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Shinpei Y, Kouga S, Keiichi O. Diminished negative emotion regulation through affect labeling and reappraisal: insights from functional near infrared spectroscopy on lateral prefrontal cortex activation. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:613. [PMID: 39482753 PMCID: PMC11528986 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-02103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy, includes reinterpretation and affect labeling involving verbalizing emotions. In general, reappraisal is supported by lateral prefrontal cortical regions, which are also known to underlie cognitive regulation. Other research has shown that affect labeling combined with reappraisal of negative emotions increases lateral prefrontal cortex activity more than reappraisal alone does, suggesting that affect labeling facilitates emotional regulation. However, the influence of affect labeling on the efficacy of reappraisal in reducing subjective negative emotions has not been determined. METHODS In the experiment, 35 participants (mean age = 28.2 years (SD = 9.63); 12 women and 23 men) viewed vignettes that aroused negative emotion. Then, they rated subjective negative emotions as baseline values. Following the baseline rating, the task branched into four conditions, combining affect labeling and emotion regulation factors. In the affect-labeling factor, participants selected emotional labels consistent with their own emotions or not. Regarding the emotion regulation factor, participants engaged in reappraisal to regulate their negative emotions. Throughout the experiment, the intensity of negative emotions was measured three times, mirroring the baseline measurement. Oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) signal values in prefrontal cortex regions during tasks were measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Differences between the subjective negative emotion ratings at baseline and after reappraisal indicated that reappraisal significantly reduced negative emotion with and without affect labeling (t (1173.05) = 29.97, p < 0.001), and the combination of affect labeling and reappraisal was less effective in regulating negative emotions at the subjective level than reappraisal without affect labeling (t (1172.03) = 3.15, p < 0.01). Additionally, there was an increase in OxyHb signal in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal and right ventral prefrontal cortices while participants performed reappraisal with affect labeling. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that affect labeling, when performed prior to cognitive reappraisal, may influence the process of negative emotion regulation in complex ways. The interaction between affect labeling and reappraisal appears to modulate prefrontal cortex activity, potentially reflecting changes in cognitive processing during emotion regulation attempts. These results highlight the need for further investigation into the intricate relationship between different emotion regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shimomura Kouga
- Department of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, 2-1-15, Nishi-ai, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Onoda Keiichi
- Department of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, 2-1-15, Nishi-ai, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
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Costache ME, Gioia F, Vanello N, Greco A, Lefebvre F, Capobianco A, Weibel S, Weiner L. Exploring Emotion Control and Alexithymia in Autistic Adults: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06551-8. [PMID: 39333448 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Difficulties in controlling emotions - a proxy for emotion dysregulation (ED)-and difficulties in expressing feelings in words-'absence of emotion labelling' or alexithymia-co-exist in autism and contribute to elevated levels of impulsive and suicidal behaviour. To date, studies linking the two phenomena have relied on retrospective self-reported measures, lacking support for generalizability to real-life situations. The present study investigated in vivo emotion labelling and its impact on emotion control in 29 autistic adults without intellectual disability (ASC) and 28 neurotypical (NT) individuals of similar age, sex, and educational level. Participants were trained in an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to label their emotions, the arousal dimension, and their emotion control via smartphone over a one-week period. Findings showed that the ASC group experienced more instances of 'having an emotion that I cannot name' and, when they were able to label their emotions, they reported higher rates of negative and conflicting (simultaneously positive and negative) emotions. In both groups, the absence of emotion labelling, and intense negative emotions were associated with impaired emotion control. However, the association between lack of emotional awareness-'I have no emotion'-and impaired emotion control was only evident in ASC individuals. Our study highlights a nuanced facet of emotional processing in the ASC population. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between ED and alexithymia in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina Elena Costache
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, Faculté de Psychologie, University of Strasbourg, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Federica Gioia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Greco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - François Lefebvre
- Department of Biostatistics, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonio Capobianco
- Ingineering Science, Computer Science and Imagery Laboratory, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- Cognitive Neuropsychology and Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia, University of Strasbourg, INSERM 1114, Strasbourg, France
- UMR-S 1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience & Psychiatry, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions, Faculté de Psychologie, University of Strasbourg, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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Yue P, An Z, Lin R. How do "words poorly expressed emotion" affect mental health? The mediating role of affect labelling effect. Cogn Emot 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38837896 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2362377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that people with high negative emotional granularity(NEG) tend to have better health levels. It is generally believed that this is due to the selection and application of explicit emotion regulation strategies that affect mental health. However, no research has yet examined a more fundamental process, the role of affect labelling, an implicit emotion regulation strategy. This study focuses on the aforementioned issues and uses the experience sampling method to categorise participants into groups with high and low NEG. Using an affect labelling paradigm with ERP(event-related potential) technology, the study measures the effects of affect labelling in participants. Furthermore, it assesses the mental health levels of the participants through questionnaires to explore whether the affect labelling effect serves as a mediator between NEG and mental health. The results show that: (1) The high-NEG group exhibited significantly lower LPP wave amplitudes under affect labelling compared to under non-affect labelling, whereas the low-NEG group did not show significant differences. The results indicate that only the high-NEG group can produce the affect labelling effect. (2) The affect labelling effect mediates the relationship between NEG and mental health, meaning that NEG predicts mental health through the affect labelling effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yue
- School of Education Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou An
- School of Education Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxin Lin
- School of Education Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
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Zou T, Li L, Huang X, Deng C, Wang X, Gao Q, Chen H, Li R. Dynamic causal modeling analysis reveals the modulation of motor cortex and integration in superior temporal gyrus during multisensory speech perception. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:931-946. [PMID: 38826672 PMCID: PMC11143173 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-09945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of speech information from various sensory modalities is crucial for human communication. Both left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) and motor cortex importantly involve in the multisensory speech perception. However, the dynamic integration of primary sensory regions to pSTG and the motor cortex remain unclear. Here, we implemented a behavioral experiment of classical McGurk effect paradigm and acquired the task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during synchronized audiovisual syllabic perception from 63 normal adults. We conducted dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analysis to explore the cross-modal interactions among the left pSTG, left precentral gyrus (PrG), left middle superior temporal gyrus (mSTG), and left fusiform gyrus (FuG). Bayesian model selection favored a winning model that included modulations of connections to PrG (mSTG → PrG, FuG → PrG), from PrG (PrG → mSTG, PrG → FuG), and to pSTG (mSTG → pSTG, FuG → pSTG). Moreover, the coupling strength of the above connections correlated with behavioral McGurk susceptibility. In addition, significant differences were found in the coupling strength of these connections between strong and weak McGurk perceivers. Strong perceivers modulated less inhibitory visual influence, allowed less excitatory auditory information flowing into PrG, but integrated more audiovisual information in pSTG. Taken together, our findings show that the PrG and pSTG interact dynamically with primary cortices during audiovisual speech, and support the motor cortex plays a specifically functional role in modulating the gain and salience between auditory and visual modalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-023-09945-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinju Huang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chijun Deng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Gao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
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Wang HY, Li LZ, Chang Y, Pang XM, Zhang BW. Impaired implicit emotion regulation in patients with panic disorder: An event-related potential study on affect labeling. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14:234-244. [PMID: 38464769 PMCID: PMC10921280 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i2.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panic disorder (PD) involves emotion dysregulation, but its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previous research suggests that implicit emotion regulation may play a central role in PD-related emotion dysregulation and symptom maintenance. However, there is a lack of studies exploring the neural mechanisms of implicit emotion regulation in PD using neurophysiological indicators. AIM To study the neural mechanisms of implicit emotion regulation in PD with event-related potentials (ERP). METHODS A total of 25 PD patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical eva-luations. The study utilized a case-control design with random sampling, selecting participants for the case group from March to December 2018. Participants performed an affect labeling task, using affect labeling as the experimental condition and gender labeling as the control condition. ERP and behavioral data were recorded to compare the late positive potential (LPP) within and between the groups. RESULTS Both PD and HC groups showed longer reaction times and decreased accuracy under the affect labeling. In the HC group, late LPP amplitudes exhibited a dynamic pattern of initial increase followed by decrease. Importantly, a significant group × condition interaction effect was observed. Simple effect analysis revealed a reduction in the differences of late LPP amplitudes between the affect labeling and gender labeling conditions in the PD group compared to the HC group. Furthermore, among PD patients under the affect labeling, the late LPP was negatively correlated with disease severity, symptom frequency, and intensity. CONCLUSION PD patients demonstrate abnormalities in implicit emotion regulation, hampering their ability to mobilize cognitive resources for downregulating negative emotions. The late LPP amplitude in response to affect labeling may serve as a potentially valuable clinical indicator of PD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Zhu Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Sixth Peoples' Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang 110003, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi Chang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Pang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing-Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
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Barendse MEA, Allen NB, Sheeber L, Pfeifer JH. Associations Between Parenting Behavior and Neural Processing of Adolescent Faces in Mothers With and Without Depression. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:41-49. [PMID: 35724852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study first examined how mothers with and without depression differ in neural activation in response to adolescents' affective faces. Second, it examined the extent to which these neural activation patterns are related to observed positive and aggressive parenting behavior. METHODS Mothers with and without depression (based on self-reported symptoms and treatment history; n = 77 and n = 64, respectively; meanage = 40 years) from low-income families completed an interaction task with their adolescents (meanage = 12.8 years), which was coded for parents' aggressive and positive affective behavior. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, mothers viewed blurry, happy, sad, and angry faces of unfamiliar adolescents, with an instruction to either label the emotion or determine the clarity of the image. RESULTS The depression group showed less activation in the posterior midcingulate than the control subject group while labeling happy faces. Higher activation in the insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) was related to less positive parenting behavior. Ventrolateral PFC activation was most pronounced when labeling negative emotions, but stronger ventrolateral PFC response to happy faces was associated with more aggressive parenting behavior. CONCLUSIONS This demonstrates the association between parents' neural responses to adolescent faces and their behavior during interactions with their own adolescents, with relatively low insula and dorsomedial PFC activation supporting positive parenting and affect-dependent response in the ventrolateral PFC as being important to limit aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein E A Barendse
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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Liang J, Lin H. Current and lasting effects of affect labeling on late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes elicited by negative events. Brain Behav 2023:e3065. [PMID: 37183558 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Labeling the emotional aspect of self-unrelated stimuli (i.e., affect labeling) is a crucial strategy for implicit emotion regulation. However, it is uncertain whether affect labeling influences event-related potential (ERP) responses (e.g., the late positive potential, LPP) to negative stimuli in comparison with control conditions in which attention is shifted to the emotional content of the stimuli (e.g., affect matching). Additionally, it is unknown whether affect labeling has a lasting effect on the processing of negative stimuli. METHODS Participants were required to label the emotion (negative or neutral) of target pictures with two words, to match the emotion with alternative pictures or to merely view the target pictures. Target pictures were presented again immediately after the regulation task. After all the target pictures had been labeled, matched and viewed, the pictures were re-exposed for the third time. RESULTS The results showed that negative pictures elicited larger late LPP responses during the affect labeling task than during other tasks. However, the LPP responses were smaller for negative pictures in the affect labeling condition than in the other conditions when target pictures were re-exposed immediately after the task. When target pictures were re-presented again long after the regulation tasks, the LPP responses were smaller for negative stimuli with a history of affect labeling than viewing, whereas this effect did not differ between the affect labeling and matching conditions. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that affect labeling has current effects and, to some extent, has lasting effects on negative stimulus processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Liang
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China
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Ballotta D, Maramotti R, Borelli E, Lui F, Pagnoni G. Neural correlates of emotional valence for faces and words. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1055054. [PMID: 36910761 PMCID: PMC9996044 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1055054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli with negative emotional valence are especially apt to influence perception and action because of their crucial role in survival, a property that may not be precisely mirrored by positive emotional stimuli of equal intensity. The aim of this study was to identify the neural circuits differentially coding for positive and negative valence in the implicit processing of facial expressions and words, which are among the main ways human beings use to express emotions. Thirty-six healthy subjects took part in an event-related fMRI experiment. We used an implicit emotional processing task with the visual presentation of negative, positive, and neutral faces and words, as primary stimuli. Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) of the fMRI data was used to test effective brain connectivity within two different anatomo-functional models, for the processing of words and faces, respectively. In our models, the only areas showing a significant differential response to negative and positive valence across both face and word stimuli were early visual cortices, with faces eliciting stronger activations. For faces, DCM revealed that this effect was mediated by a facilitation of activity in the amygdala by positive faces and in the fusiform face area by negative faces; for words, the effect was mainly imputable to a facilitation of activity in the primary visual cortex by positive words. These findings support a role of early sensory cortices in discriminating the emotional valence of both faces and words, where the effect may be mediated chiefly by the subcortical/limbic visual route for faces, and rely more on the direct thalamic pathway to primary visual cortex for words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ballotta
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Maramotti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Borelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical, Maternal-Infantile and Adult Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fausta Lui
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pagnoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Yuan JP, Ho TC, Coury SM, Chahal R, Colich NL, Gotlib IH. Early life stress, systemic inflammation, and neural correlates of implicit emotion regulation in adolescents. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:169-179. [PMID: 35842188 PMCID: PMC11824613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early life stress (ELS) increases the risk for developing psychopathology; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. In this study we examined systemic inflammation as a pathway that may link exposure to stress to altered neural correlates of implicit emotion regulation in adolescents with varying levels of exposure to ELS (n = 83; 52 females, 31 males; 15.63 ± 1.10 years). We measured ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) activation and functional connectivity (FC) between the bilateral amygdala and the vlPFC as adolescents completed an affect labeling task in the scanner and assessed concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) using a dried blood spot protocol. We found that CRP levels were negatively associated with vlPFC activation during implicit regulation of negatively-valenced stimuli, and that cumulative severity of ELS exposure moderated this neuroimmune association. Severity of ELS also significantly moderated the association between CRP levels and FC between the bilateral amygdala and l-vlPFC during implicit emotion regulation: in adolescents who had been exposed to more severe ELS, higher CRP was associated with more negative frontoamygdala FC during implicit regulation of negatively-valenced stimuli. Thus, ELS may disrupt the normative association between the immune system and the neural processes that underlie socioemotional functioning potentially increasing adolescents' risk for maladaptive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Yuan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States.
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Saché M Coury
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Natalie L Colich
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
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Willinger D, Karipidis II, Häberling I, Berger G, Walitza S, Brem S. Deficient prefrontal-amygdalar connectivity underlies inefficient face processing in adolescent major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:195. [PMID: 35538052 PMCID: PMC9090758 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence represents a critical developmental period where the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) increases. Aberrant emotion processing is a core feature of adolescent MDD that has been associated with functional alterations within the prefrontal-amygdala circuitry. In this study, we tested cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional face processing in adolescents with MDD utilizing a combination of computational modeling and neuroimaging. Thirty adolescents with MDD (age: M = 16.1 SD = 1.4, 20 females) and 33 healthy controls (age: M = 16.2 SD = 1.9, 20 females) performed a dynamic face- and shape-matching task. A linear ballistic accumulator model was fit to the behavioral data to study differences in evidence accumulation. We used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to study effective connectivity in the prefrontal-amygdala network to reveal the neural underpinnings of cognitive impairments while performing the task. Face processing efficiency was reduced in the MDD group and most pronounced for ambiguous faces with neutral emotional expressions. Critically, this reduction was related to increased deactivation of the subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC). Connectivity analysis showed that MDD exhibited altered functional coupling in a distributed network spanning the fusiform face area-lateral prefrontal cortex-sgACC and the sgACC-amygdala pathway. Our results suggest that MDD is related to impairments of processing nuanced facial expressions. Distributed dysfunctional coupling in the face processing network might result in inefficient evidence sampling and inappropriate emotional responses contributing to depressive symptomatology. Our study provides novel insights in the characterization of brain function in adolescents with MDD that strongly emphasize the critical role of aberrant prefrontal-amygdala interactions during emotional face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Willinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iliana I Karipidis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Häberling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Brem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Park J, Zhan X, Gainey KN. Meta-Analysis of the Associations Among Constructs of Intrapersonal Emotion Knowledge. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739211068036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To better define the boundaries of conceptually overlapping constructs of intrapersonal emotion knowledge (EK), we examined meta-analytic correlations among five intrapersonal EK-related constructs (affect labelling, alexithymia, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, emotion differentiation) and attention to emotion. Affect labelling, alexithymia, and emotional clarity were strongly associated, and they were moderately associated with attention to emotion. Alexithymia and emotional awareness were weakly associated, and emotion differentiation was unrelated with emotional clarity. Sample characteristics and measures moderated some of the associations. Publication bias was not found, except for the alexithymia-emotional awareness association. This study helped to clarify the extent to which similarly defined constructs overlap or are distinct, which can inform our decision to adequately label important constructs and employ corresponding measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhan
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
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12
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Underwood R, Tolmeijer E, Wibroe J, Peters E, Mason L. Networks underpinning emotion: A systematic review and synthesis of functional and effective connectivity. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118486. [PMID: 34438255 PMCID: PMC8905299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed 33 studies of functional connectivity of emotion in healthy participants. Our results challenge a hierarchical model of emotion processing. Causal connectivity analyze identify dynamic modulatory relationships between regions. We derive a quality tool to make recommendations addressing variability in study design. Existing models of emotion processing are based almost exclusively on brain activation data, yet make assumptions about network connectivity. There is a need to integrate connectivity findings into these models. We systematically reviewed all studies of functional and effective connectivity employing tasks to investigate negative emotion processing and regulation in healthy participants. Thirty-three studies met inclusion criteria. A quality assessment tool was derived from prominent neuroimaging papers. The evidence supports existing models, with primarily limbic regions for salience and identification, and frontal areas important for emotion regulation. There was mixed support for the assumption that regulatory influences on limbic and sensory areas come predominantly from prefrontal areas. Rather, studies quantifying effective connectivity reveal context-dependent dynamic modulatory relationships between occipital, subcortical, and frontal regions, arguing against purely top-down regulatory theoretical models. Our quality assessment tool found considerable variability in study design and tasks employed. The findings support and extend those of previous syntheses focused on activation studies, and provide evidence for a more nuanced view of connectivity in networks of human emotion processing and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Underwood
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, United Kingdom.
| | - Eva Tolmeijer
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Wibroe
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuelle Peters
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Mason
- Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London United Kingdom; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Although affect labelling has been widely reported to decrease negative emotions, it is less clear whether affect labelling also decreases positive emotions. In four studies, we explored how affect labelling (choosing the emotion that best corresponds with the image), content labelling (choosing the word that best corresponds with the content of the image), and simply viewing images influence positive and negative emotions. Labelling positive emotions led participants to report higher positive emotional intensity than did content labelling or just viewing the image (Study 1, N = 49), and this effect persisted regardless of whether they labelled emotions during or after the image (Study 2, N = 116), rated the intensity or positivity of their emotions (Study 3, N = 120), or rated their emotions after a delay or no delay (Study 4, N = 120). Surprisingly, we did not replicate the previous findings on affect labelling and negative emotion, instead showing that content labelling of negative emotional images tended to be the most consistent predictor of decreased negative emotions. Our results challenge the formulation that affect labelling leads to the automatic downregulation of emotions and instead suggest that it might be an effective mechanism in the upregulation of positive emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma G Rogers
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christian E Waugh
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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14
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Lindquist KA. Language and Emotion: Introduction to the Special Issue. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 2:91-98. [PMID: 34056621 PMCID: PMC8144866 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
What is the relationship between language and emotion? The work that fills the pages of this special issue draws from interdisciplinary domains to weigh in on the relationship between language and emotion in semantics, cross-linguistic experience, development, emotion perception, emotion experience and regulation, and neural representation. These important new findings chart an exciting path forward for future basic and translational work in affective science.
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15
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Rudolph KD, Skymba HV, Modi HH, Davis MM, Sze WY, Rosswurm CP, Telzer EH. How does peer adversity "Get inside the Brain?" Adolescent girls' differential susceptibility to neural dysregulation of emotion following victimization. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:481-495. [PMID: 32929723 PMCID: PMC8489160 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to peer victimization is a traumatic stressor, with adverse consequences for mental and physical health. This prospective, multi-method, multi-informant study investigated how victimization "gets into the brain," as reflected in neural dysregulation of emotion during adolescence. Moreover, we examined whether certain youth are particularly vulnerable to compromised neural function (i.e., a pattern of positive amygdala-right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex [rVLPFC] connectivity linked to poor emotion regulation [ER] and emotional distress) following victimization. In all, 43 adolescent girls completed an implicit ER task during a functional brain scan, and reported on rejection sensitivity. In 6th-9th grades, teachers and adolescents reported annually on victimization. Results revealed that a history of elevated victimization predicted less effective neural regulation of emotion (more positive amygdala-rVLPFC connectivity) in girls with high but not low rejection sensitivity. Consistent with a differential susceptibility model, high rejection sensitivity was associated with particularly effective neural regulation of emotion (more negative amygdala-rVLPFC connectivity) in girls with low-victimization histories. A parallel pattern emerged for a behavioral index of ER. This research provides insight into one pathway through which peer adversity undermines emotional development in ways that forecast compromised future health, and identifies youth who are at particularly high risk following peer adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Haley V. Skymba
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Haina H. Modi
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Megan M. Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Wing Yan Sze
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Caitlin P. Rosswurm
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820
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16
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Shamay-Tsoory SG, Levy-Gigi E. You Name It: Interpersonal Affect Labeling Diminishes Distress in Romantic Couples. Behav Ther 2021; 52:455-464. [PMID: 33622513 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although it is increasingly acknowledged that social interactions may provide support at times of adversity, whether or how such interactions can buffer distress remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to examine whether naming the emotions of our partner in aversive situations can effectively reduce distress and whether the regulator's empathy contributes to its effectiveness. We utilized a novel performance-based interpersonal affect labeling (IAL) paradigm. Seventy-four romantic couples were randomly divided into targets and regulators. The targets watched aversive pictures with low and high intensity and rated their level of distress after: (1) simply viewing the picture (control trials) (2) choosing a label that describes their emotional reaction (self-labeling trials), (3) viewing a label chosen for them by the regulator, their partner (IAL trials). It was found that IAL significantly reduced distress compared to self-labeling. Moreover, the effectiveness of IAL increased as a function of the regulator's level of empathy. The results highlight the importance of empathy in social support and suggest that as simple an action as naming our partner's emotions may be effective in reducing their distress. Moreover, it emphasizes the potential contribution of nonprofessional help in emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Einat Levy-Gigi
- School of Education and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University.
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17
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Cross-network interactions in social cognition: A review of findings on task related brain activation and connectivity. Cortex 2020; 130:142-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Tabibnia G. An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:321-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Chick CF, Rolle C, Trivedi HM, Monuszko K, Etkin A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation demonstrates a role for the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in emotion perception. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112515. [PMID: 31831202 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex, a region with both structural and functional connectivity to the amygdala, has been consistently implicated in the downregulation of subcortical-generated emotional responses. Although previous work has demonstrated that the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) is important to emotion processing, no study has interrupted vlPFC function in order to test is role in emotion perception. In the current study, we acutely disrupted vlPFC function in twenty healthy adult participants by administering sham stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), in randomized order, during performance of an emotional perception task. During sham stimulation, participants demonstrated increased perceptual sensitivity for happy faces compared to angry faces. Disruption of the vlPFC eliminated this difference: in this condition, perceptual sensitivity did not differ between happy and angry faces. Reaction times and response bias did not differ between emotions or TMS conditions. This pattern of perceptual bias is consistent with effects observed in a wide range of affective disorders, in which vlPFC dysfunction has also been reported. This study provides insight into a possible mechanism through which the vlPFC may contribute to emotion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Chick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, California 94305, USA.
| | - Cammie Rolle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Hersh M Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Karen Monuszko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
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20
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Tan KM, Burklund LJ, Craske MG, Lieberman MD. Posttraumatic stress disorder and the social brain: Affect-related disruption of the default and mirror networks. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:1058-1071. [PMID: 31654545 DOI: 10.1002/da.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social cognitive impairments, specifically in mentalizing and emotion recognition, are common and debilitating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite this, little is known about the neurobiology of these impairments, as there are currently no published neuroimaging investigations of social inference in PTSD. METHODS Trauma-exposed veterans with and without PTSD (n = 20 each) performed the Why/How social inference task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients with PTSD had two fMRI sessions, between which they underwent affect labeling training. We probed the primary networks of the "social brain"-the default mode network (DMN) and mirror neuron system (MNS)-by examining neural activity evoked by mentalizing and action identification prompts, which were paired with emotional and nonemotional targets. RESULTS Hyperactivation to emotional stimuli differentiated PTSD patients from controls, correlated with symptom severity, and predicted training outcomes. Critically, these effects were nonsignificant or marginal for nonemotional stimuli. Results were generally consistent throughout DMN and MNS. Unexpectedly, effects were nonsignificant in core affect regions, but robust in regions that overlap with the dorsal attention, ventral attention, and frontoparietal control networks. CONCLUSIONS The array of social cognitive processes subserved by DMN and MNS appear to be inordinately selective for emotional stimuli in PTSD. However, core affective processes do not appear to be the primary instigators of such selectivity. Instead, we propose that affective attentional biases may instigate widespread affect-selectivity throughout the social brain. Affect labeling training may inhibit such biases. These accounts align with numerous reports of affect-biased attentional processes in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lisa J Burklund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Matthew D Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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21
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Use your words: The role of emotion labeling in regulating emotion in borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther 2019; 120:103447. [PMID: 31374483 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) treatments emphasize emotion labeling to decrease negative emotion and facilitate emotion regulation. However, no studies have examined emotion labeling in BPD or its impact on intentional emotion regulation. The present study examined the impact of emotion labeling on emotion and intentional emotion regulation attempts across self-reported and physiological indices (i.e., skin conductance response [SCR], respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) in BPD and healthy control (HC) groups. Participants listened to emotionally-evocative scripts and were either instructed to type the emotions that they were experiencing (labeling) or the objects they could imagine seeing in the script (control) into a computer. Following this, they were instructed to use either mindfulness or cognitive reappraisal to decrease their emotion. Self-reported, RSA, and SCR indices of negative emotion were collected throughout and analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Findings indicated that the BPD group experienced higher RSA during emotion labeling compared to the control task, but the HC group did not. HCs reported lower negative emotion after emotion labeling when implementing both emotion regulation strategies compared to the control task, but the BPD group did not. These findings suggest that emotion labeling may activate emotion regulatory systems in BPD and can potentiate intentional emotion regulation in HCs.
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22
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Lu L, Liu B. Revealing the multisensory modulation of auditory stimulus in degraded visual object recognition by dynamic causal modeling. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:1187-1198. [PMID: 31172360 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence from neurophysiological and functional imaging research has demonstrated that semantically congruent sounds can modulate the identification of a degraded visual object. However, it remains unclear how different integration regions interact with each other when only a visual object was obscured. The present study aimed to elucidate the neural bases of cross-modal functional interactions in degraded visual object recognition. Naturally degraded images and semantically congruent sounds were used in our experiment. Participants were presented with three different modalities of audio-visual stimuli: auditory only (A), degraded visual only (Vd), and simultaneous auditory and degraded visual (AVd). We used conjunction analysis and the classical 'max criterion' to define three audiovisual integration cortical hubs: the visual association cortex, the superior temporal sulcus and the Heschl's gyrus. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was then used to infer effective connectivity between these regions. The DCM results revealed that the modulation of an auditory stimulus resulted in increased connectivity from the Heschl's gyrus to the visual association cortex and from the superior temporal sulcus to the visual association cortex. It was shown that the visual association cortex is modulated not only via feedback and top-down connections from higher-order convergence areas but also via lateral feedforward connectivity from the auditory cortex. The present findings give support to interconnected models of cross-modal information integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Marks EH, Walker RS, Ojalehto H, Bedard-Gilligan MA, Zoellner LA. Affect Labeling to Facilitate Inhibitory Learning: Clinical Considerations. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Powell TR, De Jong S, Breen G, Lewis CM, Dima D. Telomere length as a predictor of emotional processing in the brain. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1750-1759. [PMID: 30511786 PMCID: PMC6492163 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shorter telomere length (TL) has been associated with the development of mood disorders as well as abnormalities in brain morphology. However, so far, no studies have considered the role TL may have on brain function during tasks relevant to mood disorders. In this study, we examine the relationship between TL and functional brain activation and connectivity, while participants (n = 112) perform a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) facial affect recognition task. Additionally, because variation in TL has a substantial genetic component we calculated polygenic risk scores for TL to test if they predict face‐related functional brain activation. First, our results showed that TL was positively associated with increased activation in the amygdala and cuneus, as well as increased connectivity from posterior regions of the face network to the ventral prefrontal cortex. Second, polygenic risk scores for TL show a positive association with medial prefrontal cortex activation. The data support the view that TL and genetic loading for shorter telomeres, influence the function of brain regions known to be involved in emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Powell
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone De Jong
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at the Maudsley Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at the Maudsley Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at the Maudsley Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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The Contribution of Childhood Negative Emotionality and Cognitive Control to Anxiety-Linked Neural Dysregulation of Emotion in Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 47:515-527. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Brown LA, Davies CD, Gerlach A, Cooper R, Stevens S, Craske MG. Linguistic processing and Script-Driven Imagery for trauma exposure: A proof of concept pilot trial. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 57:16-23. [PMID: 29890377 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED While several empirically supported treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been developed, these treatments are neither widely available nor universally efficacious. This pilot, proof of concept study evaluated a computerized imaginal exposure Script-Driven Imagery Training (SDI-T) for individuals with elevated trauma reactivity. The training was supplemented with two forms of linguistic processing, affect labeling (SDI-T + AL) and distraction (SDI-T + D), to determine whether linguistic inhibitory regulation augmented the effects of SDI-T. METHODS Participants (n = 64) with trauma-related distress were randomized to SDI-T, SDI-T + AL, or SDI-T + D. Physiology and self-reported trauma distress were measured at pre- and post-training. RESULTS The training was acceptable to participants and effective at reducing self-reported distress (d = -0.41), and physiological activation from pre- to post-training (d = -0.49, ps < .01), with some evidence that linguistic processing (SDI-T + AL and SDIT-T + D) conferred a benefit over SDI-T. The linguistic processing groups had significantly steeper reduction in physiology relative to the non-linguistic processing group (p < .05, d = 0.59). There was no benefit of SDI-T + AL over SDI-T + D. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study provides initial support for the acceptability and efficacy of computerized imaginal exposure training for PTSD. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A Brown
- University of California, Department of Psychology, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street Suite 600N, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Carolyn D Davies
- University of California, Department of Psychology, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 5. OG, 50969, Köln, Germany.
| | - Ruth Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 5. OG, 50969, Köln, Germany.
| | - Stephan Stevens
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 5. OG, 50969, Köln, Germany.
| | - Michelle G Craske
- University of California, Department of Psychology, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
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27
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Memarian N, Torre JB, Haltom KE, Stanton AL, Lieberman MD. Neural activity during affect labeling predicts expressive writing effects on well-being: GLM and SVM approaches. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1437-1447. [PMID: 28992270 PMCID: PMC5629828 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Affect labeling (putting feelings into words) is a form of incidental emotion regulation that could underpin some benefits of expressive writing (i.e. writing about negative experiences). Here, we show that neural responses during affect labeling predicted changes in psychological and physical well-being outcome measures 3 months later. Furthermore, neural activity of specific frontal regions and amygdala predicted those outcomes as a function of expressive writing. Using supervised learning (support vector machines regression), improvements in four measures of psychological and physical health (physical symptoms, depression, anxiety and life satisfaction) after an expressive writing intervention were predicted with an average of 0.85% prediction error [root mean square error (RMSE) %]. The predictions were significantly more accurate with machine learning than with the conventional generalized linear model method (average RMSE: 1.3%). Consistent with affect labeling research, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC) and amygdalae were top predictors of improvement in the four outcomes. Moreover, RVLPFC and left amygdala predicted benefits due to expressive writing in satisfaction with life and depression outcome measures, respectively. This study demonstrates the substantial merit of supervised machine learning for real-world outcome prediction in social and affective neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Annette L Stanton
- Department of Psychology.,Department of Psychiatry/Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew D Lieberman
- Department of Psychology.,Department of Psychiatry/Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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28
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Braunstein LM, Gross JJ, Ochsner KN. Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1545-1557. [PMID: 28981910 PMCID: PMC5647798 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adaptively regulate emotion is essential for mental and physical well-being. How should we organize the myriad ways people attempt to regulate their emotions? We explore the utility of a framework that distinguishes among four fundamental classes of emotion regulation strategies. The framework describes each strategy class in terms their behavioral characteristics, underlying psychological processes and supporting neural systems. A key feature of this multi-level framework is its conceptualization of the psychological processes in terms of two orthogonal dimensions that describe (i) the nature of the emotion regulation goal (ranging from to implicit to explicit) and (ii) the nature of the emotion change process (ranging from more automatic to more controlled). After describing the core elements of the framework, we use it to review human and animal research on the neural bases of emotion regulation and to suggest key directions for future research on emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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29
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Torre JB, Lieberman MD. Putting Feelings Into Words: Affect Labeling as Implicit Emotion Regulation. EMOTION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073917742706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Putting feelings into words, or “affect labeling,” can attenuate our emotional experiences. However, unlike explicit emotion regulation techniques, affect labeling may not even feel like a regulatory process as it occurs. Nevertheless, research investigating affect labeling has found it produces a pattern of effects like those seen during explicit emotion regulation, suggesting affect labeling is a form of implicit emotion regulation. In this review, we will outline research on affect labeling, comparing it to reappraisal, a form of explicit emotion regulation, along four major domains of effects—experiential, autonomic, neural, and behavioral—that establish it as a form of implicit emotion regulation. This review will then speculate on possible mechanisms driving affect labeling effects and other remaining unanswered questions.
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30
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Edwards E, Shivaji S, Wupperman P. The Emotion Mapping Activity: Preliminary evaluation of a mindfulness-informed exercise to improve emotion labeling in alexithymic persons. Scand J Psychol 2018. [PMID: 29516501 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alexithymia is a psychoemotional trait associated with many treatment-resistant psychological and social difficulties. Research suggests that these difficulties stem primarily from an inability to appropriately apply linguistic labels to emotional experiences and content. The present research introduces and preliminarily evaluates a novel mindfulness-informed exercise to improve emotion-labeling ability in alexithymic persons. Based in culturally universal patterns of somatic experience, the Emotion Mapping Activity (EMA) directs alexithymic persons to reflect on their internal, somatic experiences as a source of information for interpreting and labeling emotional experiences. In the present study, 67 alexithymic persons completed a series of emotion-labeling tasks either with or without assistance of the EMA. Results suggest that completion of the EMA may improve ability to label emotions that would be otherwise misinterpreted - without interfering with labeling that is already intact. Though further research is necessary, the present study suggests that the EMA may hold the potential to be incorporated into psychotherapy protocols as an exercise for improving emotion-labeling ability in alexithymic clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Edwards
- CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Szabó ÁG, Farkas K, Marosi C, Kozák LR, Rudas G, Réthelyi J, Csukly G. Impaired mixed emotion processing in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: an fMRI study. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:391. [PMID: 29216861 PMCID: PMC5721596 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has a negative effect on the activity of the temporal and prefrontal cortices in the processing of emotional facial expressions. However no previous research focused on the evaluation of mixed emotions in schizophrenia, albeit they are frequently expressed in everyday situations and negative emotions are frequently expressed by mixed facial expressions. METHODS Altogether 37 subjects, 19 patients with schizophrenia and 18 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. The two study groups did not differ in age and education. The stimulus set consisted of 10 fearful (100%), 10 happy (100%), 10 mixed fear (70% fear and 30% happy) and 10 mixed happy facial expressions. During the fMRI acquisition pictures were presented in a randomized order and subjects had to categorize expressions by button press. RESULTS A decreased activation was found in the patient group during fear, mixed fear and mixed happy processing in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and the right anterior insula (RAI) at voxel and cluster level after familywise error correction. No difference was found between study groups in activations to happy facial condition. Patients with schizophrenia did not show a differential activation between mixed happy and happy facial expression similar to controls in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia showed decreased functioning in right prefrontal regions responsible for salience signaling and valence evaluation during emotion recognition. Our results indicate that fear and mixed happy/fear processing are impaired in schizophrenia, while happy facial expression processing is relatively intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám György Szabó
- 0000 0001 0942 9821grid.11804.3cMR Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Farkas
- 0000 0001 0942 9821grid.11804.3cDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa 6, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
| | - Csilla Marosi
- 0000 0001 0942 9821grid.11804.3cDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa 6, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
| | - Lajos R. Kozák
- 0000 0001 0942 9821grid.11804.3cMR Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rudas
- 0000 0001 0942 9821grid.11804.3cMR Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Réthelyi
- 0000 0001 0942 9821grid.11804.3cDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa 6, Budapest, 1083 Hungary
| | - Gábor Csukly
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa 6, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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32
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Brooks JA, Shablack H, Gendron M, Satpute AB, Parrish MH, Lindquist KA. The role of language in the experience and perception of emotion: a neuroimaging meta-analysis. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:169-183. [PMID: 27539864 PMCID: PMC5390741 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies demonstrate that labeling one's emotional experiences and perceptions alters those states. Here, we used a comprehensive meta-analysis of the neuroimaging literature to systematically explore whether the presence of emotion words in experimental tasks has an impact on the neural representation of emotional experiences and perceptions across studies. Using a database of 386 studies, we assessed brain activity when emotion words (e.g. 'anger', 'disgust') and more general affect words (e.g. 'pleasant', 'unpleasant') were present in experimental tasks vs not present. As predicted, when emotion words were present, we observed more frequent activations in regions related to semantic processing. When emotion words were not present, we observed more frequent activations in the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, bilaterally. The presence of affect words did not have the same effect on the neural representation of emotional experiences and perceptions, suggesting that our observed effects are specific to emotion words. These findings are consistent with the psychological constructionist prediction that in the absence of accessible emotion concepts, the meaning of affective experiences and perceptions are ambiguous. Findings are also consistent with the regulatory role of 'affect labeling'. Implications of the role of language in emotion construction and regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly Shablack
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | - Kristen A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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33
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Lindquist KA. The role of language in emotion: existing evidence and future directions. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 17:135-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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34
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Young KS, Burklund LJ, Torre JB, Saxbe D, Lieberman MD, Craske MG. Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry. Psychiatry Res 2017; 261:44-51. [PMID: 28129555 PMCID: PMC5330298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized at a neurobiological level by disrupted activity in emotion regulation neural circuitry. Previous work has demonstrated amygdala hyperreactivity and disrupted prefrontal responses to social cues in individuals with SAD (Kim et al., 2011). While exposure-based psychological treatments effectively reduce SAD symptoms, not all individuals respond to treatment. Better understanding of the neural mechanisms involved offers the potential to improve treatment efficacy. In this study, we investigated functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry in a randomized controlled treatment trial for SAD. Participants with SAD underwent fMRI scanning while performing an implicit emotion regulation task prior to treatment (n=62). Following 12 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, or wait-list, participants completed a second scan (n=42). Psychophysiological interaction analyses using amygdala seed regions demonstrated differences between SAD and healthy control participants (HC; n=16) in right amygdala-vmPFC connectivity. SAD participants demonstrated more negative amygdala-to-vmPFC connectivity, compared to HC participants, an effect that was correlated with SAD symptom severity. Post-treatment symptom reduction was correlated with altered amygdala-to-vm/vlPFC connectivity, independent of treatment type. Greater symptom reduction was associated with more negative amygdala-to-vm/vlPFC connectivity. These findings suggest that effective psychological treatment for SAD enhances amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Young
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Lisa J Burklund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Jared B Torre
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Darby Saxbe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
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35
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Flannery JE, Giuliani NR, Flournoy JC, Pfeifer JH. Neurodevelopmental changes across adolescence in viewing and labeling dynamic peer emotions. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 25:113-127. [PMID: 28262423 PMCID: PMC5764159 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic peer facial stimuli recruit key regions involved in emotion processing. LPFC shows a nonlinear age trend across adolescence to labeling dynamic peer faces. MOFC/vMPFC shows a linear decrease with age to viewing dynamic peer faces. No significant age trends were observed in amygdala during viewing or labeling dynamic peer faces. Adolescence is a sensitive period of social-affective development, characterized by biological, neurological, and social changes. The field currently conceptualizes these changes in terms of an imbalance between systems supporting reactivity and regulation, specifically nonlinear changes in reactivity networks and linear changes in regulatory networks. Previous research suggests that the labeling or reappraisal of emotion increases activity in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), and decreases activity in amygdala relative to passive viewing of affective stimuli. However, past work in this area has relied heavily on paradigms using static, adult faces, as well as explicit regulation. In the current study, we assessed cross-sectional trends in neural responses to viewing and labeling dynamic peer emotional expressions in adolescent girls 10–23 years old. Our dynamic adolescent stimuli set reliably and robustly recruited key brain regions involved in emotion reactivity (medial orbital frontal cortex/ventral medial prefrontal cortex; MOFC/vMPFC, bilateral amygdala) and regulation (bilateral dorsal and ventral LPFC). However, contrary to the age-trends predicted by the dominant models in studies of risk/reward, the LPFC showed a nonlinear age trend across adolescence to labeling dynamic peer faces, whereas the MOFC/vMPFC showed a linear decrease with age to viewing dynamic peer faces. There were no significant age trends observed in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John C Flournoy
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States
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36
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Morawetz C, Bode S, Derntl B, Heekeren HR. The effect of strategies, goals and stimulus material on the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:111-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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37
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Neural correlates of mindful self-awareness in mindfulness meditators and meditation-naïve subjects revisited. Biol Psychol 2016; 119:21-30. [PMID: 27377788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mindful self-awareness is central to mindfulness meditation and plays a key role in its salutary effects. It has been related to decreased activation in cortical midline structures (CMS) and amygdala, and increased activation in somatosensory regions. However, findings in untrained individuals are contradictory, and scarce in experienced meditators. Using fMRI, we investigated experienced mindfulness meditators (LTM, n=21, average 4652 practice-hours) and matched meditation-naïve participants (MNP, n=19) during short periods of mindful self-awareness (FEEL) and self-referential thinking (THINK). We report somatosensory activations and decreases in CMS during FEEL for both groups, but significantly stronger decreases in prefrontal CMS in LTM. LTM further showed decreases in language-related and amygdala regions, but the latter was not significantly different between groups. Overall, higher activations in amygdala and mid-line regions during FEEL were related to levels of depressiveness. Neural patterns of mindful self-awareness emerge already in MNP but more pronounced in LTM. Specifically, meditation training might reduce self-reference and verbalization during mindful awareness. We further corroborate the suggested link between mindfulness and healthy self-related functions on the neural level. Longitudinal studies need to corroborate these findings.
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38
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Connectomic markers of disease expression, genetic risk and resilience in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e706. [PMID: 26731443 PMCID: PMC5068872 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by emotional dysregulation and cognitive deficits associated with abnormal connectivity between subcortical-primarily emotional processing regions-and prefrontal regulatory areas. Given the significant contribution of genetic factors to BD, studies in unaffected first-degree relatives can identify neural mechanisms of genetic risk but also resilience, thus paving the way for preventive interventions. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and random-effects Bayesian model selection were used to define and assess connectomic phenotypes linked to facial affect processing and working memory in a demographically matched sample of first-degree relatives carefully selected for resilience (n=25), euthymic patients with BD (n=41) and unrelated healthy controls (n=46). During facial affect processing, patients and relatives showed similarly increased frontolimbic connectivity; resilient relatives, however, evidenced additional adaptive hyperconnectivity within the ventral visual stream. During working memory processing, patients displayed widespread hypoconnectivity within the corresponding network. In contrast, working memory network connectivity in resilient relatives was comparable to that of controls. Our results indicate that frontolimbic dysfunction during affect processing could represent a marker of genetic risk to BD, and diffuse hypoconnectivity within the working memory network a marker of disease expression. The association of hyperconnectivity within the affect-processing network with resilience to BD suggests adaptive plasticity that allows for compensatory changes and encourages further investigation of this phenotype in genetic and early intervention studies.
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39
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Effective connectivity in the neural network underlying coarse-to-fine categorization of visual scenes. A dynamic causal modeling study. Brain Cogn 2015; 99:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Integration of negative experiences: A neuropsychological framework for human resilience. Behav Brain Sci 2015; 38:e116. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x14001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe propose that the fundamental mechanism underlying resilience is the integration of novel or negative experiences into internal schemata. This process requires a switch from reactive to predictive control modes, from the brain's salience network to the default mode network. Reappraisal, among other mechanisms, is suggested to facilitate this process.
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41
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Buijink AWG, van der Stouwe AMM, Broersma M, Sharifi S, Groot PFC, Speelman JD, Maurits NM, van Rootselaar AF. Motor network disruption in essential tremor: a functional and effective connectivity study. Brain 2015; 138:2934-47. [PMID: 26248468 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although involvement of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network has often been suggested in essential tremor, the source of oscillatory activity remains largely unknown. To elucidate mechanisms of tremor generation, it is of crucial importance to study the dynamics within the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network. Using a combination of electromyography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, it is possible to record the peripheral manifestation of tremor simultaneously with brain activity related to tremor generation. Our first aim was to study the intrinsic activity of regions within the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network using dynamic causal modelling to estimate effective connectivity driven by the concurrently recorded tremor signal. Our second aim was to objectify how the functional integrity of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network is affected in essential tremor. We investigated the functional connectivity between cerebellar and cortical motor regions showing activations during a motor task. Twenty-two essential tremor patients and 22 healthy controls were analysed. For the effective connectivity analysis, a network of tremor-signal related regions was constructed, consisting of the left primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, left thalamus, and right cerebellar motor regions lobule V and lobule VIII. A measure of variation in tremor severity over time, derived from the electromyogram, was included as modulatory input on intrinsic connections and on the extrinsic cerebello-thalamic connections, giving a total of 128 models. Bayesian model selection and random effects Bayesian model averaging were used. Separate seed-based functional connectivity analyses for the left primary motor cortex, left supplementary motor area and right cerebellar lobules IV, V, VI and VIII were performed. We report two novel findings that support an important role for the cerebellar system in the pathophysiology of essential tremor. First, in the effective connectivity analysis, tremor variation during the motor task has an excitatory effect on both the extrinsic connection from cerebellar lobule V to the thalamus, and the intrinsic activity of cerebellar lobule V and thalamus. Second, the functional integrity of the motor network is affected in essential tremor, with a decrease in functional connectivity between cortical and cerebellar motor regions. This decrease in functional connectivity, related to the motor task, correlates with an increase in clinical tremor severity. Interestingly, increased functional connectivity between right cerebellar lobules I-IV and the left thalamus correlates with an increase in clinical tremor severity. In conclusion, our findings suggest that cerebello-dentato-thalamic activity and cerebello-cortical connectivity is disturbed in essential tremor, supporting previous evidence of functional cerebellar changes in essential tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur W G Buijink
- 1 Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A M Madelein van der Stouwe
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands 4 Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Broersma
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands 4 Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarvi Sharifi
- 1 Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul F C Groot
- 2 Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 5 Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes D Speelman
- 1 Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Maurits
- 3 Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands 4 Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Fleur van Rootselaar
- 1 Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Kuhl J, Quirin M, Koole SL. Being Someone: The Integrated Self as a Neuropsychological System. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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43
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Ernst M, Torrisi S, Balderston N, Grillon C, Hale EA. fMRI functional connectivity applied to adolescent neurodevelopment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2015; 11:361-77. [PMID: 25581237 PMCID: PMC4990783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The exponential rise in the number of functional brain connectivity studies, particularly those examining intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) at rest, and the promises of this work for unraveling the ontogeny of functional neural systems motivate this review. Shortly before this explosion in functional connectivity research, developmental neuroscientists had proposed theories based on neural systems models to explain behavioral changes, particularly in adolescence. The current review presents recent advances in imaging in brain connectivity research, which provides a unique tool for the study of neural systems. Understanding the potential of neuroimaging for refining neurodevelopmental models of brain function requires a description of various functional connectivity approaches. In this review, we describe task-based and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analytic strategies, but we focus on iFC findings from resting-state data to describe general developmental trajectories of brain network organization. Finally, we use the example of drug addiction to frame a discussion of psychopathology that emerges in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nicholas Balderston
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Christian Grillon
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Elizabeth A. Hale
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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44
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Henje Blom E, Duncan LG, Ho TC, Connolly CG, LeWinn KZ, Chesney M, Hecht FM, Yang TT. The development of an RDoC-based treatment program for adolescent depression: "Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action" (TARA). Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:630. [PMID: 25191250 PMCID: PMC4137278 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the current leading causes of disability worldwide. Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the onset of depression, with MDD affecting 8–20% of all youth. Traditional treatment methods have not been sufficiently effective to slow the increasing prevalence of adolescent depression. We therefore propose a new model for the treatment of adolescent depression – Training for Awareness, Resilience, and Action (TARA) – that is based on current understanding of developmental and depression neurobiology. The TARA model is aligned with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) of the National Institute of Mental Health. In this article, we first address the relevance of RDoC to adolescent depression. Second, we identify the major RDoC domains of function involved in adolescent depression and organize them in a way that gives priority to domains thought to be driving the psychopathology. Third, we select therapeutic training strategies for TARA based on current scientific evidence of efficacy for the prioritized domains of function in a manner that maximizes time, resources, and feasibility. The TARA model takes into consideration the developmental limitation in top-down cognitive control in adolescence and promotes bottom-up strategies such as vagal afference to decrease limbic hyperactivation and its secondary effects. The program has been informed by mindfulness-based therapy and yoga, as well as modern psychotherapeutic techniques. The treatment program is semi-manualized, progressive, and applied in a module-based approach designed for a group setting that is to be conducted one session per week for 12 weeks. We hope that this work may form the basis for a novel and more effective treatment strategy for adolescent depression, as well as broaden the discussion on how to address this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Larissa G Duncan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Chesney
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederick M Hecht
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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45
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Telzer EH, Qu Y, Goldenberg D, Fuligni AJ, Galván A, Lieberman MD. Adolescents' emotional competence is associated with parents' neural sensitivity to emotions. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:558. [PMID: 25100982 PMCID: PMC4108032 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential component of youths’ successful development is learning to appropriately respond to emotions, including the ability to recognize, identify, and describe one’s feelings. Such emotional competence is thought to arise through the parent–child relationship. Yet, the mechanisms by which parents transmit emotional competence to their children are difficult to measure because they are often implicit, idiosyncratic, and not easily articulated by parents or children. In the current study, we used a multifaceted approach that went beyond self-report measures and examined whether parental neural sensitivity to emotions predicted their child’s emotional competence. Twenty-two adolescent–parent dyads completed an fMRI scan during which they labeled the emotional expressions of negatively valenced faces. Results indicate that parents who recruited the amygdala, VLPFC, and brain regions involved in mentalizing (i.e., inferring others’ emotional states) had adolescent children with greater emotional competence. These results held after controlling for parents’ self-reports of emotional expressivity and adolescents’ self-reports of the warmth and support of their parent relationships. In addition, adolescents recruited neural regions involved in mentalizing during affect labeling, which significantly mediated the associated between parental neural sensitivity and adolescents’ emotional competence, suggesting that youth are modeling or referencing their parents’ emotional profiles, thereby contributing to better emotional competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA ; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Diane Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Fuligni
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Foland-Ross LC, Cooney RE, Joormann J, Henry ML, Gotlib IH. Recalling happy memories in remitted depression: a neuroimaging investigation of the repair of sad mood. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:818-26. [PMID: 24146315 PMCID: PMC3995858 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent mood disorder. The high rate of recurrence of MDD suggests the presence of stable vulnerability factors that place individuals with a history of major depression at an increased risk for the onset of another episode. Previous research has linked the remitted state, and therefore increased vulnerability for depressive relapse, with difficulties in the use of pleasant autobiographical memories to repair sad mood. In the present study, we examined the neural correlates of these difficulties. Groups of 16 currently euthymic, remitted depressed individuals and 16 healthy (control) women underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during sad mood induction and during recovery from a sad mood state through recall of mood-incongruent positive autobiographical memories. Sad mood was induced in participants by using film clips; participants then recalled positive autobiographical memories, a procedure previously shown to repair negative affect. During both the sad mood induction and automatic mood regulation, control participants exhibited activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and cuneus; in contrast, remitted participants exhibited a decrease in activation in these regions. Furthermore, exploratory analyses revealed that reduced activation levels during mood regulation predicted a worsening of depressive symptoms at a 20-month follow-up assessment. These findings highlight a dynamic role of the vlPFC and cuneus in the experience and modulation of emotional states and suggest that functional anomalies of these brain regions are associated with a history of, and vulnerability to, depression.
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Tops M, Boksem MAS, Quirin M, IJzerman H, Koole SL. Internally directed cognition and mindfulness: an integrative perspective derived from predictive and reactive control systems theory. Front Psychol 2014; 5:429. [PMID: 24904455 PMCID: PMC4033157 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we will apply the predictive and reactive control systems (PARCS) theory as a framework that integrates competing theories of neural substrates of awareness by describing the "default mode network" (DMN) and anterior insula (AI) as parts of two different behavioral and homeostatic control systems. The DMN, a network that becomes active at rest when there is no external stimulation or task to perform, has been implicated in self-reflective awareness and prospection. By contrast, the AI is associated with awareness and task-related attention. This has led to competing theories stressing the role of the DMN in self-awareness vs. the role of interoceptive and emotional information integration in the AI in awareness of the emotional moment. In PARCS, the respective functions of the DMN and AI in a specific control system explains their association with different qualities of awareness, and how mental states can shift from one state (e.g., prospective self-reflection) to the other (e.g., awareness of the emotional moment) depending on the relative dominance of control systems. These shifts between reactive and predictive control are part of processes that enable the intake of novel information, integration of this novel information within existing knowledge structures, and the creation of a continuous personal context in which novel information can be integrated and understood. As such, PARCS can explain key characteristics of mental states, such as their temporal and spatial focus (e.g., a focus on the here and now vs. the future; a first person vs. a third person perspective). PARCS further relates mental states to brain states and functions, such as activation of the DMN or hemispheric asymmetry in frontal cortical functions. Together, PARCS deepens the understanding of a broad range of mental states, including mindfulness, mind wandering, rumination, autobiographical memory, imagery, and the experience of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie Tops
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten A S Boksem
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Markus Quirin
- Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans IJzerman
- Tilburg School of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Sander L Koole
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have generated a large body of knowledge regarding the neural correlates of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, the initial goal of identifying disease-specific topographical mappings to localized brain regions or to distinct neural networks has not materialized and may be untenable. This contribution will argue that a systems neuroscience approach may prove more fruitful. The supporting evidence presented covers (a) brain structural, functional, and connectivity alterations and their implication for the clinical and cognitive manifestations of SZ and BD, (b) the prevailing system neuroscience models of the 2 disorders, and (c) key hypotheses likely to produce new insights into the mechanisms of underlying psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Frangou
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, US; tel: 212-659-1668, fax: 212-659-8576, e-mail:
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Moyal N, Henik A, Anholt GE. Cognitive strategies to regulate emotions-current evidence and future directions. Front Psychol 2014; 4:1019. [PMID: 24454302 PMCID: PMC3887268 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natali Moyal
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gideon E Anholt
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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