• Advertising claims
• Cartesian model
• Expectations
• Feedback memory
• Multinomial model
• Spinozan model
• Veracity feedback

• Humans
• Advertising
• Models, Psychological
• Mental Recall
• Adult
• Young Adult
• Deception
• Male
• Female

• 451722987 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

• Auditory hallucinations
• Neuromodulation
• Source monitoring
• Transcranial direct current stimulation

• Humans
• Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods
• Male
• Female
• Hallucinations/therapy
• Hallucinations/physiopathology
• Adult
• Cross-Over Studies
• Schizophrenia/therapy
• Schizophrenia/physiopathology
• Young Adult
• Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
• Temporal Lobe/physiopathology
• Temporal Lobe/physiology

• Source memory
• emotion-enhanced memory
• multinomial modelling
• orienting task

• Humans
• Female
• Male
• Young Adult
• Adult
• Emotions
• Memory
• Affect
• Arousal
• Photic Stimulation
• Adolescent

• Bipolar disorder
• Executive functioning
• Insight
• Introspective accuracy
• Schizophrenia

• Humans
• Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
• Bipolar Disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Self-Assessment
• Cognition

• R01 MH112620 NIMH NIH HHS

• Cognitive empathy
• disorder of self
• self-generation
• self-understanding
• source monitoring

• Humans
• Emotions
• Mental Recall
• Recognition, Psychology
• Self Concept

• Cognition
• Perception
• Psychosis
• Schizophrenia
• Signal detection theory
• Source monitoring

• Humans
• Schizophrenia/complications
• Schizophrenia/diagnosis
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Imagination/physiology
• Recognition, Psychology
• Cognition Disorders

• Source memory
• aging
• emotion
• multinomial modeling
• positivity effect

• Delusion
• False memory
• Illusory pattern perception
• Information-processing
• Schizophrenia

People with schizophrenia experience episodic memory impairments that have been theorized to reflect deficits in processing context (e.g., spatio-temporal features tied to a specific event). Although past research has reported episodic memory impairments in young people at-risk for schizophrenia, the extent to which these impairments reflect context processing deficits remains unknown. We addressed this gap in the literature by examining whether children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia exhibit context processing deficits during free recall, a memory task with high contextual demands. Our sample included three groups (N = 58, 9–16 years old) varying in risk for schizophrenia:16 high-risk, unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and/or schizoaffective disorder, 22 clinical control participants with a comorbid disorder (ADHD and/or an anxiety disorder), and 20 healthy control participants. Participants first completed a free recall task and then completed a recognition memory task. Based on established theories of episodic memory, we assumed that context processing played a more pivotal role in free recall than recognition memory. Consequently, if schizophrenia risk is associated with context processing deficits, then memory impairment should be present in free recall measures that are most sensitive to context processing (i.e., recall accuracy and temporal contiguity). Consistent with this prediction, free recall accuracy and temporal contiguity were lower for the high-risk group than the healthy controls, whereas recognition memory was comparable across groups. These findings suggest that episodic memory impairments associated with schizophrenia in unaffected, first-degree relatives may reflect context processing deficits.

• externalizing bias
• meta-analysis
• psychosis
• schizophrenia spectrum
• source monitoring

• Cognition
• Hallucinations/epidemiology
• Humans
• Metacognition
• Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology

• Memory
• Metacognition
• Neurocognition
• Psychosis
• Schizophrenia

• Hallucinations/psychology
• Humans
• Judgment
• Neuropsychological Tests
• Psychotic Disorders/complications
• Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis
• Psychotic Disorders/psychology
• Reality Testing
• Schizophrenia/complications
• Schizophrenia/diagnosis

• P50 MH066286 NIMH NIH HHS

• Source memory
• arousal
• emotion-enhanced memory
• multinomial modelling
• valence

Advertising is seen as an untrustworthy source because of the perceived self-interest of the advertisers in presenting product information in a biased or misleading way. Regulations require advertising messages in print and online media to be labeled as advertisements to allow recipients to take source information into account when judging the credibility of the messages. To date, little is known about how these source tags are remembered. Research within the source-monitoring framework suggests that source attributions are not only based on veridical source memory but are often reconstructed through schematic guessing. In two experiments, we examined how the credibility of advertising messages affects these source attribution processes. The source of the messages affected judgments of credibility at the time of encoding, but the source tags were forgotten after a short period of time. Retrospective source attributions in the absence of memory for the source tags were strongly influenced by the a priori credibility of the messages: Statements with a low a priori credibility were more likely to be (mis)attributed to advertising than statements with high a priori credibility. These findings suggest that the mere labeling of untrustworthy sources is of limited use because source information is quickly forgotten and memory-based source attributions are strongly biased by schematic influences.

• Advertising
• Media trust
• Schematic knowledge
• Source credibility
• Source monitoring

• Face identity recognition
• incidental learning
• item–source memory
• multinomial processing tree model (MPT)
• threat-of-shock

• Source monitoring
• multinomial modelling
• probability-matching account
• schemas
• source guessing

• Memory
• Neurocognition
• Psychosis
• Schizophrenia

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Child
• Cognition
• Cognition Disorders
• Disease Progression
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Memory Disorders/epidemiology
• Memory, Short-Term
• Neuropsychological Tests
• Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology
• Schizophrenia/epidemiology
• Schizophrenic Psychology
• Young Adult

• Hallucinations
• Schizophrenia
• Temporal context
• Thought disorganisation
• Visual memory

• Cognitive continuum
• obsessive–compulsive disorder
• schizophrenia
• source-monitoring

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental illness characterized by persistent, intrusive and distressing obsessions and/or compulsions. Such symptoms have been conceptualized as resulting from a failure in source-monitoring processes, suggesting that patients with OCD fail to distinguish actions they perform from those they just imagine doing. In this study, we aimed to provide an updated and exhaustive review of the literature examining the relationship between source-monitoring and OCD. A systematic search in the literature through January 2019 allowed us to identify 13 relevant publications investigating source-monitoring abilities in patients with OCD or participants with subclinical compulsive symptoms. Most of the retrieved studies did not report any source-monitoring deficits in clinical and subclinical subjects compared with healthy volunteers. However, most of the studies reported that patients with OCD and subclinical subjects displayed reduced confidence in source-monitoring judgments or global cognitive confidence compared to controls. The present review highlighted some methodological and statistical limitations. Consequently, further studies are needed to explore source monitoring with regard to the subcategories of OCD symptoms (i.e., symmetry-ordering, contamination-washing, hoarding, aggressive obsession-checking, sexual-religious thoughts) and to clarify the relationship between source-monitoring subtypes (i.e., reality or internal source-monitoring) and confidence in these populations.

• Reality-monitoring
• Source-monitoring
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Subclinical compulsive symptoms

• Neural circuitry
• Other-reflection
• Schizophrenia
• Self-reflection
• fMRI

• Confidence
• Delusions
• False memory
• Pictures
• Schizophrenia
• Schizotypy

• Externally-generated event
• Internally-generated event
• P300
• Schizophrenia
• Source monitoring

• consciousness
• delusionality
• perception
• postdiction
• schizophrenia

• Corollary discharge
• Positive symptoms
• Saccade
• Schizophrenia
• Sense of agency
• Visual perception

• frontal lobe
• hallucinations
• prefrontal cortex
• recollection
• schizophrenia
• source memory

• Internal source monitoring
• Memory
• Reality monitoring
• Schizophrenia
• Schizotypy

• Binding
• Context memory
• Destination memory
• Episodic memory
• Schizophrenia

• Adult
• Association
• Case-Control Studies
• Cues
• Famous Persons
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Mental Recall
• Schizophrenic Psychology

Reality monitoring impairment is often reported in schizophrenia but the neural basis of this deficit is poorly understood. Difficulties with reality monitoring could be attributable to the same pattern of neural dysfunction as other cognitive deficits that characterize schizophrenia, or might instead represent a separable and dissociable impairment. This question was addressed through direct comparison of behavioral performance and neural activity associated with reality monitoring and working memory in patients with schizophrenia and matched healthy controls. Participants performed a word-pair reality monitoring task and a Sternberg working memory task while undergoing fMRI scanning. Distinct behavioral deficits were observed in the patients during performance of each task, which were associated with separable task- and region-specific dysfunction in the medial anterior prefrontal cortex for reality monitoring and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for working memory. The results suggest that reality monitoring impairment is a distinct neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia. The findings are consistent with the presence of a range of dissociable cognitive deficits in schizophrenia which may be associated with variable functional and structural dysconnectivity in underlying processing networks.

•

We examined reality monitoring and working memory in patients with schizophrenia.

• Cognitive dysfunction
• Prefrontal cortex
• Reality monitoring
• Schizophrenia
• Working memory
• fMRI

• Hallucinations
• Metaphor comprehension
• Psychosis

• Autobiographical memory
• Overgeneral
• Reminiscence bump
• Schizophrenia

• psychosis continuum
• schizophrenia
• self-monitoring
• verbal hallucinations
• verbal memory

Reality monitoring refers to processes involved in distinguishing internally generated information from information presented in the external world, an activity thought to be based, in part, on assessment of activated features such as the amount and type of cognitive operations and perceptual content. Impairment in reality monitoring has been implicated in symptoms of mental illness and associated more widely with the occurrence of anomalous perceptions as well as false memories and beliefs. In the present experiment, the cognitive mechanisms of reality monitoring were probed in healthy individuals using a task that investigated the effects of stimulus modality (auditory vs visual) and the type of action undertaken during encoding (thought vs speech) on subsequent source memory. There was reduced source accuracy for auditory stimuli compared with visual, and when encoding was accompanied by thought as opposed to speech, and a greater rate of externalization than internalization errors that was stable across factors. Interpreted within the source monitoring framework (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993), the results are consistent with the greater prevalence of clinically observed auditory than visual reality discrimination failures. The significance of these findings is discussed in light of theories of hallucinations, delusions and confabulation.

• Confabulation
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Reality monitoring
• Schizophrenia

Objective: An intertwined relationship has been found between dissociative and psychotic symptoms, as the two symptom clusters frequently co-occur, suggesting some shared risk factors. Using a source monitoring paradigm, previous studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia made more errors in source monitoring, suggesting that a weakened sense of individuality may be associated with psychotic symptoms. However, no studies have verified a relationship between sense of individuality and dissociation, and it is unclear whether an altered sense of individuality is a shared sociocognitive deficit underlying both dissociation and psychosis.

Method: Data from 80 acute psychiatric patients with unspecified mental disorders were analyzed to test the hypothesis that an altered sense of individuality underlies dissociation and psychosis. Behavioral tasks, including tests of intelligence and source monitoring, as well as interview schedules and self-report measures of dissociative and psychotic symptoms, general psychopathology, and trauma history, were administered.

Results: Significant correlations of medium effect sizes indicated an association between errors attributing the source of self-generated items and positive psychotic symptoms and the absorption and amnesia measures of dissociation. The associations with dissociative measures remained significant after the effects of intelligence, general psychopathology, and trauma history were excluded. Moreover, the relationships between source misattribution and dissociative measures remained marginally significant and significant after controlling for positive and negative psychotic symptoms, respectively.

Limitations: Self-reported measures were collected from a small sample, and most of the participants were receiving medications when tested, which may have influenced their cognitive performance.

Conclusions: A tendency to misidentify the source of self-generated items characterized both dissociation and psychosis. An altered sense of individuality embedded in self-referential representations appears to be a common sociocognitive deficit of dissociation and psychosis.

• dissociation
• generation effect
• psychosis
• self
• source monitoring
• trauma

• BDNF
• FRS
• Gamma spectral-power
• Schizophrenia
• Self disorders
• Self-monitoring

Hallucinations are common in psychiatric disorders, and are also experienced by many individuals who are not mentally ill. Here, in 153 participants, we investigate brain structural markers that predict the occurrence of hallucinations by comparing patients with schizophrenia who have experienced hallucinations against patients who have not, matched on a number of demographic and clinical variables. Using both newly validated visual classification techniques and automated, data-driven methods, hallucinations were associated with specific brain morphology differences in the paracingulate sulcus, a fold in the medial prefrontal cortex, with a 1 cm reduction in sulcal length increasing the likelihood of hallucinations by 19.9%, regardless of the sensory modality in which they were experienced. The findings suggest a specific morphological basis for a pervasive feature of typical and atypical human experience.

Hallucinations can occur in both healthy individuals and patients with psychiatric disorders. Garrison et al. here report that specific brain morphology differences in the paracingulate sulcus (PCS) can determine the occurrence of hallucinations in schizophrenia, irrespective of sensory modality.

• assessment
• co-morbidity
• cognitive coping
• encoding style
• impulsivity

• corticalvolumes
• first rank symptoms
• schizophrenia
• structural MRI image analysis
• subcortical volume

• locus of control
• multidimensional health locus of control
• psychosis
• schizophrenia

Source memory, the ability to identify the context in which a memory occurred, is impaired in schizophrenia and has been related to clinical symptoms such as hallucinations. The neurobiological underpinnings of this deficit are not well understood. Twenty-five patients with recent onset schizophrenia (within the first 4.5 years of treatment) and twenty-four healthy controls completed a source memory task. Participants navigated through a 3D virtual city, and had 20 encounters of an object with a person at a place. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed during a subsequent forced-choice recognition test. Two objects were presented and participants were asked to either identify which object was seen (new vs. old object recognition), or identify which of the two old objects was associated with either the person or the place being presented (source memory recognition). Source memory was examined by contrasting person or place with object. Both patients and controls demonstrated significant neural activity to source memory relative to object memory, though activity in controls was much more widespread. Group differences were observed in several regions, including the medial parietal and cingulate cortex, lateral frontal lobes and right superior temporal gyrus. Patients with schizophrenia did not differentiate between source and object memory in these regions. Positive correlations with hallucination proneness were observed in the left frontal and right middle temporal cortices and cerebellum. Patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in the neural circuits which facilitate source memory, which may underlie both the deficits in this domain and be related to auditory hallucinations.

• Associative memory
• First episode
• Hallucinations
• Schizophrenia
• Source memory
• Virtual reality

• Context (source) memory
• context reinstatement effect
• generation effect
• intrinsic and extrinsic context

• Genetic high-risk
• Neurodevelopment
• Premorbid
• Schizophrenia
• Self-disturbances

• Delusions
• Discriminability
• Hallucinations
• Reality evaluation
• Recognition
• Schizophrenia