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Kaufman MW, DeParis S, Oppezzo M, Mah C, Roche M, Frehlich L, Fredericson M. Nutritional Supplements for Healthy Aging: A Critical Analysis Review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2025; 19:346-360. [PMID: 39554957 PMCID: PMC11562224 DOI: 10.1177/15598276241244725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Healthy aging is defined as survival to advanced age while retaining autonomy in activities of daily living, high societal participation, and good quality of life. Sarcopenia, insomnia, cognitive impairment, and changes in sensation can be key hinderances to healthy aging, but nutritional supplements may abate their impact. As research advances, an updated review on their efficacy on age-related conditions is warranted. Results: Sarcopenia can be mitigated through proper protein intake, supplements like creatine, and in certain situations Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin D, in adults over 65. Melatonin supplementation has moderate evidence for improving sleep, while valerian root lacks evidence. Magnesium, tart cherry, and kiwifruits have shown promising impacts on sleep in limited articles. Magnesium, Vitamin D, and B vitamin supplementation have been shown to improve cognition in those with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease but require further study prior to recommendation. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study supplement combination is routinely recommended to reduce risk of progression to advance stages of age-related macular degeneration. Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Folate have been investigated for their roles in mitigating age-related hearing losses. Conclusions: Nutritional supplements and lifestyle changes may mitigate disabilities across multiple domains of age-related illnesses and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Kaufman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MR, MF)
- Stanford Lifestyle Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MO, MR, LF, MF)
| | - Sarah DeParis
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Permanente Medical Group, San Rafael, CA, USA (SD)
| | - Marily Oppezzo
- Stanford Lifestyle Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MO, MR, LF, MF)
- Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA (MO)
| | - Cheri Mah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Sleep Medicine Center, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA (CM)
| | - Megan Roche
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MR, MF)
- Stanford Lifestyle Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MO, MR, LF, MF)
| | - Levi Frehlich
- Stanford Lifestyle Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MO, MR, LF, MF)
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (LF)
| | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MR, MF)
- Stanford Lifestyle Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA (MK, MO, MR, LF, MF)
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Christodoulou CC, Pitsillides M, Hadjisavvas A, Zamba-Papanicolaou E. Dietary Intake, Mediterranean and Nordic Diet Adherence in Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2025; 17:336. [PMID: 39861466 PMCID: PMC11767999 DOI: 10.3390/nu17020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Dementia is not a single disease but an umbrella term that encompasses a range of symptoms, such as memory loss and cognitive impairments, which are severe enough to disrupt daily life. One of the most common forms of dementia is Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a complex neurodegenerative condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has highlighted diet as a potential modifiable risk factor for AD. Decades of research have explored the role of dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and its components, in neuroprotection and cognitive health. Systematic review examines studies investigating the impact of the Mediterranean Diet, Mediterranean-like diets, the Nordic Diet (ND), dietary intake patterns, and specific components such as extra virgin olive oil and rapeseed oil on cognitive function, disease onset, and progression in AD and dementia. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed, the Directory of Open Access Journals, and the Social Science Research Network was conducted independently by two reviewers using predefined search terms. The search period included studies from 2006 to 2024. Eligible studies meeting the inclusion criteria were systematically reviewed, yielding 88 studies: 85 focused on the MD and its relationship to AD and dementia, while only 3 investigated the ND. RESULTS The findings suggest that adherence to the Mediterranean and Nordic diets is generally associated with improved cognitive function and delayed cognitive decline and that adherence to both these diets can improve cognitive function. Some studies identified that higher legume consumption decreased dementia incidence, while fruits and vegetables, carbohydrates, and eggs lowered dementia prevalence. Most studies demonstrated that high MD or ND adherence was associated with better cognitive function and a lower risk of poor cognition in comparison to individuals with lower MD or ND adherence. However, some studies reported no significant benefits of the MD on cognitive outcomes, while two studies indicated that higher red meat consumption was linked to better cognitive function. CONCLUSION Despite promising trends, the evidence remains varying across studies, underscoring the need for further research to establish definitive associations between diet and cognitive function. These findings highlight the essential role of dietary interventions in the prevention and management of dementia and AD, therefore offering critical insights into the underlying mechanisms by which the diet may impact brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana C. Christodoulou
- Neuroepidemiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (C.C.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Michalis Pitsillides
- Neuroepidemiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (C.C.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics and Ultrastructural Pathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Zamba-Papanicolaou
- Neuroepidemiology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (C.C.C.); (M.P.)
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Key MN, Szabo-Reed AN. Impact of Diet and Exercise Interventions on Cognition and Brain Health in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2495. [PMID: 37299458 PMCID: PMC10255782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to preserve cognitive function and protect brain structure from the effects of the aging process and neurodegenerative disease is the goal of non-pharmacologic, lifestyle interventions focused on brain health. This review examines, in turn, current diet and exercise intervention trends and the collective progress made toward understanding their impact on cognition and brain health. The diets covered in this review include the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and weight loss management. The exercise approaches covered in this review include endurance, resistance, combined exercise programs, yoga, tai chi, and high-intensity interval training. Although valuable evidence is building concerning how diet and exercise influence cognitive performance and brain structure, many of the open questions in the field are concerned with why we see these effects. Therefore, more strategically designed intervention studies are needed to reveal the likely multiple mechanisms of action in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickeal N. Key
- KU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA;
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Amanda N. Szabo-Reed
- KU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS 66205, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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González-Domínguez Á, Domínguez-Riscart J, Millán-Martínez M, Lechuga-Sancho AM, González-Domínguez R. Exploring the association between circulating trace elements, metabolic risk factors, and the adherence to a Mediterranean diet among children and adolescents with obesity. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1016819. [PMID: 36711380 PMCID: PMC9880061 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1016819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet is one of the most important modifiable lifestyle factors for preventing and treating obesity. In this respect, the Mediterranean diet (MD) has proven to be a rich source of a myriad of micronutrients with positive repercussions on human health. Herein, we studied an observational cohort of children and adolescents with obesity (N = 26) to explore the association between circulating blood trace elements and the degree of MD adherence, as assessed through the KIDMED questionnaire. Participants with higher MD adherence showed better glycemic/insulinemic control and a healthier lipid profile, as well as raised plasma levels of selenium, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, and arsenic, and increased erythroid content of selenium. Interestingly, we found that these MD-related mineral alterations were closely correlated with the characteristic metabolic complications behind childhood obesity, namely hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia (p < 0.05, |r| > 0.35). These findings highlight the pivotal role that dietary trace elements may play in the pathogenesis of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro González-Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Domínguez-Riscart
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain,Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica y Diabetes, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María Millán-Martínez
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva “Atmospheric Pollution”, Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry–CIQSO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Alfonso María Lechuga-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain,Unidad de Endocrinología Pediátrica y Diabetes, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain,Departamento Materno Infantil y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain,*Correspondence: Raúl González-Domínguez ✉
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Mantzioris E, Muhlhausler BS, Villani A. Impact of the Mediterranean Dietary pattern on n-3 fatty acid tissue levels-A systematic review. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 176:102387. [PMID: 34929617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is described as a plant-based dietary pattern with adherence associated with reductions in chronic disease risk and longevity. Although the nutrient profile is diverse and complex, the MedDiet is often described as a rich source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from fish, seafood and nuts. However, whether MedDiet adherence results in appreciable increases in tissue levels of n-3 PUFAs is yet to be systematically investigated. This systematic review synthesized the literature to determine the impact of the MedDiet on n-3 PUFA tissue levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline, Embase, Amed, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting on adherence to a MedDiet and tissue levels of n-3 PUFAs. PROSPERO registration number is CRD 42020162114. RESULTS Twenty-two studies were included. Seven were observational studies and 15 were randomised controlled trials (RCTs). All observational studies reported a positive relationship between adherence and higher tissue n-3 PUFA levels. Two-thirds (10/15) of RCTs reported significant increases in n-3 PUFA concentrations. DISCUSSION MedDiet adherence is associated with higher tissue levels of n-3 PUFA. However, we report heterogeneity in the description across all MedDiet interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Mantzioris
- UniSA: Clinical & Health Sciences, Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, North Terrace and Frome Rd, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | | | - Anthony Villani
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Vernuccio L, Catanese G, Inzerillo F, Salemi G, Barbagallo M. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Nutrients 2021; 13:4080. [PMID: 34836334 PMCID: PMC8624903 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors combined are currently recognized as contributors to cognitive decline. The main independent risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia is advanced age followed by other determinants such as genetic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, including nutrition and physical activity. In the next decades, a rise in dementia cases is expected due largely to the aging of the world population. There are no hitherto effective pharmaceutical therapies to treat age-associated cognitive impairment and dementia, which underscores the crucial role of prevention. A relationship among diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors with cognitive function has been intensively studied with mounting evidence supporting the role of these determinants in the development of cognitive decline and dementia, which is a chief cause of disability globally. Several dietary patterns, foods, and nutrients have been investigated in this regard, with some encouraging and other disappointing results. This review presents the current evidence for the effects of dietary patterns, dietary components, some supplements, physical activity, sleep patterns, and social engagement on the prevention or delay of the onset of age-related cognitive decline and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J. Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Vernuccio
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Catanese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Flora Inzerillo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy;
- UOC of Neurology, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (N.V.); (L.V.); (G.C.); (F.I.); (M.B.)
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Giroli MG, Werba JP, Risé P, Porro B, Sala A, Amato M, Tremoli E, Bonomi A, Veglia F. Effects of Mediterranean Diet or Low-Fat Diet on Blood Fatty Acids in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. A Randomized Intervention Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072389. [PMID: 34371898 PMCID: PMC8308706 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MD) prevents cardiovascular disease by different putative mechanisms, including modifications in the blood fatty acid (FA) profile. Polytherapy for secondary cardiovascular prevention might mask the effect of MD on the FA profile. This study was aimed to assess whether MD, in comparison with a low-fat diet (LFD), favorably modifies the blood FA profile in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) on polytherapy. One hundred and twenty patients with a recent history of coronary stenting, randomized to MD or to LFD, completed 3 months of this open-label dietary intervention study. Diet Mediterranean-ness was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MeDAS) score. Both diets significantly reduced saturated FA (p < 0.01). Putative favorable changes in total n-3 FA (p = 0.03) and eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA; p = 0.04) were significantly larger with MD than with LFD. At 3 months, in the whole cohort, the MeDAS score correlated inversely with palmitic acid (R = −0.21, p = 0.02), and with palmitoleic acid (R = −0.32, p = 0.007), and positively with total n-3 FA (R = 0.19, p = 0.03), EPA (R = 0.28, p = 0.002), and EPA + DHA (R = 0.21, p = 0.02). In CHD patients on polytherapy, both MD and LFD shift FA blood composition towards a healthier profile, with a more favorable effect of MD on omega−3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gianna Giroli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (J.P.W.); (B.P.); (M.A.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)2-5800-2617
| | - José Pablo Werba
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (J.P.W.); (B.P.); (M.A.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Patrizia Risé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Benedetta Porro
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (J.P.W.); (B.P.); (M.A.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.S.)
- IRIB Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo la Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Amato
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (J.P.W.); (B.P.); (M.A.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (J.P.W.); (B.P.); (M.A.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (F.V.)
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, Via Corriera, 1, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Alice Bonomi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (J.P.W.); (B.P.); (M.A.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; (J.P.W.); (B.P.); (M.A.); (E.T.); (A.B.); (F.V.)
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Tanaka T, Talegawkar SA, Jin Y, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L. Association of Adherence to the Mediterranean-Style Diet with Lower Frailty Index in Older Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041129. [PMID: 33808076 PMCID: PMC8065455 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying modifying protective factors to promote healthy aging is of utmost public health importance. The frailty index (FI) reflects the accumulation of health deficits and is one widely used method to assess health trajectories in aging. Adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet (MTD) has been associated with favorable health trajectories. Therefore, this study explored whether adherence to a MTD is negatively associated with FI in the InCHIANTI study. Participants (n = 485) included individuals over 65 years of age at baseline with complete data over a follow-up period of 10 years. MTD was computed on a scale of 0–9 and categorized based on these scores into three groups of low (≤3), medium (4–5), and high (≥6) adherence. Being in a high or medium adherence group was associated with 0.03 and 0.013 unit lower FI scores over the follow-up period, compared to the low adherence group. In participants with a low FI at baseline, being in a high or medium MTD-adherence group had 0.004 and 0.005 unit/year slower progression of FI compared to the low adherence group. These study results support adherence to a MTD as a protective strategy to maintain a lower FI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Tanaka
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translation Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sameera A. Talegawkar
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (S.A.T.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yichen Jin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (S.A.T.); (Y.J.)
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Study Section, Translation Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
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Zwilling CE, Strang A, Anderson E, Jurcsisn J, Johnson E, Das T, Kuchan MJ, Barbey AK. Enhanced physical and cognitive performance in active duty Airmen: evidence from a randomized multimodal physical fitness and nutritional intervention. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17826. [PMID: 33077817 PMCID: PMC7572526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving military mission objectives requires high levels of performance from Airmen who operate under extreme physical and cognitive demands. Thus, there is a critical need to establish scientific interventions to enhance physical fitness and cognitive performance-promoting the resilience of Airmen and aiding in mission success. We therefore conducted a comprehensive, 12-week randomized controlled trial in active-duty Air Force Airmen (n = 148) to compare the efficacy of a multimodal intervention comprised of high-intensity interval aerobic fitness and strength training paired with a novel nutritional supplement [comprised of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), lutein, phospholipids, DHA and selected micronutrients including B12 and folic acid] to high-intensity interval aerobic fitness and strength training paired with a standard of care placebo beverage. The exercise intervention alone improved several dimensions of physical fitness [strength and endurance (+ 8.3%), power (+ 0.85%), mobility and stability (+ 22%), heart rate (- 1.1%) and lean muscle mass (+ 1.4%)] and cognitive function [(episodic memory (+ 9.5%), processing efficiency (+ 7.5%), executive function reaction time (- 4.8%) and fluid intelligence accuracy (+ 19.5%)]. Relative to exercise training alone, the multimodal fitness and nutritional intervention further improved working memory (+ 9.0%), fluid intelligence reaction time (- 7.7%), processing efficiency (+ 1.8%), heart rate (- 2.4%) and lean muscle mass (+ 1.5%). These findings establish the efficacy of a multimodal intervention that incorporates aerobic fitness and strength training with a novel nutritional supplement to enhance military performance objectives and to provide optimal exercise training and nutritional support for the modern warfighter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Zwilling
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Adam Strang
- Applied Neuroscience Branch, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Evan Anderson
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Jurcsisn
- Applied Neuroscience Branch, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Erica Johnson
- Applied Neuroscience Branch, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Tapas Das
- Discovery Research, Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Center for Brain Plasticity, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA.
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Muzsik A, Bajerska J, Jeleń HH, Walkowiak J, Krzyżanowska-Jankowska P, Chmurzynska A. FADS1 and FADS2 polymorphism are associated with changes in fatty acid concentrations after calorie-restricted Central European and Mediterranean diets. Menopause 2019; 26:1415-1424. [PMID: 31567872 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we tested whether calorie-restricted diets differing in their percentage of energy derived from monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates can affect the metabolism of fatty acids (FAs) in postmenopausal women. Moreover, we examined whether polymorphisms of FADS1 and FADS2 are associated with these changes. METHODS Postmenopausal women (the mean age: 60.5 ± 5.0 y) were randomized for 16 weeks to two different calorie-restricted diets: a Central European diet (CED) or a Mediterranean diet (MED). RESULTS After the intervention, levels of most FAs in red blood cells decreased in both groups. The delta values for the 20:1n-9 and the 20:2n-6 levels differed between the CED and the MED (-1.55 ± 4.02 μg/mL vs 0.39 ± 4.11 μg/mL and -0.62 ± 10.93 μg/mL vs 3.06 ± 8.75 μg/mL; P < 0.05). Women in the CED group with at least one minor allele of FADS genes had greater decreases of α-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, total n-6, and total PUFA (by approximately 70%, 40%, 35%, and 35%, respectively) than did women with the major alleles. After the intervention, the change in the lipid accumulation product index was -28.28 ± 27.84 and -32.00 ± 78.55 in the CED and the MED group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The effect of the dietary intervention on FA metabolism seems to depend mostly on calorie restriction, but not on type of diet. FADS1 and FADS2 gene polymorphisms can modify the response to the CED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Muzsik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Bajerska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Henryk H Jeleń
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- First Subdepartment of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Krzyżanowska-Jankowska
- First Subdepartment of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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11
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Di Minno A, Stornaiuolo M, Novellino E. Molecular Scavengers, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1895. [PMID: 31698880 PMCID: PMC6912233 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of deaths worldwide, with yearly deaths due to atherothrombosis-i [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (E.N.)
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12
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Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Muñoz-Garcia M, Godos J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Decline: key features for prevention. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2428-2442. [PMID: 31333085 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The decline in cognitive function is generally the result of the complex interaction of several factors. First of all, age, but also demographic, educational, genetic, socio-economic, and environmental determinants, including nutrition. Cognitive decline and dementia prevalence are increasing, and they are projected to continue increasing in the next decades due to the aging of the world population. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for these devastating and disabling conditions, which emphasize the key role of preventive strategies. There is compelling evidence of the role of diet and lifestyle on cognitive function. Therefore, dietary/ nutritional approaches that contribute to prevent, or slow cognitive decline may have a remarkable public health impact. Numerous studies have explored the role of dietary components and patterns on age-associated cognitive decline, with accruing evidence that combinations of foods and nutrients can have synergistic effects beyond those attributable to individual foods or nutrients. Dietary patterns show the strongest evidence for slowing the development of cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias including the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, and their combination (the MedDiet-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay - MIND), among others with few positive results. There are also dietary patterns with no evidence of such effects. This review examines the evidence for the effects of some dietary patterns as neuroprotective with a potential to delay cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariana Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Angel Martinez-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M. Dietary Strategies and Supplements for the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease. OMEGA FATTY ACIDS IN BRAIN AND NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH 2019:231-247. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815238-6.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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14
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Diet quality as assessed by the Healthy Food Intake Index and relationship with serum lipoprotein particles and serum fatty acids in pregnant women at increased risk for gestational diabetes. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:914-924. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe importance of overall diet in modifying circulating lipoprotein particles and fatty acids during pregnancy is unclear. We examined the relationships of diet quality as assessed by the validated Healthy Food Intake Index (HFII) with serum HDL, LDL and VLDL particle concentrations and sizes and proportions of serum fatty acids in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Overall, 161 women with a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2 and/or a history of GDM were drawn from the Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study, which is a dietary and exercise intervention trial to prevent GDM. At baseline, the HFII score was inversely related to concentrations of HDL particles (P=0·010) and MUFA (P=0·010) and positively related to concentrations of n-3 (P<0·001) and n-6 (P=0·003) PUFA. The significance for MUFA disappeared after adjustments. An increase in the HFII score from the first to second trimester of pregnancy correlated with reduced VLDL particle size (r −0·16, 95 % CI −0·31, −0·01), decreased MUFA concentrations (r −0·17, 95 % CI −0·31, −0·01) and elevated n-6 PUFA concentrations (r 0·16, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·31). In the maximum-adjusted model, the results remained significant except for VLDL particle size. These findings suggest that higher diet quality as defined by the HFII is related to a more favourable serum fatty acid profile, whereas the relationship with serum lipoprotein profile is limited in pregnant women at increased GDM risk.
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Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M. Nutritional prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2018; 89:276-290. [PMID: 29957766 PMCID: PMC6179018 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i2.7401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment results from a complex interplay of many factors. The most important independent predictor of cognitive decline is age but other contributing factors include demographic, genetic, socio-economic, and environmental parameters, including nutrition. The number of persons with cognitive decline and dementia will increase in the next decades in parallel with aging of the world population. Effective pharmaceutical treatments for age-related cognitive decline are lacking, emphasizing the importance of prevention strategies. There is extensive evidence supporting a relationship between diet and cognitive functions. Thus, nutritional approaches to prevent or slow cognitive decline could have a remarkable public health impact. Several dietary components and supplements have been examined in relation to their association with the development of cognitive decline. A number of studies have examined the role of dietary patterns on late-life cognition, with accumulating evidence that combinations of foods and nutrients may act synergistically to provide stronger benefit than those conferred by individual dietary components. Higher adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern has been associated with decreased cognitive decline and incident AD. Another dietary pattern with neuroprotective actions is the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH). The combination of these two dietary patterns has been associated with slower rates of cognitive decline and significant reduction in incident AD. This review evaluates the evidence for the effects of some dietary components, supplements, and dietary patterns as neuroprotective, with potential to delay cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Dept. of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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16
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Yanai H. Effects of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Dementia. J Clin Med Res 2016; 9:1-9. [PMID: 27924168 PMCID: PMC5127208 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2815w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory effects and neuronal protective functions and may benefit prevention of dementia; however, the epidemiological evidence is very limited. Therefore, the literature about the association between n-3 PUFA and dementia was searched, by using Pubmed. In the analyses of observational studies, n-3 PUFA has been reported to be beneficially associated with dementia in 17 studies; however, the beneficial association between n-3 PUFA and dementia was denied by three studies. In the analyses of intervention studies, n-3 PUFA supplementation was beneficially associated with dementia in eight studies; however, five studies reported the negligible effect of n-3 PUFA for dementia. N-3 PUFA may improve Alzheimer’s disease by increasing clearance of amyloid-β peptide, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors, and by anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, patients with mild memory and/or cognitive impairment can be treated by a long-term and higher intake of n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0034, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
In the last 20 years, many prospective cohort studies have assessed the relationships between food consumption and mortality. Result interpretation is mainly hindered by the limited adjustment for confounders and, to a lesser extent, the small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary habits and all-cause mortality in a multicentre prospective cohort that included non-institutionalised, community-based elderly individuals (Three-City Study). A brief FFQ was administered at baseline. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for all-cause mortality were estimated relative to the consumption frequency of several food groups, using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for sex, centre, socio-demographic characteristics and health status indicators. Among the 8937 participants (mean age: 74·2 years, 60·7 % women), 2016 deaths were recorded during an average follow-up of 9 years. The risk of death was significantly lower among subjects with the highest fruit and vegetable consumption (HR 0·90; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·99, P=0·03) and with regular fish consumption (HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·97, P=0·01). The benefit of olive oil use was found only in women (moderate olive oil use: HR 0·80; 95 % CI 0·68, 0·94, P=0·007; intensive use: HR 0·72; 95 % CI 0·60, 0·85, P=0·0002). Conversely, daily meat consumption increased the mortality risk (HR 1·12; 95 % CI, 1·01, 1·24, P=0·03). No association was found between risk of death and diet diversity and use of various fats. These findings suggest that fruits/vegetables, olive oil and regular fish consumptions have a beneficial effect on the risk of death, independently of the socio-demographic features and the number of medical conditions.
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Could gestational diabetes mellitus be managed through dietary bioactive compounds? Current knowledge and future perspectives. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1129-44. [PMID: 26879600 PMCID: PMC4825102 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious problem growing worldwide that needs to be addressed with urgency in consideration of the resulting severe complications for both mother and fetus. Growing evidence indicates that a healthy diet rich in fruit, vegetables, nuts, extra-virgin olive oil and fish has beneficial effects in both the prevention and management of several human diseases and metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the latest data concerning the effects of dietary bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and PUFA on the molecular mechanisms regulating glucose homoeostasis. Several studies, mostly based on in vitro and animal models, indicate that dietary polyphenols, mainly flavonoids, positively modulate the insulin signalling pathway by attenuating hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, reducing inflammatory adipokines, and modifying microRNA (miRNA) profiles. Very few data about the influence of dietary exposure on GDM outcomes are available, although this approach deserves careful consideration. Further investigation, which includes exploring the ‘omics’ world, is needed to better understand the complex interaction between dietary compounds and GDM.
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Simopoulos A. Fish and Fish Oil in the Mediterranean Diets. FISH AND FISH OIL IN HEALTH AND DISEASE PREVENTION 2016:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802844-5.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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Street SJ, Parletta N, Milte C, Sullivan K, Hills AP, Buckley J, Howe P. Interaction of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid and physical activity predicts reduced risk of mild cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health 2015; 19:885-91. [PMID: 25374153 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.971705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate relationships between self-reported physical activity, proportions of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3) in erythrocyte content (percentage of total fatty acids) and risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted. Community-dwelling male and female (n = 84) participants over the age of 65 years with and without MCI were tested for erythrocyte proportions of the LCn3s eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Physical activity was measured using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS The interaction between erythrocyte EPA, but not DHA, and increased physical activity was associated with increased odds of a non-MCI classification. CONCLUSION An interaction between physical activity and erythrocyte EPA content (percentage of fatty acids) significantly predicted MCI status in older adults. Randomised control trials are needed to examine the potential for supplementation with EPA in combination with increased physical activity to mitigate the risk of MCI in ageing adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven John Street
- a School of Psychology and Counselling , Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Australia
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21
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Layé S, Madore C, St-Amour I, Delpech JC, Joffre C, Nadjar A, Calon F. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and neuroinflammation in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/nua-150049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle St-Amour
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Delpech
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain International associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
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Feart C, Samieri C, Barberger-Gateau P. Mediterranean diet and cognitive health: an update of available knowledge. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18:51-62. [PMID: 25405316 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nutrition constitutes an interesting approach for the prevention of age-related brain disorders. The objective of this review was to examine the most recent evidence on the association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and cognitive health among elderly individuals. RECENT FINDINGS Based on available epidemiological studies, two meta-analyses published in 2013 have underlined a protective effect of a greater MeDi adherence on cognitive health, including a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. Since then, six additional studies, from longitudinal cohorts or post-hoc analyses of randomized controlled trials conducted in the USA and Europe, have been published and provided mixed results. Potential reasons for such discrepancies include methodological limitations inherent to observational studies, and interactions between diet, environmental factors, such as those enhancing cognitive reserve, chronic diseases, and genetic factors. SUMMARY Overall, available evidence suggests that the MeDi might exert a long-term beneficial effect on brain functioning. However, more high-powered observational studies with long-term follow-up for cognition and randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of shifting to a MeDi on cognitive functions are still needed in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Feart
- INSERM, ISPED and University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
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23
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Scoditti E, Capurso C, Capurso A, Massaro M. Vascular effects of the Mediterranean diet-part II: role of omega-3 fatty acids and olive oil polyphenols. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:127-34. [PMID: 25446163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lower occurrence of cardiovascular disease and cancer in populations around the Mediterranean basin as detected in the 1950s was correctly attributed to the peculiar dietary habits of those populations. Essentially, until the mid-20th century, typical Mediterranean diets were rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole-wheat bread, nuts, fish, and, as a common culinary trait, the routine use of extra-virgin olive oil. Nowadays, the regular adoption of such dietary patterns is still thought to result in healthful benefits. Such patterns ensure the assumption of molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, among which ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid), and phenolic compounds. The aim of this review is to provide an update of the vasculo-protective pathways mediated by ω-3 PUFAs and polyphenols in the context of the modern Mediterranean dietary habits, including the possible cross-talk and synergy between these typical components. This review complements a parallel one focusing on the role of dietary nitrates and alimentary fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Capurso
- Dept. of Medical and Surgical Science, Section on Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Capurso
- Faculty of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Bari, Italy.
| | - Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy.
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Leckie RL, Manuck SB, Bhattacharjee N, Muldoon MF, Flory JM, Erickson KI. Omega-3 fatty acids moderate effects of physical activity on cognitive function. Neuropsychologia 2014; 59:103-11. [PMID: 24813150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Greater amounts of physical activity (PA) and omega-3 fatty acids have both been independently associated with better cognitive performance. Because of the overlapping biological effects of omega-3 fatty acids and PA, fatty acid intake may modify the effects of PA on neurocognitive function. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining whether the ratio of serum omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid levels would moderate the association between PA and executive and memory functions in 344 participants (Mean age=44.42 years, SD=6.72). The Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), serum fatty acid levels, and performance on a standard neuropsychological battery were acquired on all subjects. A principal component analysis reduced the number of cognitive outcomes to three factors: n-back working memory, Trail Making test, and Logical Memory. We found a significant interaction between PA and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid serum levels on Trail Making performance and n-back performance, such that higher amounts of omega-3 levels offset the deleterious effects of lower amounts of PA. These effects remained significant in a subsample (n=299) controlling for overall dietary fat consumption. There were no significant additive or multiplicative benefits of higher amounts of both omega-3 and PA on cognitive performance. Our results demonstrate that a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids might mitigate the effect of lower levels of PA on cognitive performance. This study illuminates the importance of understanding dietary and PA factors in tandem when exploring their effects on neurocognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Leckie
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Neha Bhattacharjee
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Matthew F Muldoon
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, 120 Lytton Avenue, Suite 100B, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Janine M Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 130 West Kingsbridge Road Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, 120 Lytton Avenue, Suite 100B, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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25
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Barberger-Gateau P, Samieri C, Feart C, Cunnane SC. Nutrition and Cognitive Decline in Older Persons: Bridging the Gap Between Epidemiology and Intervention Studies. PHARMA-NUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06151-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ruiz-Núñez B, Pruimboom L, Dijck-Brouwer DJ, Muskiet FA. Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1183-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Glick NR, Fischer MH. The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/2156587213488788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid research began about 90 years ago but intensified in recent years. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) must come from diet. Other fatty acids may come from diet or may be synthesized. Fatty acids are major components of cell membrane structure, modulate gene transcription, function as cytokine precursors, and serve as energy sources in complex, interconnected systems. It is increasingly apparent that dietary fatty acids influence these vital functions and affect human health. While the strongest evidence for influence is found in cardiovascular disease and mental health, many additional conditions are affected. Problematic changes in the fatty acid composition of human diet have also taken place over the last century. This review summarizes current understanding of the pervasive roles of essential fatty acids and their metabolites in human health.
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Abstract
The purpose of this review was to update available knowledge on the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and cognitive decline, risk of dementia or Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and to analyse the reasons for some inconsistent results across studies. The traditional MeDi has been recognised by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This dietary pattern is characterised by a high consumption of plant foods (i.e. vegetables, fruits, legumes and cereals), a high intake of olive oil as the main source of fat, a moderate intake of fish, low-to-moderate intake of dairy products and low consumption of meat and poultry, with wine consumed in low-to-moderate amounts during meals. Beyond the well-known association between higher adherence to the MeDi and lower risk of mortality, in particular from CVD and cancer, new data from large epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between MeDi adherence and cognitive decline or risk of dementia. However, some inconsistent results have been found as well, even in Mediterranean countries. In this review, we analyse the reasons likely to explain these discrepancies, and propose that most of these differences are due to variations in the methodology used to assess MeDi adherence. We also discuss the possibility of residual confounding by lifestyle, that is, greater adherents to the MeDi also have a healthier lifestyle in general, which can favourably affect cognition. In conclusion, large-scale studies in various populations with common methodology are required before considering the MeDi as an optimal dietary strategy to prevent cognitive decline or dementia.
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Vasto S, Scapagnini G, Rizzo C, Monastero R, Marchese A, Caruso C. Mediterranean diet and longevity in Sicily: survey in a Sicani Mountains population. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:184-8. [PMID: 22533429 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several years, increasing evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet has a beneficial influence on several age-related diseases, showing protective effect on health and longevity. Mediterranean diet refers to dietary patterns found in olive-growing regions of the Mediterranean countries. Previous data reported that in Sicily, Italy, the largest Mediterranean island, there are some mountainous regions where there is a high frequency of male centenarians with respect to the Italian average. The aim of the present study was to characterize centenarians living in one of this region, the Sicani Mountains, located in western Sicily. Present data shows that in this zone there are more centenarians with respect to the Italian average. In fact, in the three villages of the Sicani Mountains, there were 15 people ranging from 100 to 107 years old, of the total population of about 10,000 inhabitants. This centenarian number was more than six-fold higher the national average (15.0 vs. 2.4/10,000); the female/male ratio was 1.5 in the study area, whereas the national ratio is 4.54. Centenarians living in these villages had anthropometric measurements within normal limits and moderate sensory disability without any sign of age-related diseases, including cognitive deterioration and dementia. In addition, their clinical chemistry profile was similar to young controls and far better than that of old controls. Unequivocally, their nutritional assessment showed a high adherence to the Mediterranean nutritional profile, with low glycemic index food consumed. Overall, close adherence to Mediterranean diet seems to play a key role in age-related disease prevention and in attaining longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Vasto
- Immunosenescence Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Feart C, Alles B, Merle B, Samieri C, Barberger-Gateau P. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and energy, macro-, and micronutrient intakes in older persons. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:691-700. [PMID: 22760695 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean-type diet combines several foods and nutrients already individually proposed as potential protective factors against adverse health outcomes, such as cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to describe the association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients. The study sample consisted of 1,595 individuals from Bordeaux, France, included in 2001-2002 in the Three-City Study. Adherence to a MeDi (scored as 0 to 9) was computed from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Total energy intake (EI) and nutrient intake were evaluated on a 24 h recall. Statistical analyses were stratified by gender. Both in men and women, greater MeDi adherence was associated with higher total vegetal protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), notably n - 6 PUFA, and lower total saturated fat intakes, as expressed in percentage of EI. Higher total monounsaturated fat and oleic acid intakes (% EI) were observed with greater MeDi adherence in men. Women with the highest MeDi adherence exhibited a higher mean carbohydrate, polysaccharide, and total n - 3 PUFA intakes (% EI). The consumption of fibers; vitamins B6, C, and E; folate; magnesium; potassium; and iron increased with greater MeDi adherence, both in men and women. However, consumption of calcium significantly decreased with greater MeDi adherence in women, while the ratio of n - 6/n - 3 PUFA precursors increased. This cross-sectional study provides the nutrient-related basis of the Mediterranean-type diet of French elderly community dwellers, which might participate to its well-documented beneficial effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Feart
- Equipe Epidémiologie de la nutrition et des comportements alimentaires, INSERM, U897, Université Bordeaux Ségalen, ISPED Case 11, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Moranis A, Delpech JC, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Aubert A, Guesnet P, Lavialle M, Joffre C, Layé S. Long term adequate n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet protects from depressive-like behavior but not from working memory disruption and brain cytokine expression in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:721-31. [PMID: 22085587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging epidemiological studies suggest that dietary essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of mood and cognitive disorders linked to aging. The question arises as to whether the decreased prevalence of these symptoms in the elderly with high n-3 PUFA consumption is also associated with improved central inflammation, i.e. cytokine activation, in the brain. To answer this, we measured memory performance and emotional behavior as well as cytokine synthesis and PUFA level in the spleen and the cortex of adult and aged mice submitted to a diet with an adequate supply of n-3 PUFA in form of α-linolenic acid (α-LNA) or a n-3 deficient diet. Our results show that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, was higher in the spleen and cortex of n-3 adequate mice relative to n-3 deficient mice and this difference was maintained throughout life. Interestingly, high level of brain DHA was associated with a decrease in depressive-like symptoms throughout aging. On the opposite, spatial memory was maintained in adult but not in aged n-3 adequate mice relative to n-3 deficient mice. Furthermore, increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and decreased IL-10 expression were found in the cortex of aged mice independently of the diets. All together, our results suggest that n-3 PUFA dietary supply in the form of α-LNA is sufficient to protect from deficits in emotional behavior but not from memory disruption and brain proinflammatory cytokine expression linked to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moranis
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Barberger-Gateau P, Samieri C, Allès B, Féart C. Could nutrition prevent the onset of dementia? Current evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia, such as hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity, may be modified by diet. Moreover, several classes of nutrients, including long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants (i.e., vitamins C and E, carotenoids and polyphenols) and vitamins B and D can lower inflammation and oxidative stress associated with neurodegeneration, in addition to specific neuroprotective effects. However, most randomized clinical trials of supplementation with high doses of single nutrients have been disappointing. Healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, combine several classes of nutrients that could work in synergy to slow down cognitive decline. Healthy dietary habits at midlife could contribute to decrease the risk of late-life dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Barberger-Gateau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Center INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécilia Samieri
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Center INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Center INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Allès
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Center INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Center INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Féart
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Center INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Center INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Féart C, Pérès K, Samieri C, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and onset of disability in older persons. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:747-56. [PMID: 21874560 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is linked to lower risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease while its association with disability has never been assessed. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and disability in activities of daily living. The study sample consisted of 1,410 individuals from Bordeaux, France, included in 2001-2002 in the Three-City Study and re-examined at least once over 5 years. Adherence to a MeDi (scored as 0-9) was computed from a food frequency questionnaire and 24H recall. Disability in Basic and Instrumental ADL (B-IADL) was evaluated on the Lawton-Brody and Katz scales. Statistical analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for potential confounders. No association between MeDi adherence and baseline disability in B-IADL was highlighted in men or in women in multivariate models. Risk of onset of disability in B-IADL over time was not significantly associated with MeDi adherence in men. In women, MeDi adherence was inversely associated with the risk of incident disability in B-IADL (HR = 0.90, 95% Confidence Interval 0.82-0.98 for 1 point of the score). Women with the highest MeDi adherence (score 6-8) had a 50% (22-68%) relative risk reduction of incident disability in B-IADL over time than women in the lowest MeDi category (score 0-3). In addition to its well-documented beneficial effects on health, adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet could contribute to slow down the disablement process in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Féart
- Equipe Epidémiologie de la nutrition et des comportements alimentaires, INSERM, U897, Université Bordeaux Ségalen, ISPED case 11, 146 Rue Léo-Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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