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Wakui T, Fujihara S, Moriyama Y, Nakagawa T, Okubo S, Obuchi S, Awata S, Kai I. Participation factors in a self-quantification program for family caregivers of community-dwelling older adults with long-term care in Japan. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:388. [PMID: 39725997 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-07024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the characteristics of participation in the self-quantification program for family caregivers (CGs) who provide long-term care to community-dwelling older adults. The family CGs, allocated based on the percentage of the nation's older population who needed care and met the inclusion criteria, who provided caregiving at least once a week for those aged 65 + and who were certified as needing care under the Japanese long-term care insurance program, were collected through online monitors. We compared the characteristics of the program participants and nonparticipants using logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 2653 family CGs, including 195 study participants who engaged in self-quantification over 60 days and 2,458 nonparticipants who did not engage in self-quantification, were included in the analysis, with complete data available for all variables of interest. The survey included program participants who were predominantly male (55.9%), with an average age of 54.8 years (SD = 10.2). Participants tended to be fully employed (OR = 1.8; p < 0.01), but they were likely to experience greater burdens (OR = 1.8; p < 0.01) and daily caregiving demands (OR = 1.01; p < 0.01). This research highlights the potential efficacy of self-quantification programs for extensively burdened family CGs, illustrating that the requisites for support vary in accordance with the distinct characteristics of these CGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Wakui
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
- Research & Development Center for Health Services of University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tenno- dai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Satoko Fujihara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoko Moriyama
- National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, 351-0197, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suguru Okubo
- BMS Yokohama, Inc, 121 Nishikubo-cho, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-0022, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Obuchi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Shuichi Awata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kai
- The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Bacigalupe A, Martín U, Triolo F, Sjöberg L, Sterner TR, Dekhtyar S, Fratiglioni L, Calderón-Larrañaga A. Is the diagnosis and treatment of depression gender-biased? Evidence from a population-based aging cohort in Sweden. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:252. [PMID: 39605074 PMCID: PMC11600552 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-024-02320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As compared to men, older women´s higher rates of depression diagnosis and antidepressant use are widely reported. We aimed to: a) explore whether there is a potential gender bias in the clinical diagnosis of depression and antidepressant prescription in an older population from Stockholm; and 2) analyze if such gender bias differs by patients' age and socioeconomic status. METHODS We used data from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, SNAC-K (N = 2,941). We compared gender differences in: (a) clinical diagnosis of depression according to the Swedish National Patient Register (ICD-10 codes F32-F34; F412) ("register-based diagnosis"); (b) SNAC-K-based diagnosis of depression, partially gender-blind, using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) and the DSM-IV-TR ("SNAC-K based diagnosis); and (c) antidepressant use (ATC code N06A). To analyze the magnitude of the gender bias in the register-based diagnosis of depression and in antidepressant use, and the role of potential moderating factors, prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated using Poisson regression models. Models were run separately by age and social class. RESULTS Women had a 63% higher probability of having a register-based diagnosis of depression (PR = 1.63[1.23-2.15]) and a 79% higher probability of using antidepressants (PR = 1.79[1.34-2.40]). No gender differences were observed in the SNAC-K-based diagnosis of depression. The gender differences in the register-based diagnosis were narrowed, although remained significant, after considering age, depressive symptoms, and health services use (PR = 1.44[1.10-1.88]), as well as the register-based diagnosis in the case of antidepressant use (PR = 1.31[1.04-1.64]). This gender bias was larger among the younger-old and the most advantaged social class. CONCLUSION A gender-bias was identified in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older adults within the Swedish healthcare setting, which could imply that health services may be contributing to the medicalization of women's mental health. Gender-sensitive clinical and public health interventions are essential to reduce gender disparities in mental healthcare, also in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Bacigalupe
- Department of Sociology and Social Work. Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change-OPIK Research Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Unai Martín
- Department of Sociology and Social Work. Social Determinants of Health and Demographic Change-OPIK Research Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico Triolo
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnea Sjöberg
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Therese Rydberg Sterner
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Aging and Health (AgeCap), The University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Serhiy Dekhtyar
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amaia Calderón-Larrañaga
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang N, Ren X, Xu Z, Zhang K. Gender differences in the relationship between medical students' emotional intelligence and stress coping: a cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:810. [PMID: 39075473 PMCID: PMC11285314 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the increasing stress levels among medical students due to the impact of COVID-19, it is crucial to effectively reduce their stress levels for their future development. To better understand medical students' stress coping, this study investigated how their emotional intelligence is related to stress coping and whether this relationship is moderated by gender differences. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. A random sample of 744 medical students from Hebei Province, China, was investigated via an emotional intelligence scale and stress coping questionnaire from March-May 2023. The response rate was 93%. SPSS and Mplus statistical software were used for the data analysis. RESULTS The self-emotional appraisal of medical students had a significant negative effect on avoidant coping (β = -0.173, CI 95% = [-0.243, -0.099], p < .001). However, the other dimensions of emotional intelligence (others' emotional appraisal, use of emotion, and regulation of emotion) had a significant positive impact on the active coping of female medical students (β = 0.146, CI 95% = [0.082,0.214], p < .001; β = 0.235, CI 95% = [0.167,0.304], p < .001; β = 0.165, CI 95% = [0.084,0.247], p < .001). In contrast to those of female medical students, other dimensions of emotional intelligence had a significant positive impact on the avoidant coping of male medical students (β = -0.161, CI 95% = [-0.284, -0.062]; p < 0.01; β = 0.126, CI 95% = [0.043,0.246], p < 0.001; β = 0.159, CI 95% = [0.054,0.277], p < 0.05; β = -0.221, CI 95% = [-0.363, -0.129], p < 0.001). Moreover, the use of emotion had a significant positive impact on the active coping of male medical students (β = 0.272, CI 95% = [0.182,0.382], p < .001). Furthermore, gender differences had a moderating effect on the relationship between emotional intelligence dimensions and stress coping (β = 0.178; CI 95% = [0.068,0.292]; p < 0.05). Others' emotional appraisal has a greater impact on female students' active coping. In addition, with increasing regulation of emotion ability, female medical students reduce avoidant coping (β = 0.169, CI 95% = [0.002,0.326]; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed that gender is a significant moderator of the relationship between medical students' emotional intelligence and stress coping. These findings may help medical colleges focus on gender differences when improving medical students' ability to cope with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- School of Medicine, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056009, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
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Lin J, He Z, Fan G. Determinants of quality of life in primary family caregivers of patients with advanced cancer: a comparative study in southern China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1034596. [PMID: 37304122 PMCID: PMC10248401 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1034596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine and compare the quality of life (QoL) of the primary family caregivers (PFCs) of inpatients with advanced cancer and the PFCs of home hospice patients with advanced cancer and to analyze the determinants of QoL. Methods Four hospices and three comprehensive or tumor hospitals in Guangdong Province, China were research sites. QoL was measured using paper-based and online questionnaires. Multiple stepwise linear regression was used to analyze the determinants of QoL of PFCs. Results The PFCs of inpatients had significantly better QoL than did the PFCs of home hospice patients (p < 0.01). One-way ANOVA results indicated the following: for the PFCs of inpatients, PFC age (t = 2.411, p < 0.05), type of relationship with patient (F = 2.985, p < 0.05), and family economic situation (F = 3.423, p < 0.05) significantly affected PFCs' QoL; for the PFCs of home hospice patients, family economic situation (F = 3.757, p < 0.05) and care experience (t = 2.021, p < 0.05) significantly affected PFCs' QoL. A multiple stepwise linear regression was conducted: for the PFCs of inpatients, family economic situation and whether the PFC was the patient's immediate family member were included as predictors of QoL; for the PFCs of home hospice patients, family economic situation and care experience were included as predictors of QoL. Conclusion Our findings can help improve the home hospice care service model in mainland China. In particular, the QoL of the PFCs of home hospice patients requires urgent attention. The PFCs of home hospice patients requires more nursing guidance and interactions with community.
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Zhao X, Zhang Q, Ji Y, Liu H, Lou VWQ. Influence of spousal caregiving and living arrangement on depression among husband caregivers in rural China. Aging Ment Health 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35758023 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2089630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With sociodemographic changes, men are increasingly taking responsibility for spousal caregiving. Previous studies have described gender differences in the psychological outcomes of caregiving; however, few have focused exclusively on husband caregivers. This study investigates the influence of starting spousal caregiving on the psychological well-being of older husbands in rural areas and examines whether living arrangements can moderate this relationship. METHODS A total of 1,167 baseline non-caregiver husbands aged 60 and above in rural areas were taken from the 2011-2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was employed to examine the effects of spousal caregiving transitions and living arrangement changes on depressive symptoms over four years. RESULTS Compared with rural husbands who remained non-caregivers, those transitioning into activities of daily living (ADL) caregiving reported higher depressive symptoms at follow-up (B = 1.67, p < 0.05). Moreover, the increase in depressive symptoms when transitioning into ADL caregiving was significantly lower among participants who changed from living with spouse alone to living with spouse and other family members together (B = - 5.37, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION There was an association between transitioning into ADL caregiving and an elevated level of depression over four years among older husbands, which could be alleviated by living with family members. Co-residence with family members could serve as a natural support resource, buffering adverse mental health outcomes when older husbands start a demanding caregiving role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhao
- School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ji
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Sociology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Vivian W Q Lou
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Sau Po Centre on Ageing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Losada-Baltar A, Vara-García C, Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Cabrera I, Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Fernandes-Pires J, Huertas-Domingo C, Barrera-Caballero S, Gallego-Alberto L, Romero-Moreno R, Márquez-González M. Family caregivers of people with dementia in the context of the sociocultural stress and coping model: An examination of gender differences. J Women Aging 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35343403 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2022.2052705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study assessed gender differences in the associations between familism dimensions, dysfunctional thoughts, and resource and outcome variables in 190 Spanish dementia family caregivers. A theoretical model was tested through path analysis, obtaining an excellent fit of the model to the data. Higher scores in the familial obligations dimension were associated with lower self-efficacy for self-care and obtaining respite and leisure frequency, and higher anxious and depressive feelings, in female caregivers only. Significant between-gender differences were obtained, suggesting that female caregivers holding strong familistic values are more vulnerable to the negative consequences of caregiving compared to male caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Vara-García
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Cabrera
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Romero-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Serpentini S, Guandalini B, Tosin G, Ronconi L, Cristaldi G, Amatulli R, Deledda G, Riccardi S, Sommacal S, Iannopollo L, Calvo V, Merluzzi TV. Assessment of self-efficacy for caregiving in oncology: Italian validation of the caregiver inventory (CGI-I). BMC Palliat Care 2021; 20:166. [PMID: 34670541 PMCID: PMC8529803 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-021-00849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Caregiver Inventory (CGI), a measure of self-efficacy for caregiving that takes into account aspects of caregiving that are neglected by current measures of caregiving, was translated into Italian and validated. Methods Ninety-one caregivers from a variety of locations in Italy completed the CGI-Italian (CGI-I) as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Family Strain Questionnaire - Short Form (FSQ-SF). Results A confirmatory factor analysis based on the original CGI factor structure resulted in an adequate fit of the CGI-I using standard fit indices. Thus, the original factor structure was validated in the CGI-I: Managing Medical Information (α = 0.87), Caring for Care Recipient (α = 0.68), Caring for Oneself (α = 0.78), and Managing Difficult Interactions/Emotions (α = 0.55). The CGI-I total score was inversely related to anxiety (HADS, r = − 0.35, p = <.05), and depression (HADS, r = − 0.45, p = <.05). In addition, the CGI-I was inversely related to caregiver stress (FSQ-SF, r = − 0.39, p = <.05). Care of Oneself and Managing Difficult Interactions/Emotions emerged as the strongest and most robust negative relationships with anxiety, depression, and caregiver stress, which replicated, with similar constructs, findings from the original CGI. Conclusions The results of this study established the CGI-I as a reliable and valid measure of self-efficacy for caregiving. This study also confirms the importance of self-care and managing difficult communication in the process of successfully navigating the demands of caregiving and in constructing interventions for caregivers who need support. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-021-00849-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serpentini
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - B Guandalini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA) University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - G Tosin
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA) University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - L Ronconi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA) University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - G Cristaldi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - R Amatulli
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - G Deledda
- Clinical Psychology Unit, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - S Riccardi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - S Sommacal
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - L Iannopollo
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - V Calvo
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology (FISPPA) University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - T V Merluzzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Park M, Nari F, Kang SH, Jang SI, Park EC. Association between Living with Patients with Dementia and Family Caregivers' Depressive Symptoms-Living with Dementia Patients and Family Caregivers' Depressive Symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084372. [PMID: 33924107 PMCID: PMC8074314 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression among family caregivers is becoming an increasingly important issue due to a growing elderly population. This study aimed to examine the association of living with a patient with dementia and family caregivers' depressive symptoms, among Korean adults. This study used the data of 371,287 participants after excluding those who indicated having dementia themselves from the Korea Community Health Survey of 2018-2019. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The rates of spouse caregivers having depressive symptoms were 9.4% and 10.8% among men and women, respectively. The odds ratio for risk of depressive symptoms among male and female spouse caregivers in comparison to non-caregivers was 2.65 and 2.28, respectively. In the subgroup analysis, the highest income group was associated with risk of depressive symptoms, with an odds ratio of 4.28 for men, and 3.02 for women. Having a patient with dementia in the family was significantly associated with family caregivers' depressive symptoms. In particular, when the patient with dementia was a spouse, both women and men were likely to have depressive symptoms. To reduce the burden of caregivers, we need management policies and interventions for family caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Park
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.P.); (F.N.); (S.H.K.)
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Fatima Nari
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.P.); (F.N.); (S.H.K.)
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Soo Hyun Kang
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.P.); (F.N.); (S.H.K.)
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Sung-In Jang
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-1862; Fax: +82-2-392-8133
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Waugh CE, Leslie-Miller CJ, Shing EZ, Michael Furr R, Nightingale CL, McLean TW. Adaptive and maladaptive forms of disengagement coping in caregivers of children with chronic illnesses. Stress Health 2021; 37:213-222. [PMID: 32946684 PMCID: PMC9027057 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Caregivers of children with chronic illnesses experience elevated stress and reduced self-care. Although self-care can be beneficial, it is a form of disengagement coping, disengaging from the stressor to try and feel better, which has been characterized as a maladaptive coping strategy. In this study, we test the formulation that avoidance, avoiding the stressor and any thoughts related to it, is a maladaptive disengagement coping strategy, whereas distraction, taking a break from the stressor to do something pleasant, is an adaptive disengagement coping strategy. We assessed these strategies as well as psychosocial outcomes and trait predictors in caregivers of children with chronic illnesses. Results showed that those high in avoidance coping reported lower well-being, higher depression and higher stress. Alternatively, when controlling for avoidance, those high in distraction reported higher well-being, lower depression and lower stress. In addition, distraction exhibited strong relationships to increased positive emotions during caregiving situations and was associated with positive personality traits. These results suggest that not all disengagement coping strategies are equal; although avoidance may be a maladaptive strategy, distraction can be an effective positive emotional strategy for coping with the chronic stress of caregiving for a child with a chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E. Waugh
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - R. Michael Furr
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chandylen L. Nightingale
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas W. McLean
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Kokkonen M, Pulkkinen L. Examination of the paths between personality, current mood, its evaluation, and emotion regulation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing longitudinal study, a Big Five Personality Inventory was completed by 122 men and 126 women at age 33. At age 36, the Brief Mood Introspection Scale, the Meta‐Evaluation Scale, and the Meta‐Regulation Scale were administered to 140 men and 127 women. The results, based on path analyses, lent support to a hypothesized model, according to which current mood (Negative, Positive, Active, Calm) and mood evaluation (Mood Influence, Typicality and Acceptance, Clarity) mediate the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and emotion regulation strategies (Repair, Dampening, Maintenance). For both sexes, Neuroticism was the most significant trait in terms of emotion regulation. A sex difference emerged: in general, personality traits and mood variables explained emotion regulation more significantly in men. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Kokkonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lea Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Kokkonen M, Pulkkinen L. Extraversion and Neuroticism as antecedents of emotion regulation and dysregulation in adulthood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examined the role of Extraversion and Neuroticism as antecedents of emotion regulation and dysregulation among 89 women and 81 men. When participants were 27 years old, their Extraversion and Neuroticism were assessed with the standardized version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. At age 33, they completed the Big‐Five Personality Inventory, an authorized adaptation of the NEO Personality Inventory. Emotion regulation, operationalized as an active attempt to turn a negative emotion toward a more positive direction, and measured by the Repair subscale of the Meta‐Regulation Scale, and emotional social support, as measured by the Life Situation Questionnaire, were assessed when participants reached 36 years of age. Emotional ambivalence, a type of emotion dysregulation, was also assessed in this wave. Structural equation modelling demonstrated that prior Neuroticism led to higher emotional ambivalence and lowered use of Repair at age 36. Prior Extraversion, on the other hand, was linked to lower emotional ambivalence at age 36. Extraversion also led to higher attempts to rely on emotional social support to regulate emotions, but less interest in using Repair. Correlational findings revealed that Extraversion and Neuroticism showed differential continuity between ages 27 and 33. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Kokkonen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Psychology, Finland
| | - Lea Pulkkinen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Psychology, Finland
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12
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Finn C, Boland P. Male family carers' experiences of formal support - a meta-ethnography. Scand J Caring Sci 2020; 35:1027-1037. [PMID: 33107643 DOI: 10.1111/scs.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men represent a growing proportion of unpaid family carers across Europe. Comparative studies have proposed male carers experience their caring role differently to females; men are less likely to avail of formal support services than women. Social ideas around masculinity have been linked to the help-seeking behaviours of male carers, as well as men's attitudes around accessing formal support. More understanding about this role from the perspective of male carers is required. METHODS The study followed a meta-ethnography process starting with a systematic literature search of five electronic databases. The methodological quality of the selected studies was evaluated using the Mc Master checklist. Using NVivo 12 software, primary data were analysed and themes throughout the papers were identified. Results were synthesised as a meta-ethnography that retained direct quotes from the studies. RESULTS Two themes and five sub-themes were developed from the data. The first theme was 'Men's experiences of formal support' which contained sub-themes 'Reluctance to step back', 'A space to share emotions' and 'Education diminishes burden'. The second theme was 'Coping without Formal Support' with sub-themes 'Satisfied without help' and 'Duty prevents help seeking'. CONCLUSIONS Fear of perceived failure and a loss of control in the caring relationship were key factors in men's low trust and dissatisfaction with available services. To engage more male carers, formal service providers should acknowledge men's wish to be seen as competent in the care role as well as their desire to stay involved in decision-making around care for their family member. Support services that were collaborative, education-based and gender-sensitive were favoured by male carers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Finn
- Castletroy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pauline Boland
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Ageing Research Centre (ARC), Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Young HM, Bell JF, Whitney RL, Ridberg RA, Reed SC, Vitaliano PP. Social Determinants of Health: Underreported Heterogeneity in Systematic Reviews of Caregiver Interventions. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2020; 60:S14-S28. [PMID: 32057083 PMCID: PMC7019663 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Although most people have some experience as caregivers, the nature and context of care are highly variable. Caregiving, socioeconomic factors, and health are all interrelated. For these reasons, caregiver interventions must consider these factors. This review examines the degree to which caregiver intervention research has reported and considered social determinants of health. Research Design and Methods We examined published systematic reviews and meta-analyses of interventions for older adults with age-related chronic conditions using the PRISMA and AMSTAR 2 checklists. From 2,707 papers meeting search criteria, we identified 197 potentially relevant systematic reviews, and selected 33 for the final analysis. Results We found scant information on the inclusion of social determinants; the papers lacked specificity regarding race/ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. The majority of studies focused on dementia, with other conditions common in later life vastly underrepresented. Discussion and Implications Significant gaps in evidence persist, particularly for interventions targeting diverse conditions and populations. To advance health equity and improve the effectiveness of interventions, research should address caregiver heterogeneity and improve assessment, support, and instruction for diverse populations. Research must identify aspects of heterogeneity that matter in intervention design, while recognizing opportunities for common elements and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Young
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Janice F Bell
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Robin L Whitney
- The Valley Foundation School of Nursing, San Jose State University, San Jose, California
| | - Ronit A Ridberg
- Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Sarah C Reed
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Peter P Vitaliano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
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14
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Sanchis-Sanchis A, Grau MD, Moliner AR, Morales-Murillo CP. Effects of Age and Gender in Emotion Regulation of Children and Adolescents. Front Psychol 2020; 11:946. [PMID: 32528367 PMCID: PMC7265134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional regulation, understood as the skills and strategies needed to influence and/or modify the emotional experiences, has a very remarkable implication within numerous emotional and behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence. In recent years there has been a significant increase in research on emotional regulation, however, the results are still divergent in terms of differences in emotional regulation in relation to age and gender. This study aimed to assess emotional regulation in adolescents in relation to their age and gender. Two hundred and fifty-four adolescents from eight schools in the Valencian Community and aged between 9 and 16 years participated in the study. The adolescents completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the FEEL-KJ questionnaire. We analyzed the differences in emotional regulation strategies and a latent emotional regulation variable in two age groups (9-12 years and 13-16 years) and by gender. The results suggested that children and pre-adolescents in the 9-12 year group obtained lower scores in the emotional regulation strategies than the 13-16 year group. Girls reported higher scores on the use of emotional regulation strategies when experiencing sadness, anxiety and anger than boys, and on the overall average of regulation according to these specific emotions. Age, but not gender, had a major effect on scores for the latent variable of emotion regulation. An interaction effect between age and gender was identified in the latent emotion regulation scores. Girls tended to have higher scores than boys when they were younger and lower scores than boys when they were older. These results could be relevant for designing prevention and intervention programs for adolescents and at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sanchis-Sanchis
- Escuela de Doctorado, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ma Dolores Grau
- Faculty of Psychology, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adoración-Reyes Moliner
- Faculty of Psychology, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Valencia, Spain
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Fernández-Pérez D, Ros L, Escribano F, Serrano JP. Reminiscence, personality, coping and mood state in institutionalised older adults: a cross-sectional study. Psychogeriatrics 2020; 20:310-320. [PMID: 31881114 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reminiscence functions in older adults have been associated with variables related to mental health such as depressive symptoms. Additionally, the way in which older adults cope with stress or their personality traits could influence their use of reminiscence. This study examined the relation between gender, coping styles, personality traits and reminiscence functions and how these variables predict depressive symptoms in institutionalised older adults. METHODS The participants were 117 institutionalised older adults (range 62-98 years). They completed measures of reminiscence functions, depressive symptoms, coping styles and personality traits. RESULTS Neuroticism and avoidance coping styles were related to a maladaptive use of reminiscence functions. The results showed that institutionalised older adults with high neuroticism and who usually use emotional discharge and logical analysis as avoidance coping styles and bitterness revival as a reminiscence function may be more likely to present depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings may help enhance the efficacy of interventions using reminiscence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Flor Escribano
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Serrano
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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16
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Caregivers of people with disorders of consciousness: which burden predictors? Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2773-2779. [PMID: 32279220 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caregivers of patients diagnosed with disorders of consciousness (DoCs) play a pivotal role in the care pathway of these patients. Due to the high costs of care, among other symptoms and disorders previously described in the literature, they can manifest also mood and stress-related disorders which greatly impact their life and increase their burden. It is noteworthy to identify which factors are better related to the manifestation of mood and stress-related disorders to care for the caregivers in time. However, no studies have explored which factors are related to the manifestation of these disorders within this population yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS We explored with different questionnaires whether patient-, caregiver-, and caregiving environment-related factors are associated with mood and stress-related disorders on 114 caregivers of patients with DoCs. RESULTS Our results showed that female caregivers manifested higher levels of both depression and prolonged grief disorder; furthermore, the presence of economic problems increased the levels of depression. Moreover, different levels of caregivers' depression, anxiety, anger expression, and prolonged grief disorder were closely linked to the degree of behavioural responsiveness of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlighted the need to consider also caregivers' mood and stress-related disorders when defining the care pathway of patients with DoCs; indeed, caregivers constitute the main environment of DoC patients and they need tailored interventions aimed at reducing their burden due to caregiving.
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Caregivers in home palliative care: gender, psychological aspects, and patient's functional status as main predictors for their quality of life. Support Care Cancer 2019; 28:3227-3235. [PMID: 31720824 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-05155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the impact of possible predictors of quality of life (QoL) in a group of Italian caregivers assisting a cancer patient in home palliative care. METHODS Data from 570 adult informal caregivers and their cancer-affected relatives were collected. A multivariate regression analysis was conducted to assess the effect of three groups of variables on Caregivers Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC) scale: (a) socio-demographic characteristics of caregivers; (b) psychological characteristics of caregivers assessed by Profile Mood of States (POMS), Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), and Preparedness for Caregiving Scale (PCS); (c) Socio-demographic characteristics and functional status of the patients assessed by Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). RESULTS Regression analysis shows that some variables from each of these clusters are significantly associated with CQOLC, in particular: (a) the gender of the caregiver (st.β = .115, t = 2.765, p = .006) and the time spent for caregiving (st.β = - .165, t = - 3.960, p < .001); (b) the scores obtained by the caregivers in POMS,CBI (st.β = - .523, t = - 16.984, p < .001 and st.β = - .373, t = - 12.950, p < .001, respectively) and PCS (st.β = .092, t = 3.672, p < .001); (c) the gender (st.β = - .081, t = - 1.933, p = .045) and the IADL score (st.β = .195, t = 4.643, p < .001) of the patient. CONCLUSIONS A multidimensional evaluation is a key strategy to identify the most vulnerable caregivers. Apart from the condition of the patient, the gender of the caregivers, the time spent for caregiving and, above all, their psychological condition are strong predictors of caregivers' QoL.
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18
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Tabler J, Geist C. Do gender differences in housework performance and informal adult caregiving explain the gender gap in depressive symptoms of older adults? J Women Aging 2019; 33:41-56. [PMID: 31645207 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2019.1681243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We assess whether gender differences in domestic time-use, including informal adult caregiving and housework, explain the gender gap in depression among older adults. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we model depressive symptoms as a function of informal adult caregiving and housework. The analytic sample includes 539 men and 782 women. Findings suggest informal adult caregiving is associated with increased depressive symptoms for women (p < .05) and men (p < .05). Time spent on housework is associated with decreased depressive symptoms for women and female caregivers (p < .01). Women may experience elevated depressive symptoms relative to men despite their domestic time-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tabler
- Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Claudia Geist
- Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, University of Wyoming , Laramie, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, USA
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Svantesson M, de Snoo-Trimp JC, Ursin G, de Vet HCW, Brinchmann BS, Molewijk B. Important outcomes of moral case deliberation: a Euro-MCD field survey of healthcare professionals' priorities. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2019; 45:608-616. [PMID: 31320403 PMCID: PMC6817990 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2018-104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of empirical research regarding the outcomes of such clinical ethics support methods as moral case deliberation (MCD). Empirical research in how healthcare professionals perceive potential outcomes is needed in order to evaluate the value and effectiveness of ethics support; and help to design future outcomes research. The aim was to use the European Moral Case Deliberation Outcome Instrument (Euro-MCD) instrument to examine the importance of various MCD outcomes, according to healthcare professionals, prior to participation. METHODS A North European field survey among healthcare professionals drawn from 73 workplaces in a variety of healthcare settings in the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The Euro-MCD instrument was used. RESULTS All outcomes regarding the domains of moral reflexivity, moral attitude, emotional support, collaboration, impact at organisational level and concrete results, were perceived as very or quite important by 76%-97% of the 703 respondents. Outcomes regarding collaboration and concrete results were perceived as most important. Outcomes assessed as least important were mostly about moral attitude. 'Better interactions with patient/family' emerged as a new domain from the qualitative analysis. Dutch respondents perceived most of the outcomes as significantly less important than the Scandinavians, especially regarding emotional support. Furthermore, men, those who were younger, and physician-respondents scored most of the outcomes as statistically significantly less important compared with the other respondents. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate a need for a broad instrument such as the Euro-MCD. Outcomes related to better interactions between professionals and patients must also be included in the future. The empirical findings raise the normative question of whether outcomes that were perceived as less important, such as moral reflexivity and moral attitude outcomes, should still be included. In the future, a combination of empirical findings (practice) and normative reflection (theories) will contribute to the revision of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Svantesson
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Janine C de Snoo-Trimp
- Department of Medical Humanities, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Göril Ursin
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Henrica CW de Vet
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert Molewijk
- Department of Medical Humanities, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Understanding Male Caregivers' Emotional, Financial, and Physical Burden in the United States. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:healthcare7020072. [PMID: 31121905 PMCID: PMC6627587 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Men caregivers face caregiving burden, have weak support networks and are less likely to seek out programs which increase their caregiving capabilities and help them cope with this burden. Using the 2011 and 2015 National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) database and hierarchical regressions, we studied the emotional, financial, and physical burden of male caregivers as spouses, sons, and other caregivers by assessing the impact of caregiver characteristics, tasks and resources for each subgroup. We highlighted the importance of using a nationally representative database for men caregivers only and emphasized that these caregivers are not a monolithic group. We found that all caregivers experienced these three burden types, particularly elevated emotional stress, with sons reporting the highest emotional and financial strain levels. Assisting with personal care was the most stressful task and caregivers vastly under-utilized support and training. Our results suggest that burden suppressants included having family and friends help with caregiving, having time to decompress, and feeling appreciated by the care recipient. These findings offer insight for devising future policies that intentionally include relationship and burden type to encourage improved and more caregiving from men while supporting their well-being.
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21
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Partners of Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature Examining Their Experiences and the Supports Available to Them. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2019; 26:185-200. [PMID: 29975337 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over a third of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are in long-term romantic partnerships, yet little is known about the experiences of their partners. Because difficulties in interpersonal relationships are a hallmark of BPD, it is especially important to understand the support needs of their romantic partners. This systematic review investigates the experiences of romantic partners of adult individuals with BPD and the interventions designed to support them. Twenty-two articles were found, 13 of which pertained to partner experiences and 9 to interventions. Thematic analysis was used to identify three main themes in the descriptions of partners' experiences: emotional challenges, dual roles as both a romantic partner and parental/therapeutic figure, and lack of control. The available interventions, which consisted of educational and skills-based programs with limited efficacy data, addressed only a small portion of the subthemes identified in the literature describing partners' experiences. The discrepancy between the needs identified in the partner-experience literature and the interventions available suggests a need to develop and evaluate more partner-oriented programming. Such programming should use psychoeducation, peer support, and individual- and relationship-based skills development to address and therefore improve the experiences of partners of individuals with BPD.
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van der Lee J, Bakker TJEM, Dröes RM. Recovery from burden: informal caregiver profiles that predict treatment success. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:317-329. [PMID: 29914585 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610218000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackground:Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI) of dementia are important determinants of caregiver burden, while caregiver coping styles and competences can relieve burden. Caregivers differ in coping with the demands made on them and in experienced burden. What changes in caregivers explain recovery from burden, and which caregiver characteristics predict recovery from burden over time, and does treatment make a difference? METHODS This study into recovery from burden was a secondary analysis of data collected in a formerly conducted randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the integrated reactivation and rehabilitation (IRR) programme in a psychiatric-skilled nursing home, compared to usual care (UC; i.e. day care, assisted living arrangements, and nursing home wards). For this secondary analysis, longitudinal data on persons with dementia and caregivers were used from baseline (T1), end of treatment (T2), and at nine months (T3). RESULTS Caregivers with an improved sense of competence (SCS) who care for persons with dementia with a decreased severity of NPI have the highest chance of recovering from burden (CSI). Caregivers with a tendency to feel involved with others and sympathize with others (affiliation, ICL-R) have a slightly lower probability of improvement with respect to their sense of competence in the short term. The number of improved caregivers was higher in IRR than UC. CONCLUSION Recovery depends on both an improved sense of competence and a decreased severity of NPI. Combined interventions that address both NPI and focus on enhancing caregiver's sense of competence have added value when it comes to decreasing caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline van der Lee
- Geriatric Centre 'DrieMaasStede',Argos Zorggroep,Schiedam, andDepartment of Nursing Home Medicine,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,VU University Medical Centre,Amsterdam,the Netherlands
| | - Ton J E M Bakker
- University of Applied Science,and Stichting Wetenschap Balans (Foundation for Scientific Research Geriatric Health Care),Rotterdam,the Netherlands
| | - Rose-Marie Dröes
- Department of Psychiatry,Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,VU University Medical Centre, andGGZ inGeest,Amsterdam,the Netherlands
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Jones JM, Cohen SR, Zimmermann C, Rodin G. Quality of Life and Symptom Burden in Cancer Patients Admitted to An Acute Palliative Care Unit. J Palliat Care 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/082585971002600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the quality of life and symptom burden of 211 cancer patients admitted to an acute palliative care unit (PCU) in a comprehensive cancer centre. Participants completed the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL), Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS), Short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test, and Palliative Performance Scale within 24 hours of admission to the PCU. The mean MQOL total was 6.1±1.4, and the mean single-item scale score was 4.9±2.4. The mean total ESAS score was 36.3±15.8, with a median of six reported symptoms. Women and younger patients reported a lower quality of life (QoL) and a higher symptom burden. Regression and correlational analyses highlighted the importance of the existential and psychological domains to overall QoL. These findings emphasize the need for interdisciplinary, collaborative approaches to managing the complex physical, psychosocial, and existential needs of cancer patients admitted to acute PCUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Jones
- JM Jones (corresponding author): Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, BCS-045, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - S. Robin Cohen
- SR Cohen: Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and Lady Davis Institute for Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camilla Zimmermann
- C Zimmerman: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Rodin
- G Rodin: Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Princess Margaret Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Lai C, Cipriani M, Renzi A, Luciani M, Lombardo L, Aceto P. The Effects of the Perception of Being Recognized by Patients With Alzheimer Disease on a Caregiver's Burden and Psychophysical Health. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2018; 35:1188-1194. [PMID: 29580073 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118766316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caring for a patient with Alzheimer disease (AD) represents a real challenge that can have considerable long-term psychological and physical consequences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the perception of being recognized on both the psychophysical health and the level of burden reported in caregivers of patients with AD. The secondary aim was to evaluate the association between the use of a home care assistance service and the burden and psychophysical health in caregivers. The Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and a visual analog scale (VAS) to evaluate the level of perception of being recognized were administered to 31 caregivers of patients with AD. Data were also collected from patients with AD using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The level of perception of being recognized was significantly and negatively correlated with total burden ( r = -0.36; P = .045) and objective burden ( r = -0.53; P = .002). It was also significantly and positively correlated with the MMSE score ( r = 41; P = .02). Regression models showed that only the perception of being recognized, and not MMSE, significantly predicted lower caregiver objective burden scores. Furthermore, the use of a home care assistance service significantly predicted higher caregiver physical functioning. The perception of being recognized by an AD relative significantly predicted the caregiver's objective burden associated with a shortage of time. The use of a home care assistance service also resulted in a promotion in the caregiver's social functioning. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lai
- 1 Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Cipriani
- 1 Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Renzi
- 1 Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Luciani
- 2 Psychiatry and Psychology Institute, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Aceto
- 4 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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25
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Girgus JS, Yang K, Ferri CV. The Gender Difference in Depression: Are Elderly Women at Greater Risk for Depression Than Elderly Men? Geriatrics (Basel) 2017; 2:geriatrics2040035. [PMID: 31011045 PMCID: PMC6371140 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological reports have found that adolescent, young adult, and middle-aged adult girls and women are more likely to be diagnosed with unipolar depression and report greater symptoms of depression when compared to boys and men of similar ages. What is less well-known is whether this gender difference persists into late life. This literature review examines whether the well-known gender difference in unipolar depression continues into old age, and, if it does, whether the variables that are known to contribute to the gender difference in unipolar depression from adolescence through adulthood continue to contribute to the gender difference in the elderly, and/or whether there are new variables that arise in old age and contribute to the gender difference in the elderly. In this review of 85 empirical studies from every continent except for Antarctica, we find substantial support for the gender difference in depression in individuals who are 60 and older. More research is necessary to determine which factors are the strongest predictors of the gender difference in depression in late life, and particularly whether the factors that seem to be responsible for the gender difference in depression in earlier life stages continue to predict the gender difference in the elderly, and/or whether new factors come into play in late life. Longitudinal research, meta-analyses, and model-based investigations of predictors of the gender difference in depression are needed to provide insights into how and why the gender difference in depression persists in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S Girgus
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Kaite Yang
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Drive, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA.
| | - Christine V Ferri
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Drive, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA.
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van der Lee J, Bakker TJEM, Duivenvoorden HJ, Dröes RM. Do determinants of burden and emotional distress in dementia caregivers change over time? Aging Ment Health 2017; 21:232-240. [PMID: 26586266 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caring for a patient with dementia is a real challenge and can have considerable psychological consequences in the long run. Many caregivers, mostly relatives, feel highly burdened. To develop effective caregiver support to prevent caregivers from getting overburdened, insight is needed into the determinants of burden. The objective of this study is to explore which patient and caregiver characteristics determine the different kinds of caregiver burden over time, both in the short and in the long run. METHOD The study was longitudinal. Data on patients and caregivers, general burden and emotional distress were collected at three times: at baseline, at the end of treatment and at nine months. The study was conducted in a psychiatric skilled nursing home with a unit for integrative reactivation and rehabilitation (IRR) and at different sites of home-/day care, assisted living arrangements and nursing home wards (usual care). RESULTS General burden is shown to be determined by severity of patient's neuropsychiatric symptoms, caregiver's sense of competence, health-related quality of life. Emotional distress is determined by severity of patient's neuropsychiatric symptoms, caregiver's sense of competence, high affiliation and patient gender. CONCLUSION In preventing or treating caregiver burden, professional interventions need to aim specifically at diminishing the neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia patients and improving the sense of competence in caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline van der Lee
- a Psychiatric Skilled Nursing Home 'DrieMaasStede', Argos Zorggroep, Schiedam/VU Department of General Practice & Elderly Care Medicine , EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Amsterdam/VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ton J E M Bakker
- b Stichting Wetenschap Balans (Foundation for Scientific Research Geriatric Health Care), Rotterdam/VU Department of General Practice & Elderly Care Medicine , EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Amsterdam/VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Duivenvoorden
- c Stichting Wetenschap Balans (Foundation for Scientific Research Geriatric Health Care) , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Rose-Marie Dröes
- d VU Department of General Practice & Elderly Care Medicine , EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Amsterdam/VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam/GGZ Ingeest , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Nakken N, Janssen DJ, van Vliet M, de Vries GJ, Clappers-Gielen GA, Michels AJ, Muris JW, Vercoulen JH, Wouters EF, Spruit MA. Gender differences in partners of patients with COPD and their perceptions about the patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 12:95-104. [PMID: 28096665 PMCID: PMC5207329 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s118871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) not only affects patients but also their partners. Gender-related differences in patients with COPD are known, for instance regarding symptoms and quality of life. Yet, research regarding gender differences in partners of patients with COPD has been conducted to a lesser extent, and most research focused on female partners. We aimed to investigate differences between male and female partners of patients with COPD regarding their own characteristics and their perceptions of patients’ characteristics. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Four hospitals in the Netherlands. Participants One hundred and eighty-eight patient–partner couples were included in this cross-sectional study. Measurements General and clinical characteristics, health status, care dependency, symptoms of anxiety and depression, social support, caregiver burden, and coping styles were assessed during a home visit. Results Female partners had more symptoms of anxiety and a worse health status than male partners. Social support and caregiver burden were comparable, but coping styles differed between male and female partners. Female partners thought that male patients were less care dependent and had more symptoms of depression, while these gender differences did not exist in patients themselves. Conclusion Health care providers should pay attention to the needs of all partners of patients with COPD, but female partners in particular. Obtaining an extensive overview of the patient–partner couple, including coping styles, health status, symptoms of anxiety, and caregiver burden, is necessary to be able to support the couple as effectively as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy Ja Janssen
- Department of Research and Education, CIRO, Horn; Centre of Expertise for Palliative Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Wm Muris
- Department of Family Medicine, CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht
| | - Jan H Vercoulen
- Department of Medical Psychology and Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen
| | - Emiel Fm Wouters
- Department of Research and Education, CIRO, Horn; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Tamres LK, Janicki D, Helgeson VS. Sex Differences in Coping Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review and an Examination of Relative Coping. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We used meta-analysis to examine recent studies of sex differences in coping. Women were more likely than men to engage in most coping strategies. The strongest effects showed that women were more likely to use strategies that involved verbal expressions to others or the self—to seek emotional support, ruminate about problems, and use positive self-talk. These sex differences were consistent across studies, supporting a dispositional level hypothesis. Other sex differences were dependent on the nature of the stressor, supporting role constraint theory. We also examined whether stressor appraisal (i.e., women's tendencies to appraise stressors as more severe) accountedfor sex differences in coping. We found some support for this idea. To circumvent this issue, we provide some data on relative coping. These data demonstrate that sex differences in relative coping are more in line with our intuitions about the differences in the ways men and women cope with distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Tamres
- Health and Community Systems, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing
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Lee EJ, Pieczynski J, DeDios-Stern S, Simonetti C, Lee GK. Gender differences in caregiver strain, needs for support, social support, and quality of life among spousal caregivers of persons with multiple sclerosis. Work 2016; 52:777-87. [PMID: 26599674 DOI: 10.3233/wor-152205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregivers of individuals with MS may experience unique caregiver strain due to the age at onset and progressive nature of the disease. Additionally, because MS is more prevalent in women, men often become spousal caregivers. However, gender differences in psychosocial adjustment among caregivers have not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in the need for various supports and type of social support needed, caregiver strain, and quality of life among caregivers for individuals with MS. METHODS 106 caregivers participated in this study. Independent sample t-tests and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in strain, need for supports, social support, and quality of life. RESULTS Analyses revealed gender difference among important psychosocial variables. Specifically, women reported higher levels of caregiver strain, higher needs for emotional support, and higher perceived social support. Additionally, multiple regression analyses revealed an inverse relationship between expressed emotional needs and quality of life for men, but not for women. CONCLUSIONS MS caregivers experience significant strain that diminishes quality of life. Social support and needs fulfillment can act to buffer this stress; however, results indicate that this varies by gender, with gender differences observed in strain, perceived support, and expressed needs among MS caregivers. The study implications for rehabilitation research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Pieczynski
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Gloria K Lee
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology & Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Ron P. Care Giving Offspring to Aging Parents: How it Affects Their Marital Relations, Parenthood, and Mental Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/105413730601400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the effect of direct and indirect stresses on the mental health of offspring caring for an aging parent. The study is based on Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, and Mullan's (1981) Stress Development Model. The research examined 345 subjects, men and women aged 40-59 who filled a questionnaire sent by post within their workplace. The research findings show that the various stresses of the caregiver role are mutually connected and have a significant positive effect on the mental health of caregiving offspring. Another finding shows that the extended family support variable acts as a buffer on the caregiving burden on the adult child.
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Banga G, Ghosh S. The Impact of Affiliate Stigma on the Psychological Well-Being of Mothers of Children with Specific Learning Disabilities in India: The Mediating Role of Subjective Burden. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 30:958-969. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gazal Banga
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences; School of Social Work; Center for Health and Mental Health; Mumbai India
| | - Subharati Ghosh
- Tata Institute of Social Sciences; School of Social Work; Center for Health and Mental Health; Mumbai India
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Kim MH, Dunkle RE, Lehning AJ, Shen HW, Feld S, Perone AK. Caregiver stressors and depressive symptoms among older husbands and wives in the United States. J Women Aging 2016; 29:494-504. [PMID: 27673406 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2016.1223962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Framed by Pearlin's Stress Process Model, this study prospectively examines the effects of primary stress factors reflecting the duration, amount, and type of care on the depressive symptoms of spousal caregivers over a2-year period, and whether the effects of stressors differ between husbands and wives. Data are from the 2004 and 2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study and we included community-dwelling respondents providing activities of daily life (ADL) and/or instrumental activities of daily life (IADL) help to their spouses/partners (N = 774). Results from multivariate regression models indicate that none of the primary stressors were associated with depressive symptoms. However, wives providing only personal care had significantly more depressive symptoms than wives providing only instrumental care, while husbands providing different types of care showed no such differences. To illuminate strategies for reducing the higher distress experienced by wife caregivers engaged in personal care assistance, further studies are needed incorporating couples' relational dynamics and gendered experiences in personal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- a School of Social Work , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Ruth E Dunkle
- a School of Social Work , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Amanda J Lehning
- b School of Social Work , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Huei-Wern Shen
- c School of Social Work , University of Missouri-St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Sheila Feld
- a School of Social Work , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
| | - Angela K Perone
- a School of Social Work , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA
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Abstract
This article reports the results of a series of focus groups conducted about males who provide care to females with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Male caregiver's coping skills, unique needs, role development, task provision, utilization of services, and potential service gaps were explored. These men were found to focus on the provision of concrete caregiving tasks and to minimize their emotional reactions to caregiving. Obtaining education about AD also proved to be important because it gave them a sense of control over their situation and thus improved their coping abilities. Through these findings, new strategies for practitioners working with male caregivers are suggested including; development of support networks and wellness programs, increased utilization of services, and the design of a male specific support group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy L. McFarland
- Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania; Senior Management Services, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara Sanders
- South Central PA Alzheimer's Association, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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Park EO, Yates BC, Meza J, Kosloski K, Pullen C. Spousal Caregivers of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Patients: Differences between Caregivers with Low vs. High Caregiving Demands. Rehabil Nurs 2016; 41:260-9. [PMID: 26543015 PMCID: PMC4860178 DOI: 10.1002/rnj.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compared to non-caregivers, caregivers have higher rates of depressive symptoms, caregiver strain, less mutuality, and health care visits. However, few investigators have examined family caregivers after coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in caregiving difficulties, mutuality (i.e., open communication; avoiding sad thoughts), and depressive symptoms based on low vs. high caregiving demands among spousal caregivers. DESIGN A descriptive, comparative design was used to examine 33 spousal caregivers of CAB surgery patients (16 in low and 17 in high caregiving demand groups). METHODS Measures included: Caregiving Burden Scale, Mutuality and Interpersonal Sensitivity Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U statistics. FINDINGS It was found that caregivers with high caregiving demands reported more caregiving difficulties and more open communication about the surgery compared to caregivers with low demands. CONCLUSION Caregivers with greater caregiving demands may need additional support to assist them with the caregiving situation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Priority should be given to family caregivers, who take care of patients in cardiac rehabilitation, with higher caregiving demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther O. Park
- Nursing Department, Daegu University, 33 Seongdangro 50gil Namgu, Daegu 705-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernice C. Yates
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42 and Emile, Omaha, NE, 68198,
| | - Jane Meza
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984355 Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-4355,
| | - Karl Kosloski
- Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St. Omaha, NE, 68182,
| | - Carol Pullen
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42 and Emile, Omaha, NE, 68198,
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Oshio T, Kan M. How do social activities mitigate informal caregivers' psychological distress? Evidence from a nine-year panel survey in Japan. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2016; 14:117. [PMID: 27549086 PMCID: PMC4994414 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-016-0521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that informal caregiving negatively affects caregivers' mental health, while social activities improve mental health outcomes among middle-aged and elderly individuals. The goal of the present study was to examine how participation in social activities affected the trajectory of an informal caregiver's psychological distress. METHODS We used the data from a nationwide nine-wave panel survey of the middle-aged individuals (aged 50-59 years at baseline) in Japan conducted in 2005-13 (N = 24,193 individuals;12,352 women and 11,841 men), mainly focusing on the respondents beginning to provide informal caregiving during the survey period. We employed linear mixed-effects models to explain how the trajectory of psychological distress, measured by Kessler 6 (K6) scores, was associated with caregiving commencement and duration, as well as social activity participation. RESULTS Participation in social activities was associated with mitigated K6 scores at caregiving commencement by 66.2 and 58.2 % for women and men, respectively. After caregiving started, participation in social activities reduced the average rise in K6 scores, per year, by 65.6 and 89.6 % for women and men, respectively. We observed similar results when focusing on participation before caregiving commencement to avoid endogeneity problems. CONCLUSION Results suggest that participation in social activities can alleviate caregivers' psychological distress. Policy measures to support social activities are recommended for the health and well-being of current and potential caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oshio
- Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8603, Japan.
| | - Mari Kan
- School of Economics, University of Hyogo, 8-2-1 Gakuen-Nishi-machi, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2197, Japan
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Vedhara K, Shanks N, Wilcock G, Lightman SL. Correlates and Predictors of Self-reported Psychological and Physical Morbidity in Chronic Caregiver Stress. J Health Psychol 2016; 6:101-19. [DOI: 10.1177/135910530100600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to explore: (1) whether psychological and physical morbidity share similar psychosocial determinants; (2) the long-term stability of these determinants; and (3) the role of neuroticism in predicting psychological and physical morbidity. Fifty spousal caregivers of dementia patients were recruited into a 12-month study. Participants were followed up at six-monthly interva ls during which they completed scales measuring psychosocial mediators, psychological morbidity, physical morbidity and neuroticism. Psychological morbidity was influenced primarily by indices of coping and neuroticism. Physical morbidity was influenced primarily by indices of psychological morbidity (increased psychological morbidity was associated with perceptions of greater physical morbidity). Neuroticism exhibited significant cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships with the indices of psychological morbidity, but only cross-sectional relationships with the indices of physical morbidity.
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Hastings RP, Kovshoff H, Brown T, Ward NJ, Espinosa FD, Remington B. Coping strategies in mothers and fathers of preschool and school-age children with autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 9:377-91. [PMID: 16155055 DOI: 10.1177/1362361305056078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the theoretical and demonstrated empirical significance of parental coping strategies for the wellbeing of families of children with disabilities, relatively little research has focused explicitly on coping in mothers and fathers of children with autism. In the present study, 89 parents of preschool children and 46 parents of school-age children completed a measure of the strategies they used to cope with the stresses of raising their child with autism. Factor analysis revealed four reliable coping dimensions: active avoidance coping, problem-focused coping, positive coping, and religious/denial coping. Further data analysis suggested gender differences on the first two of these dimensions but no reliable evidence that parental coping varied with the age of the child with autism. Associations were also found between coping strategies and parental stress and mental health. Practical implications are considered including reducing reliance on avoidance coping and increasing the use of positive coping strategies.
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Sharma N, Chakrabarti S, Grover S. Gender differences in caregiving among family - caregivers of people with mental illnesses. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:7-17. [PMID: 27014594 PMCID: PMC4804270 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
All over the world women are the predominant providers of informal care for family members with chronic medical conditions or disabilities, including the elderly and adults with mental illnesses. It has been suggested that there are several societal and cultural demands on women to adopt the role of a family-caregiver. Stress-coping theories propose that women are more likely to be exposed to caregiving stressors, and are likely to perceive, report and cope with these stressors differently from men. Many studies, which have examined gender differences among family-caregivers of people with mental illnesses, have concluded that women spend more time in providing care and carry out personal-care tasks more often than men. These studies have also found that women experience greater mental and physical strain, greater caregiver-burden, and higher levels of psychological distress while providing care. However, almost an equal number of studies have not found any differences between men and women on these aspects. This has led to the view that though there may be certain differences between male and female caregivers, most of these are small in magnitude and of doubtful clinical significance. Accordingly, caregiver-gender is thought to explain only a minor proportion of the variance in negative caregiving outcomes. A similar inconsistency characterizes the explanations provided for gender differences in caregiving such as role expectations, differences in stress, coping and social support, and response biases in reporting distress. Apart from the equivocal and inconsistent evidence, there are other problems in the literature on gender differences in caregiving. Most of the evidence has been derived from studies on caregivers of elderly people who either suffer from dementia or other physical conditions. Similar research on other mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or mood disorders is relatively scarce. With changing demographics and social norms men are increasingly assuming roles as caregivers. However, the experience of men while providing care has not been explored adequately. The impact of gender on caregiving outcomes may be mediated by several other variables including patient-related factors, socio-demographic variables, and effects of kinship status, culture and ethnicity, but these have seldom been considered in the research on gender differences. Finally, it is apparent that methodological variations in samples, designs and assessments between studies contribute a great deal to the observed gender differences. This review highlights all these issues and concludes that there is much need for further research in this area if the true nature of gender differences in family-caregiving of mental illnesses is to be discerned.
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Anastasiadou D, Sepulveda AR, Sánchez JC, Parks M, Álvarez T, Graell M. Family Functioning and Quality of Life among Families in Eating Disorders: A Comparison with Substance-related Disorders and Healthy Controls. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2016; 24:294-303. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Anastasiadou
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology; Autonomous University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Ana R. Sepulveda
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology; Autonomous University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Melissa Parks
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology; Autonomous University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Tamara Álvarez
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology; Autonomous University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Montserrat Graell
- Eating Disorders Program, Child and Adolescence Psychiatry Department; Niño Jesus University Hospital, CIBERSAM; Madrid Spain
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How is an informal caregiver’s psychological distress associated with prolonged caregiving? Evidence from a six-wave panel survey in Japan. Qual Life Res 2015; 24:2907-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-015-1041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Past studies have extensively examined factors associated with coping strategies that caregivers use to ameliorate distress or solve problems. While these studies have found that stressors and individual resources influence choices of coping strategies, they have tended to overlook caregivers' social resources and have rarely considered the possibility that distinct groups of caregivers may use different sets of coping strategies. We conducted latent-class analyses to identify distinct groups of caregivers: those using no particular patterns of coping (unpatterned-coping), those centering on ameliorating distress (emotional-coping), and those focusing on both ameliorating distress and solving problems (hybrid-coping). Stressors distinguished all three coping groups, individual resources differentiated the hybrid-coping group from the emotional-coping group and the unpatterned-coping group, and social resources separated the emotional-coping group and the hybrid-coping group from the unpatterned-coping group. These findings indicate different factors contributing to caregivers' use of different coping styles and suggest ways to better help caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fen Lin
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Hsueh-Sheng Wu
- Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Monin JK, Levy B, Pietrzak RH. From serving in the military to serving loved ones: unique experiences of older veteran caregivers. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 22:570-9. [PMID: 23567413 PMCID: PMC3825823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether older caregiving veterans differ from noncaregiving veterans in terms of health and psychosocial factors and how these factors and caregiving aspects (i.e., hours, relationship type) relate to caregiving strain and reward. We also evaluated two hypotheses: (1) combat exposure provides protection from emotional caregiving strain, and (2) grandparenting is particularly rewarding. METHODS We used a cross-sectional web survey of a nationally representative sample of older veterans in the United States. Data were drawn from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, and participants were 2,025 U.S. veterans aged 60 or older (mean: 71.0; SD: 7.1; range: 60-96). Participants completed measures of caregiving status, sociodemographic characteristics, combat exposure, physical and mental health, cognitive status, and psychosocial characteristics. Caregivers reported caregiving hours, caregiving type, emotional and physical strain, and reward. RESULTS A total of 20.4% of U.S. older veterans are caregivers. As predicted, among the veteran caregivers, (1) combat exposure was associated with less emotional caregiving strain (odds ratio [OR]: 0.57), and (2) grandparenting was associated with increased perception of caregiving reward (OR: 5.28). Resilience was negatively associated with physical strain, whereas depressive symptoms were associated with greater emotional strain; gratitude, happiness, and social support were additionally associated with greater reward. Caregivers were more likely to be married and highly educated than noncaregivers but did not differ with respect to health or psychosocial characteristics. CONCLUSION One in five older U.S. veterans is a caregiver. Older veterans' combat exposure may decrease the emotional demands of caregiving, and grandparenting is perceived as particularly rewarding. Results suggest that older veterans are an important caregiving resource that deserves tailored resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K. Monin
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Division, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Becca Levy
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Division, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine
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Stewart NJ, Morgan DG, Karunanayake CP, Wickenhauser JP, Cammer A, Minish D, O’Connell ME, Hayduk LA. Rural Caregivers for a Family Member With Dementia. J Appl Gerontol 2014; 35:150-78. [DOI: 10.1177/0733464813517547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Forecasts of increasing prevalence of dementia in rural settings, coupled with reliance on family caregiver support, indicate that a greater understanding of caregiver distress in these contexts is necessary. The purpose of this study was to examine family caregiver burden and severity of distress on the day that a family member was diagnosed with dementia at a memory clinic that serves a rural population. Participants in this retrospective study were 231 primary family caregivers of a rural community-dwelling person with dementia. On the diagnostic day, women reported more burden and severity of distress than men and spouses reported more severity of distress than adult children. A structural equation model was not supported for the entire sample, but was supported for women caregivers only ( n = 161). Caregiver distress related to dementia-specific behaviors explained both global distress and burden. Patients’ functional decline was related to caregiver burden.
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Schiffczyk C, Romero B, Jonas C, Lahmeyer C, Müller F, Riepe MW. Efficacy of short-term inpatient rehabilitation for dementia patients and caregivers: prospective cohort study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013; 35:300-12. [PMID: 23572117 DOI: 10.1159/000348357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The efficacy of nonpharmacological and multicomponent treatments in patients with dementia is under discussion, as is the ongoing debate which endpoints best measure efficacy. METHODS 194 dyads of dementia patients and their proxies interested in a combined short-term inpatient rehabilitative treatment were assessed in the patients' homes. RESULTS Analysis showed that cognition in male patients (cognitive part of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale: p = 0.048) and depressive mood in female patients were improved after treatment at the 3-month follow-up (Geriatric Depression Scale: p = 0.030). Moreover, the burden on male caregivers was reduced (behavioral pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale: p = 0.002) at 3 months. CONCLUSION Combined short-term rehabilitative treatment of patients and psychosocial intervention for caregivers is modestly effective in patients with dementia and their caregivers, but may be subject to gender-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schiffczyk
- Division of Mental Health and Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Simic I, Adzic M, Maric N, Savic D, Djordjevic J, Mihaljevic M, Mitic M, Pavlovic Z, Soldatovic I, Krstic-Demonacos M, Jasovic-Gasic M, Radojcic M. A preliminary evaluation of leukocyte phospho-glucocorticoid receptor as a potential biomarker of depressogenic vulnerability in healthy adults. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:658-64. [PMID: 23477901 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of maladaptive chronic stress response involves altered phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In this study, we investigated if important depressogenic vulnerability factors, such as neuroticism and self-reports of negative affective states, may be associated with alterations in levels of the GR and GR phosphoisoforms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy adults. In 21 women and 16 men we evaluated PMBC levels of total GR (tGR), GR phosphorylated at serine 211 (pGR-S211) and serine 226 (pGR-S226) and correlated these data with personality traits and current reports of stress, anxiety and depression. Also, we assessed plasma cortisol levels in all tested subjects. Our results showed that in women nuclear pGR-S226 was positively correlated with neuroticism and current reports of depression, anxiety and stress, while the ratio of nuclear pGR-S211/pGR-S226 was negatively correlated with reports of depression. None of the aforementioned correlations were significant in men. No significant relations between cortisol levels and any of GR parameters were observed. These preliminary findings highlight the value of GR phosphorylation-related research in identifying molecular biomarkers of depressogenic vulnerability, at least in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Simic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. BOX 522 MBE090, Belgrade 11001, Serbia
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Barak-Levy Y, Atzaba-Poria N. Paternal versus maternal coping styles with child diagnosis of developmental delay. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2040-2046. [PMID: 23584184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Parents of children with disabilities vary in their reaction to their children's diagnosis. The current study focused on fathers in addition to mothers and examined their resolution and coping styles when having children diagnosed with developmental delay (DD). Sixty-five fathers and 71 mothers were interviewed using the reaction to the diagnosis interview (RDI; Pianta & Marvin, 1992a). Results indicated that the majority of parents were unresolved with their child's diagnosis, with no differences found between fathers' and mothers' rates of resolution. Furthermore, both parents of children that were diagnosed at a later age and parents that were less educated tended to be unresolved, as did fathers of a lower socioeconomic status. Older age of both children and mothers was related to maternal lack of resolution. Finally, an in-depth examination revealed significant differences in the manner in which fathers and mothers cope with their children's diagnosis: whereas mothers were more prone to using an emotional coping style, fathers tended to use a cognitive coping style. The clinical implications of paternal versus maternal coping styles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Barak-Levy
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Conde-Sala JL, Reñé-Ramírez R, Turró-Garriga O, Gascón-Bayarri J, Juncadella-Puig M, Moreno-Cordón L, Viñas-Diez V, Vilalta-Franch J, Garre-Olmo J. Factors associated with the variability in caregiver assessments of the capacities of patients with Alzheimer disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2013; 26:86-94. [PMID: 23514974 DOI: 10.1177/0891988713481266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have identified certain caregiver factors that can produce variability in their assessments of the capacities of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). OBJECTIVES To identify the caregiver variables associated with variability in their ratings of patients' capacities. METHODS Consecutive sample of 221 outpatients with AD and their family caregivers. The capacities evaluated by caregivers were the degree of functional disability, using the Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD); psychological and behavioral symptoms, via the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI); anosognosia, with the Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia (AQ-D); and quality of life, using the Quality of Life in AD (QOL-AD). The relationship between these measures and caregiver's gender, burden, depression, and health was analyzed by means of a bivariate analysis, calculating the effect size (Cohen d) and subsequently by a regression analysis, calculating the contribution coefficient (CC). RESULTS The greatest variability in caregiver assessments was observed in relation to patients with early-stage dementia, where caregiver's burden was the main factor associated with a more negative evaluation (d = 1.02-1.25). Depression in the caregiver was associated with less variability and only in the assessments of patients with moderate dementia (d = 0.38-0.69). In the regression analysis, caregiver factors were associated with greater variance in scores on the NPI (CC = 37.4%) and QOL-AD (CC = 27.2%), and lower variance in AQ-D (CC = 21.6%) and DAD (CC = 10.3%) scores. CONCLUSIONS Caregiver's burden and depression were associated with more negative assessments of patients' psychological and behavioral symptoms and quality of life.
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Chepngeno-Langat G, Evandrou M. Transitions in caregiving and health dynamics of caregivers for people with AIDS: a prospective study of caregivers in Nairobi Slums, Kenya. J Aging Health 2013; 25:678-700. [PMID: 23669410 DOI: 10.1177/0898264313488164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A cohort of older people living in a low-resource setting in Nairobi is followed to understand the transitions in caregiving status and trajectories in health over a 3-year period. METHODS Three categories of older people comprising 65 AIDS caregivers, 102 Other caregivers and 1,322 noncaregivers identified at baseline were assessed at end-line based on two self-reported health outcome measures, a functionality score and having a severe health problem. RESULTS A majority of caregivers were still providing care at the end of the study, and or had taken on new care recipients. Compared with noncaregivers, AIDS caregivers reported poor health, with men more likely to report poor health than women. New caregivers also reported poorer health compared with noncaregivers. DISCUSSION The results indicate improvement in health over time among male caregivers supporting the adaptation model. We recommend timely programs to support caregivers particularly at the onset of caregiving.
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Pandit LV, Vishnuvardhan G. Impact of age and gender on the coping styles and psychiatric morbidity faced by informal primary caregivers of HIV-infected individuals living in India. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2013; 13:24-8. [PMID: 23612766 DOI: 10.1177/2325957412456742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary caregivers of HIV-infected patients face enormous burden, which if inappropriately coped, leads to psychiatric morbidity. Little is known of what role caregiver's age and gender play in this. PURPOSE To assess the socio-demographic profile and the influence of age and gender on coping strategies and psychiatric morbidity. PROCEDURE Sixty caregivers were assessed on a semistructured sociodemographic proforma, a coping checklist, and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; [SCID-I]). MAIN FINDINGS Majority of the carers were young, equally from both genders, and used the same number of coping strategies which increased with age. "Avoidance" was preferred by males and older carers. Youngsters had maximum psychiatric morbidity, majority of the depressed were females, while 90% of nicotine dependants were males. CONCLUSION Gender, but not age, decided the style of coping and extent of psychiatric morbidity hence gender-specific interventions will improve the quality of life of the carers and their wards.
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Changes in Depressive Symptoms in Spouses of Post Myocardial Infarction Patients. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2012; 6:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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