste 101, Parker, CO 80138 (USA)
| | | | - Amy M Shui
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Terry Katz
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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Moseley RL, Pulvermüller F. What can autism teach us about the role of sensorimotor systems in higher cognition? New clues from studies on language, action semantics, and abstract emotional concept processing. Cortex 2018; 100:149-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yu CCW, Wong SWL, Lo FSF, So RCH, Chan DFY. Study protocol: a randomized controlled trial study on the effect of a game-based exercise training program on promoting physical fitness and mental health in children with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:56. [PMID: 29486750 PMCID: PMC5830347 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suboptimal physical activity levels and tolerance, poor motor skills and poor physical health are demonstrated in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We speculate that social interaction and communication deficits in children with ASD are two major factors that hinder these children from actively participating in group physical activities. While previous studies have demonstrated that exercise intervention improves motor skills and behavioral outcomes in children with ASD, these programs tend to focus only on a single sport, which may not cater to the interests of different children with ASD. In this protocol, a game-based exercise training program designed by a multi-disciplinary team (pediatrics, physical education and psychology) will be implemented by front-line healthcare providers trained following the train-the-trainer (TTT) model and subjected to validation. METHOD Using a randomized controlled trial design, the effectiveness of the game-based exercise program will be examined for 112 young children with ASD. These children were randomly assigned to two groups, which will be tested and trained in either one of the two arms of the waitlist conditions (control and intervention). The assessment of physical and psychological traits will be conducted at baseline (pre-test), at 16-weeks (post-treatment) and at 32-weeks (follow-up) of the program. DISCUSSION Most of the interventions designed for ASD children target either their psychological traits or physical conditions, without bridging the two states. With the recognition of bidirectional relations between mental and physical health, the present game-based exercise program which includes multiple level of difficulties was developed to equip ASD children with the necessary skills for engaging in sustainable team sports or even professional sport training. The program, if effective, will provide an entertaining and engaging training for whole-person development among children with ASD. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( ChiCTR-IOR-17011898 ). Registered 6th July 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C. W. Yu
- 0000 0004 1799 6254grid.419993.fDepartment of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories Hong Kong
| | - Simpson W. L. Wong
- 0000 0004 1799 6254grid.419993.fDepartment of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories Hong Kong ,0000 0004 1764 5980grid.221309.bDepartment of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Farica S. F. Lo
- 0000 0004 1937 0482grid.10784.3aDepartment of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 6/F Clinical Science Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond C. H. So
- Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong. 25 Yuen Wo Road, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Dorothy F. Y. Chan
- 0000 0004 1937 0482grid.10784.3aDepartment of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 6/F Clinical Science Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Caçola P, Miller HL, Ossom Williamson P. Behavioral comparisons in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Coordination Disorder: A systematic literature review. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2017; 38:6-18. [PMID: 29057009 PMCID: PMC5646683 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are developmental disorders that, since the DSM-5, can be diagnosed as co-occurring conditions. While some recent studies suggest that ASD and DCD have similar traits, others show clear behavioral distinctions between the two conditions. By gathering all studies that included (1) an ASD group and a DCD group, (2) an ASD+DCD group and a DCD group, or (3) ASD, ASD+DCD, and DCD groups, we aimed to identify similarities and differences in behaviors between the two disorders. METHOD We used a systematic search of PubMed (1946 -), Scopus (1970 -), PsycINFO (via EBSCO, 1600 -), CINAHL (via EBSCO, 1937 -), SportDiscus (via EBSCO, 1985 -), and WorldCat (via FirstSearch) in addition to reference list and author name searching PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SportDiscus, and WorldCat to identify original studies that met the following criteria: (1) an ASD group and a DCD group, (2) an ASD+DCD group and a DCD group, or (3) ASD, ASD+DCD, and DCD groups. RESULTS From the 1,598 articles screened, 11 were included in the qualitative analysis. The articles included reported more differences than similarities in individuals with ASD and DCD, with clear distinctions for working memory ability, gestural performance, grip selection, and cortical thickness. Only two studies reported similarities in face processing abilities and perceived competence, and the interventional studies showed group similarities in behavior improvement, such as intelligence and attention. CONCLUSIONS Based on the articles reviewed, we conclude that while DCD and ASD share some behavioral symptoms, the symptom profiles of each disorder are unique and separable. We recommend that the evaluation of potential DCD in individuals with ASD be performed systematically and thoroughly, so as to distinguish this co-occurring condition from sensorimotor symptoms associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haylie L. Miller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Texas Health
Science Center
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Cook J. From movement kinematics to social cognition: the case of autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0372. [PMID: 27069049 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The way in which we move influences our ability to perceive, interpret and predict the actions of others. Thus movements play an important role in social cognition. This review article will appraise the literature concerning movement kinematics and motor control in individuals with autism, and will argue that movement differences between typical and autistic individuals may contribute to bilateral difficulties in reciprocal social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cook
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Michel E, Molitor S, Schneider W. Differential changes in the development of motor coordination and executive functions in children with motor coordination impairments. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 24:20-45. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1223282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Michel
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Molitor
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Paquet A, Olliac B, Bouvard MP, Golse B, Vaivre-Douret L. The Semiology of Motor Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorders as Highlighted from a Standardized Neuro-Psychomotor Assessment. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1292. [PMID: 27672371 PMCID: PMC5018946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Altered motor performance has been described in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) with disturbances in walking; posture, coordination, or arm movements, but some individuals with ASD show no impairment of motor skills. The neuro-developmental processes that underpin the performance of neuro-psychomotor functions have not been widely explored, nor is it clear whether there are neuro-psychomotor functions specifically affected in ASD. Our objective was to focus on the semiology of motor disorders among children with ASD using a neuro-developmental assessment tool. Method: Thirty-four children with ASD, with or without intellectual deficit (ID) were recruited in a child psychiatry department and Autism Resource Centers. Initial standard evaluations for diagnosis (psychiatric; psychological; psychomotor) were supplemented by a standardized assessment battery for neuro-developmental psychomotor functions (NP-MOT). Results: The results of some NP-MOT tests differed between children with ASD with ID and those without. However, on the NP-MOT battery, neither of the two groups did well in the bi-manual and finger praxia tests (36 and 52% respectively failed). Manual and digital gnosopraxia showed some deficit (63 and 62% respectively failed). Postural deficits were found in tests for both static equilibrium (64%) and dynamic (52%). There were also difficulties in coordination between the upper and lower limbs in 58% of children. We found 75% failure in motor skills on the M-ABC test. Concerning muscular tone, significant laxity was observed in distal parts of the body (feet and hands), but hypertonia was observed in the proximal muscles of the lower limbs (reduced heel-ear angle). Discussion: The results of manual and digital gnosopraxia tests point to a planning deficit in children with autism. A gesture programming deficit is also highlighted by the poor results in manual praxis, and by failures in the M-ABC tests despite prior training of the child. However, concerning global motor function, a significant difference was observed between children with and without ID. Our findings suggest a semiology of tone deregulation between proximal versus distal muscles, indeterminate tonic laterality, postural control deficit (proprioceptive), impairment of inter-hemispheric coordination (corpus callosum), and neurological soft signs such asdysdiadochokinesia, which leads us to hypothesize a general impairment of motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Paquet
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris-CitéParis, France; Department of Child Psychiatry, AP-HP Necker-Enfants Malades University HospitalParis, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1018 and CESP, Universities of Paris-Saclay and Paris-Sud, UVSQVillejuif, France; Department of Child and the Adolescent Psychiatry, Esquirol HospitalLimoges, France
| | - Bertrand Olliac
- Department of Child and the Adolescent Psychiatry, Esquirol HospitalLimoges, France; INSERM UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, University of LimogesLimoges, France
| | - Manuel-Pierre Bouvard
- Department of Child and the Adolescent Psychiatry, Perrens Hospital, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Golse
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris-CitéParis, France; Department of Child Psychiatry, AP-HP Necker-Enfants Malades University HospitalParis, France
| | - Laurence Vaivre-Douret
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris-CitéParis, France; Department of Child Psychiatry, AP-HP Necker-Enfants Malades University HospitalParis, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1018 and CESP, Universities of Paris-Saclay and Paris-Sud, UVSQVillejuif, France; Department of Pediatrics, Child development, Cochin-Port Royal University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisParis, France; Endocrinology Laboratory, Imagine Institut, Necker-Enfants Malades University HospitalParis, France
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Sokhadze EM, Tasman A, Sokhadze GE, El-Baz AS, Casanova MF. Behavioral, Cognitive, and Motor Preparation Deficits in a Visual Cued Spatial Attention Task in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2016; 41:81-92. [PMID: 26377686 PMCID: PMC4840413 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in motor skills have been regarded as part of the symptomatology characterizing autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been estimated that 80 % of subjects with autism display "motor dyspraxia" or clumsiness that are not readily identified in a routine neurological examination. In this study we used behavioral measures, event-related potentials (ERP), and lateralized readiness potential (LRP) to study cognitive and motor preparation deficits contributing to the dyspraxia of autism. A modified Posner cueing task was used to analyze motor preparation abnormalities in children with autism and in typically developing children (N = 30/per group). In this task, subjects engage in preparing motor response based on a visual cue, and then execute a motor movement based on the subsequent imperative stimulus. The experimental conditions, such as the validity of the cue and the spatial location of the target stimuli were manipulated to influence motor response selection, preparation, and execution. Reaction time and accuracy benefited from validly cued targets in both groups, while main effects of target spatial position were more obvious in the autism group. The main ERP findings were prolonged and more negative early frontal potentials in the ASD in incongruent trials in both types of spatial location. The LRP amplitude was larger in incongruent trials and had stronger effect in the children with ASD. These effects were better expressed at the earlier stages of LRP, specifically those related to response selection, and showed difficulties at the cognitive phase of stimulus processing rather that at the motor execution stage. The LRP measures at different stages reflect the chronology of cognitive aspects of movement preparation and are sensitive to manipulations of cue correctness, thus representing very useful biomarker in autism dyspraxia research. Future studies may use more advance and diverse manipulations of movement preparation demands in testing more refined specifics of dyspraxia symptoms to investigate functional connectivity abnormalities underlying motor skills deficits in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estate M Sokhadze
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Allan Tasman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Guela E Sokhadze
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ayman S El-Baz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Manuel F Casanova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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Use of Machine Learning to Identify Children with Autism and Their Motor Abnormalities. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:2146-56. [PMID: 25652603 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we have undertaken a proof-of-concept study to determine whether a simple upper-limb movement could be useful to accurately classify low-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 2-4. To answer this question, we developed a supervised machine-learning method to correctly discriminate 15 preschool children with ASD from 15 typically developing children by means of kinematic analysis of a simple reach-to-drop task. Our method reached a maximum classification accuracy of 96.7% with seven features related to the goal-oriented part of the movement. These preliminary findings offer insight into a possible motor signature of ASD that may be potentially useful in identifying a well-defined subset of patients, reducing the clinical heterogeneity within the broad behavioral phenotype.
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40
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Identification of neuromotor deficits common to autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and imitation deficits specific to autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:1497-507. [PMID: 26233230 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in motor and imitation abilities are a core finding in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but impaired motor functions are also found in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Given recent theorising about potential aetiological overlap between the two disorders, the present study aimed to assess difficulties in motor performance and imitation of facial movements and meaningless gestures in a sample of 24 ADHD patients, 22 patients with ASD, and 20 typically developing children, matched for age (6-13 years) and similar in IQ (>80). Furthermore, we explored the impact of comorbid ADHD symptoms on motor and imitation performance in the ASD sample and the interrelationships between the two groups of variables in the clinical groups separately. The results show motor dysfunction was common to both disorders, but imitation deficits were specific to ASD. Together with the pattern of interrelated motor and imitation abilities, which we found exclusively in the ASD group, our findings suggest complex phenotypic, and possibly aetiological, relationships between the two neurodevelopmental conditions.
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41
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Damme TV, Simons J, Sabbe B, West DV. Motor abilities of children and adolescents with a psychiatric condition: A systematic literature review. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:315-329. [PMID: 26425445 PMCID: PMC4582307 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To summarize research regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents who suffer from a common psychiatric condition.
METHODS: In order to outline the current knowledge regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and depression, a comprehensive systematic literature search was carried out using PubMed, Medline and ERIC databases. The databases were searched for relevant English language articles published between January 1990 and April 2014. Only studies that conducted a quantitative evaluation of motor ability and concerned individuals aged 0-18 years were included. A separate search was conducted for each disorder (ASD, ADHD, DBD, depression) in conjunction with each of the following keywords: (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement skill(s), (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement abilities, (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement impairment, (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement problem(s), motor function, motor coordination, motor performance, motor deficit(s). To detect supplementary relevant literature, the reference lists of the retrieved articles were examined.
RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 51 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. In total, 28 studies were included that examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ASD. All studies indicated that they performed below average on various standardized motor assessment instruments. The overall prevalence rate for impairment in motor abilities ranged from 33% to 100%. Twenty-seven studies examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ADHD. Depending on the type of motor assessment tool and the cut-off points used by different researchers, prevalence rates of impairment in motor abilities are highly variable and ranged from 8% to 73%. Remarkably, there is a paucity of research addressing the motor abilities of individuals with DBD or depression. Furthermore, methodological problems, such as measurement and comorbidity issues, complicate the generalization of the findings.
CONCLUSION: Research suggests that motor impairment is highly prevalent in some psychiatric conditions, particularly ASD and ADHD. However, future work is necessary to draw sound conclusions.
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Guglielmi L, Servettini I, Caramia M, Catacuzzeno L, Franciolini F, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M. Update on the implication of potassium channels in autism: K(+) channelautism spectrum disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:34. [PMID: 25784856 PMCID: PMC4345917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by impaired ability to properly implement environmental stimuli that are essential to achieve a state of social and cultural exchange. Indeed, the main features of ASD are impairments of interpersonal relationships, verbal and non-verbal communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. These aspects are often accompanied by several comorbidities such as motor delay, praxis impairment, gait abnormalities, insomnia, and above all epilepsy. Genetic analyses of autistic individuals uncovered deleterious mutations in several K+ channel types strengthening the notion that their intrinsic dysfunction may play a central etiologic role in ASD. However, indirect implication of K+ channels in ASD has been also reported. For instance, loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) results in K+ channels deregulation, network dysfunction and ASD-like cognitive and behavioral symptoms. This review provides an update on direct and indirect implications of K+ channels in ASDs. Owing to a mounting body of evidence associating a channelopathy pathogenesis to autism and showing that nearly 500 ion channel proteins are encoded by the human genome, we propose to classify ASDs - whose susceptibility is significantly enhanced by ion channels defects, either in a monogenic or multigenic condition - in a new category named “channelAutismSpectrumDisorder” (channelASD; cASD) and introduce a new taxonomy (e.g., Kvx.y-channelASD and likewise Navx.y-channelASD, Cavx.y-channelASD; etc.). This review also highlights some degree of clinical and genetic overlap between K+ channelASDs and K+ channelepsies, whereby such correlation suggests that a subcategory characterized by a channelASD-channelepsy phenotype may be distinguished. Ultimately, this overview aims to further understand the different clinical subgroups and help parse out the distinct biological basis of autism that are essential to establish patient-tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guglielmi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia Italy
| | - Ilenio Servettini
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia Italy
| | - Martino Caramia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - Luigi Catacuzzeno
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - Fabio Franciolini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - Maria Cristina D'Adamo
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia Italy
| | - Mauro Pessia
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia Italy
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Motor Skills in Brazilian Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder versus Children with Motor Typical Development. Occup Ther Int 2014; 21:176-85. [DOI: 10.1002/oti.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Biscaldi M, Rauh R, Irion L, Jung NH, Mall V, Fleischhaker C, Klein C. Deficits in motor abilities and developmental fractionation of imitation performance in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 23:599-610. [PMID: 24085467 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of motor and imitation disabilities often characterises the spectrum of deficits seen in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Whether these seemingly separate deficits are inter-related and whether, in particular, motor deficits contribute to the expression of imitation deficits is the topic of the present study and was investigated by comparing these deficits' cross-sectional developmental trajectories. To that end, different components of motor performance assessed in the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment and imitation abilities for facial movements and non-meaningful gestures were tested in 70 subjects (aged 6-29 years), including 36 patients with high-functioning ASD and 34 age-matched typically developed (TD) participants. The results show robust deficits in probands with ASD in timed motor performance and in the quality of movement, which are all independent of age, with one exception. Only diadochokinesis improves moderately with increasing age in ASD probands. Imitation of facial movements and of non-meaningful hand, finger, hand finger gestures not related to social context or tool use is also impaired in ASD subjects, but in contrast to motor performance this deficit overall improves with age. A general imitation factor, extracted from the highly inter-correlated imitation tests, is differentially correlated with components of neuromotor performance in ASD and TD participants. By developmentally fractionating developmentally stable motor deficits from developmentally dynamic imitation deficits, we infer that imitation deficits are primarily cognitive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany,
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Johnson P, Ahamat B, Mcconnachie A, Puckering C, Marwick H, Furnivall D, Marwick R, Gillberg C, Heron J, Wilson P. Motor activity at age one year does not predict ADHD at seven years. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23:9-18. [PMID: 24496957 PMCID: PMC6878585 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the predictive utility of motor activity in infancy towards diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in later childhood. We conducted a nested case-control study using videos of infants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Sixty videos of children who received any Development and Well-being Assessment (DAWBA) psychiatric diagnosis at age 91 months (including 16 with ADHD) plus two controls per case were selected for data analysis. Body movements were measured at age one year: associations between motor activity-derived variables using factor analysis, and later ADHD diagnoses were sought. No significant association was found between infant motor activity and later ADHD. A positive association between motor activity and inattentive ADHD was found in males. Motor activity at age one year did not predict ADHD at age seven years. The positive association with inattentive ADHD in males requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Johnson
- Robertson Centre for BiostatisticsUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Boolang Ahamat
- Institute of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowRoyal Hospital for Sick ChildrenGlasgowUK
| | - Alex Mcconnachie
- Robertson Centre for BiostatisticsUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Christine Puckering
- Institute of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowRoyal Hospital for Sick ChildrenGlasgowUK
| | - Helen Marwick
- National Centre for Autism StudiesUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Daniel Furnivall
- Institute of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowRoyal Hospital for Sick ChildrenGlasgowUK
| | - Robbie Marwick
- Institute of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowRoyal Hospital for Sick ChildrenGlasgowUK
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Institute of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowRoyal Hospital for Sick ChildrenGlasgowUK
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community MedicineBristolUK
| | - Philip Wilson
- Institute of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowRoyal Hospital for Sick ChildrenGlasgowUK
- Centre for Rural HealthUniversity of AberdeenUK
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46
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Essa MM, Subash S, Braidy N, Al-Adawi S, Lim CK, Manivasagam T, Guillemin GJ. Role of NAD(+), Oxidative Stress, and Tryptophan Metabolism in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Tryptophan Res 2013; 6:15-28. [PMID: 23922500 PMCID: PMC3729335 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s11355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neuro-developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, reduced/absent verbal and non-verbal communication, and repetitive behavior during early childhood. The etiology of this developmental disorder is poorly understood, and no biomarkers have been identified. Identification of novel biochemical markers related to autism would be advantageous for earlier clinical diagnosis and intervention. Studies suggest that oxidative stress-induced mechanisms and reduced antioxidant defense, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired energy metabolism (NAD(+), NADH, ATP, pyruvate, and lactate), are major causes of ASD. This review provides renewed insight regarding current autism research related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered tryptophan metabolism in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Dept of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. ; School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Gowen E, Hamilton A. Motor abilities in autism: a review using a computational context. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 43:323-44. [PMID: 22723127 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Altered motor behaviour is commonly reported in Autism Spectrum Disorder, but the aetiology remains unclear. Here, we have taken a computational approach in order to break down motor control into different components and review the functioning of each process. Our findings suggest abnormalities in two areas--poor integration of information for efficient motor planning, and increased variability in basic sensory inputs and motor outputs. In contrast, motor learning processes are relatively intact and there is inconsistent evidence for deficits in predictive control. We suggest future work on motor abilities in autism should focus on sensorimotor noise and on higher level motor planning, as these seem to have a significant role in causing motor difficulties for autistic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gowen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Carys Bannister Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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48
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Rogers TD, McKimm E, Dickson PE, Goldowitz D, Blaha CD, Mittleman G. Is autism a disease of the cerebellum? An integration of clinical and pre-clinical research. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:15. [PMID: 23717269 PMCID: PMC3650713 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social skills and communication, stereotyped and repetitive behavior, and a range of deficits in cognitive function. While the etiology of autism is unknown, current research indicates that abnormalities of the cerebellum, now believed to be involved in cognitive function and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), are associated with autism. The current paper proposes that impaired cerebello-cortical circuitry could, at least in part, underlie autistic symptoms. The use of animal models that allow for manipulation of genetic and environmental influences are an effective means of elucidating both distal and proximal etiological factors in autism and their potential impact on cerebello-cortical circuitry. Some existing rodent models of autism, as well as some models not previously applied to the study of the disorder, display cerebellar and behavioral abnormalities that parallel those commonly seen in autistic patients. The novel findings produced from research utilizing rodent models could provide a better understanding of the neurochemical and behavioral impact of changes in cerebello-cortical circuitry in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D Rogers
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis Memphis, TN, USA
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49
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Eigsti IM. A review of embodiment in autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychol 2013; 4:224. [PMID: 23641226 PMCID: PMC3639406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical approaches to cognition, sensory, motor, and emotional experiences are stripped of domain-specific perceptual and sensorimotor information, and represented in a relatively abstract form. In contrast, the embodied cognition framework suggests that our representations retain the initial imprint of the manner in which information was acquired. In this paper, we argue that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) display impairments in the temporal coordination of motor and conceptual information (as shown in gesture research) and striking deficits in the interpersonal mimicry of motor behaviors (as shown in yawning research) - findings we believe are consistent with an embodied account of ASD that includes, but goes beyond, social experiences and is driven in part by significant but subtle motor deficits. In this paper, we review the research examining an embodied cognition account of ASD, and discuss its implications.
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50
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Characteristics and Alterations of Food Intake in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7881/dentalmedres.32.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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