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Onaolapo OJ, Olofinnade AT, Ojo FO, Adeleye O, Falade J, Onaolapo AY. Substance use and substance use disorders in Africa: An epidemiological approach to the review of existing literature. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:1268-1286. [PMID: 36389088 PMCID: PMC9641378 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i10.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between man and substances that have abuse potentials, and whose use has been associated with the development or progression of substance use disorders has continued to evolve in terms of geography, economic implications, and time. History shows that local plants with psychoactive constituents can get exported worldwide through global travel, commerce, or even conquest. Time and globalization also change people’s relationship with substances of abuse; hence, an area that was initially alien to certain substances might evolve to becoming a trafficking hub, and then a destination. A case in point is Africa where a rapidly increasing prevalence of substance use/abuse and substance use disorder among adolescents and young adults is putting enormous strain on the economy, healthcare system, and society at large. However, there appears to be a paucity of scientific literature and data on the epidemiology, risk assessment, and contributing factors to substance use and the development of substance use disorders across Africa. In this narrative review, we examine extant literature (PubMed, Google scholar, Medline) for information on the prevalence, trends, and influencers of substance use and the development of substance use disorders. This is with a view of understanding the determinants of substance use and factors that influence the development of substance use disorders in the region, and how this information can be channeled towards developing a comprehensive intervention and treatment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214 Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Tope Olofinnade
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University, Ikeja 100001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Foluso Olamide Ojo
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Olufunto Adeleye
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Falade
- Department of Mental Health, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360282, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, Neurobiology Subdivision, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Oyo, Nigeria
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Molnar L, Ros J. Sex Workers’ Work-Related Victimisation and Drug Use During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Switzerland. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8821784 DOI: 10.1007/s43576-022-00045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCriminologists have monitored the coronavirus pandemic’s effects on crime and criminal justice since the pandemic’s outbreak. Nonetheless, vulnerable and difficult-to-reach populations have been understudied thus far. This study sheds light on the experiences of sex workers (SW) during the first year of the coronavirus in Switzerland, a country where prostitution is legal. Based upon 40 questionnaires with SW outdoors and indoors and 50 h of field observation, SW reported that the pandemic has had adverse financial and psychosocial effects on them. During the first year of COVID-19, seventeen SW were victims of at least one work-related offence, the most prevalent of which were theft and fraud. Nevertheless, most SW did not report the incidents to the police. Comparing the non-victims with victims, we found that victims, particularly those of multiple crimes, are younger, more often foreigners from extra-EU countries, in an illegal situation and needed to work face to face during the prostitution ban during the lockdown in Switzerland. However, despite these circumstances, most SW do not use illegal drugs, and only a few of them used more during the pandemic. Our research findings were similar to those reported in former studies, although we could infer that the violent victimisation of our sample is less and none of the SW indicated violence on the part of the police. Nevertheless, we have no point of comparison with former years and thus propose a periodic crime victim survey of SW, as well as further prevention measures in the prostitution area.
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Morojele NK, Ramsoomar L, Dumbili EW, Kapiga S. Adolescent health series - Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1528-1538. [PMID: 34637175 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use by adolescents are major contributors to death and disability in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper reviews the extent of adolescents' ATOD use, risk and protective factors, and studies evaluating prevention interventions for adolescents in SSA. It also describes the harms associated with adolescents' ATOD use in SSA, which mainly include interpersonal violence, sexual risk behaviours, and negative academic outcomes. We use the socio-ecological model as our framework for understanding ATOD use risk and protective factors at individual, interpersonal, peer/school, and societal/structural levels. We used two strategies to find literature evaluating ATOD interventions for adolescents in SSA: (a) we sought systematic reviews of adolescent ATOD interventions in SSA covering the period 2000-2020; and (b) we used a comprehensive evidence review strategy and searched for studies that had evaluated ATOD interventions in all SSA countries between 2000 and 2020. Only two community interventions (a brief intervention and an HIV prevention intervention), out of four that were identified, were partially effective in reducing adolescent ATOD. Furthermore, only one school-based intervention (HealthWise), out of six that we uncovered, had any effect on ATOD use among adolescents. Possible reasons why many interventions were not effective include methodological limitations, involvement of non-evidence-based education-only approaches in some studies, and shortcomings in adaptations of evidence-based interventions. The scale of ATOD and related problems is disproportionate to the number of evaluated interventions to address them in SSA. More ATOD interventions need to be developed and evaluated in well-powered and well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo K Morojele
- Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leane Ramsoomar
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of the Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Emeka W Dumbili
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania.,Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Andrews JL, Mills KL, Flournoy JC, Flannery JE, Mobasser A, Ross G, Durnin M, Peake S, Fisher PA, Pfeifer JH. Expectations of Social Consequences Impact Anticipated Involvement in Health-Risk Behavior During Adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:1008-1024. [PMID: 32910510 PMCID: PMC8494461 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how individual differences in expectations of social consequences relate to individuals' expected involvement in health-risk behaviors (HRBs). A total of 122 adolescents (aged 11-17) reported their expected involvement in a number of risk behaviors and whether or not they expect to be liked more or less by engaging in the behavior: the expected social benefit. Higher perceived social benefit was associated with higher anticipated involvement in said behavior. This relationship was stronger for adolescents who reported a higher degree of peer victimization, supporting the hypothesis that experiencing victimization increases the social value of peer interactions. Findings suggest that adolescents incorporate expectations of social consequences when making decisions regarding their involvement in HRBs.
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Oldham M, Livingston M, Whitaker V, Callinan S, Fairbrother H, Curtis P, Meier P, Holmes J. Trends in the psychosocial characteristics of 11-15-year-olds who still drink, smoke, take drugs and engage in poly-substance use in England. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 40:597-606. [PMID: 33089571 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Youth substance use is declining in many high-income countries. As adolescent substance use becomes less common, it may concentrate in higher-risk groups. This paper aims to examine how the psychosocial characteristics of young substance users in England have changed over time. DESIGN AND METHODS Annual cross-sectional data from the 2001-2014 Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England survey are analysed (n = 112 792, age: 11-15). Logistic and Poisson regression analyses are used to test whether the sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and prevalence of truancy and exclusion from school of those who drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes, take cannabis, take other drugs and engage in poly-substance use changed across the study period. RESULTS Use of all substances decreased and there were shifts in the psychosocial characteristics of young smokers, illicit drug users and poly-substance users. The proportion of current smokers and ever-users of cannabis of low SES and who had been excluded increased significantly between 2001/2003-2014. The proportion of last month drug users who had been excluded from school also increased significantly and there were increases in the proportion of polysubstance-users who had truanted and been excluded. The proportion of low SES alcohol users who had been excluded also increased significantly, but this change was very small. There was no evidence of substance use becoming more or less concentrated in one gender. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence that smoking, illicit drug use and poly-substance use are becoming more concentrated in potentially at risk populations. There is limited evidence of concentration amongst young drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Oldham
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Michael Livingston
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Callinan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Penny Curtis
- Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Petra Meier
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Holmes
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Oppong Asante K. Cannabis and amphetamine use and its psychosocial correlates among school-going adolescents in Ghana. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 31485264 PMCID: PMC6716856 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-019-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of cannabis and amphetamine use and to determine its associated factors among school-going adolescents in Ghana. METHOD The 2012 Ghanaian Global School-based Student Health Survey on 3632 adolescents aged 11-19 years (mean = 15.1 years; SD = 1.4) was used. Participants for this study were sampled from selected junior (JHS) and senior high schools (SHS) in all the 10 administrative regions of Ghana. A two-stage cluster sampling design was used to select 25 senior high schools to represent all the 10 regions of Ghana. Information was collected with a self-administered structured questionnaire that contained information on demographics, alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, violence, and a range of other health-related behaviours. RESULTS The result showed that past-month cannabis use was 5.3% and lifetime amphetamine use was 7.1% among students. In multivariate model, after controlling for other variables, school truancy and current cigarette smoking were associated with both past-month cannabis and lifetime amphetamine use. The number of close friends was associated with only past-month cannabis use. School environment factors (bullying victimisation and having been attacked) and parental substance use were associated with lifetime amphetamine use. CONCLUSION This study identified a number of risk factors, including parental substance use and various risk behaviours, for both past-month cannabis and lifetime amphetamine use. School-based health intervention programmes should be developed taking into consideration the risk factors associated with cannabis and amphetamine use among school-going adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Oppong Asante
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 84, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Institute for Psychosocial Research on Child and Adolescent Wellbeing (IPRECAW), Accra, Ghana
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7
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Sui X, Massar K, Kessels LTE, Reddy PS, Ruiter RAC, Sanders-Phillips K. Exposure to violence across multiple contexts and health risk behaviours in South African adolescents: the moderating role of emotion dysregulation. Psychol Health 2019; 35:144-162. [PMID: 31273997 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1637521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The association between violence exposure and health risk behaviours in South African adolescents, and the moderating role of emotion dysregulation were investigated. Design: A multi-ethnic sample of adolescents (N = 925: boy: 47.3%, girl: 52.7%, M age = 16 years, SD = 1.54) completed a survey. Main outcome measures: Violence exposure across different contexts (home-, school-, community-, political victimisation), emotion dysregulation (inability to regulate sadness and anger) and a composite measure of health risk behaviours (smoking, substance use, risky sexual behaviour) were examined. Results: Boys reported more risk behaviours than girls, t (844) = 5.25, p < 0.001. Direct community victimisation was a predictor for boys' risk behaviours, B = 0.22, p < 0.001. Indirect school victimisation and direct community victimisation were predictors for girls' risk behaviours, B's = 0.19, p's < 0.01. Girls reported higher emotion dysregulation than boys, t (748) = -2.95, p < 0.01. Only for girls, emotion dysregulation moderated the associations of indirect home victimisation, B = 16, p < 0.01, and direct community victimisation, B = 15, p < 0.05, with risk behaviours. Conclusion: Interventions may target emotion regulation skills, particularly for girls, to enhance resilience to the negative effects of violence on behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Sui
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Massar
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes T E Kessels
- Education office, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Priscilla S Reddy
- Population Health, Health Systems and Innovations, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Meinck F, Fry D, Ginindza C, Wazny K, Elizalde A, Spreckelsen TF, Maternowska MC, Dunne MP. Emotional abuse of girls in Swaziland: prevalence, perpetrators, risk and protective factors and health outcomes. J Glob Health 2018; 7:010410. [PMID: 28607670 PMCID: PMC5460395 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.07.010410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research on emotional child abuse in sub–Saharan Africa is scarce. Few studies thus far have examined prevalence, risk and protective factors for emotional child abuse or the associations between emotional abuse and girls’ health. Methods A nationally representative two–stage, cluster–sampled, household survey of females aged 13–24 years (n = 1244) on childhood abuse victimisation was conducted. Participants completed interviewer–assisted questionnaires. Associations between emotional abuse and putative risk, and protective factors and health outcomes were analyzed using separate logistic regression models accounting for sampling design. Marginal effects of cumulative risk factors for emotional abuse victimisation were examined. Results Lifetime prevalence of emotional abuse was 28.5% with 58.3% of these girls reporting many abusive incidents. The most common perpetrators were female (27.8%) and male (16.7%) relatives and, more rarely, biological parents. Risk factors associated with emotional abuse were frequent caregiver changes (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.970, poverty (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.12–2.03), and physical abuse (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.45–2.71) and sexual abuse (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.57–3.10) victimisation. Being close to one’s mother was a protective factor (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.97). Risk for emotional abuse increased from 13% with no risk factors present to 58.4% –with all four risk factors present. Health outcomes associated with emotional child abuse were suicidal ideation (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.30–2.63) and feeling depressed (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.31–2.71). Conclusions Girls in Swaziland experience high levels of emotional abuse victimisation. Emotional abuse is associated with economic disadvantage, family factors, other types of abuse victimisation and poor mental health. Therefore, a holistic approach to prevention is needed, incorporating poverty reduction and programmes to improve parent–child relationships, reduce the use of harsh criticism, and change parenting social norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meinck
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK.,OPTENTIA, School of Behavioural Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Deborah Fry
- Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Kerri Wazny
- Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Aldo Elizalde
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Michael P Dunne
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Cannabis and Amphetamine Use and Associated Factors Among School-Going Adolescents in Nine African Countries. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1420512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Peltzer
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Supa Pengpid
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
- Department of Research Development and Innovation, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
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Jardin C, Marais L, Bakhshaie J, Skinner D, Neighbors C, Zvolensky M, Sharp C. Caregiver alcohol use and mental health among children orphaned by HIV/AIDS in South Africa. AIDS Care 2017; 29:399-407. [PMID: 27569763 PMCID: PMC11846062 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1220477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research in the developed world suggests that parental alcohol use negatively impacts child mental health. However, little research has examined these relations among children in the developing world and no studies to date have done so in the context of AIDS-orphanhood. Therefore, the present study tested the interactive effect of AIDS-orphan status with caregiver alcohol use on child mental health. The sample included 742 children (51.2% female; Mage = 9.18; age range: 7-11 years; 29.8 AIDS-orphans; 36.8% orphaned by causes other than AIDS; 33.4% non-orphaned) recruited from Mangaung in the Free State Province of South Africa. Child mental health was assessed via child self-report, caregiver, and teacher reports; and caregiver alcohol use via self-report. Path analyses, via structural equation modeling, revealed significant direct effects for AIDS-orphan status on caregiver-reported child mental health; and for caregiver alcohol-use problems on teacher-reported child mental health. However, the interaction effect of AIDS-orphan status with caregiver alcohol use did not reach significance on all three reports of child mental health problems. These results suggest that orphan status and caregiver alcohol use may independently relate to mental health problems in children and that the effects of both should be considered in the context of the mental health needs of children in AIDS-affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Jardin
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lochner Marais
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donald Skinner
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Research on Health and Society, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Michael Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Community Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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11
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Morojele NK, Brook JS, Brook DW. Tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents in South Africa: shared and unshared risks. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2017; 28:139-52. [PMID: 27562001 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2016.1200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco and alcohol use by adolescents are major public health concerns in South Africa. However, the extent to which key psychosocial risk factors for tobacco use and alcohol use by adolescents in South Africa are shared or unshared is unclear. This study sought to examine the shared and unshared risk factors for tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents in Johannesburg. METHOD Participants comprised 736 males and females aged 12-17 years who were recruited via a household survey conducted during 2004. The participants were interviewed using a questionnaire comprising measures of personal, family (parental bonding and family legal drug use) and contextual (school and neighbourhood) factors. Separate multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict lifetime alcohol use and lifetime tobacco use from variables within each domain (personal, family and contextual), controlling for demographic factors. RESULTS Personal, family (parental bonding) and contextual factors (school factors) were primarily shared risk factors for tobacco and alcohol use, while family legal drug use and neighbourhood factors were largely unshared. CONCLUSIONS Interventions addressing personal, parenting and schooling factors are likely to have an impact on preventing both tobacco and alcohol use, whereas interventions focused on ameliorating family drug use and neighbourhood factors may need to be more substance-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo K Morojele
- a Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit , South African Medical Research Council , Pretoria , South Africa.,b School of Public Health , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.,c School of Public Health and Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Judith S Brook
- d Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - David W Brook
- d Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , USA
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12
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Sommer J, Hinsberger M, Elbert T, Holtzhausen L, Kaminer D, Seedat S, Madikane S, Weierstall R. The interplay between trauma, substance abuse and appetitive aggression and its relation to criminal activity among high-risk males in South Africa. Addict Behav 2017; 64:29-34. [PMID: 27540760 PMCID: PMC5102240 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In persistently unsafe environments, the cumulative exposure to violence predicts not only the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but also of increased aggression and violent outbursts. Substance use disorders interact with these developments, as drug consumption may blunt symptoms and also reduce the threshold for violent acts. Investigating the interplay between these variables and the possible cumulative effect of drug abuse on the attraction to cruelty is a crucial step in understanding the cycle of violence and developing intervention programs that address this cycle in violence-troubled communities such as low-income urban areas in South Africa. METHODS Young males at risk (N=290) were recruited through a reintegration center for offenders in Cape Town. We assessed types of traumatic events experienced, PTSD symptom severity, appetitive aggression, committed offenses and patterns of drug abuse prior to the perpetration of violence. RESULTS Path-analyses confirmed a positive relationship between exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptom severity, appetitive aggression, the number of committed offenses and drug abuse prior to violence. PTSD symptoms were positively associated with the propensity toward aggression. Furthermore, more severe drug abuse was related to higher attraction to violence and more committed offenses. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that like exposure to violence, drug abuse may play a key role in the attraction to aggression and criminal acts. Measures of violence prevention and psychotherapeutic interventions for trauma-related suffering may not be effective without enduring drug abuse rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sommer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Leon Holtzhausen
- Department of Social Development, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Debra Kaminer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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13
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Huang Z, Liu Z, Liu X, Lv L, Zhang Y, Ou L, Li L. Risk Factors Associated with Peer Victimization and Bystander Behaviors among Adolescent Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13080759. [PMID: 27472354 PMCID: PMC4997445 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of the phenomena of peer victimization and bystander behaviors, little data has generated to describe their relationships and risk factors. In this paper, a self-administered survey using a cross-sectional cluster-random sampling method in a sample of 5450 participants (2734 girls and 2716 boys) between 4th and 11th grades was conducted at six schools (two primary schools and four middle schools) located in Shantou, China. Self-reported peer victimization, bystander behaviors and information regarding parents' risky behaviors and individual behavioral factors were collected. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate risk factors affecting peer victimization and bystander behaviors. The results indicated that urban participants were more likely to become bullying victims but less likely to become passive bystanders. Contrarily, bullying victimization was related to the increasing of passive bystander behaviors. Father drinking and mother smoking as independent factors were risk factors for peer victimization. Participants who were smoking or drinking had a tendency to be involved in both peer victimization and passive bystander behaviors. This study suggested that bystander behaviors, victims' and parents' educations play a more important role in peer victimization than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Huang
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Zhenni Liu
- Fu Jian Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 76 Jin Tai Road, Fu Zhou 350001, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Laiwen Lv
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Second People's Hospital of Long Gang District, 175 Ji Hua Road, Shenzhen 518172, China.
| | - Limin Ou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Chang Ping Road, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Liping Li
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China.
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Addo B, Mainoo GO, Dapaah JM, Babayara MNK. Prevalence of Substance Use in a Sample of Ghanaian Adolescents Experiencing Parental Divorce. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2015.1056867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bright Addo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana
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Magidson JF, Dietrich J, Otwombe KN, Sikkema KJ, Katz IT, Gray GE. Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and other substance use among low-income adolescents in peri-urban Johannesburg, South Africa: A focus on gender differences. J Health Psychol 2016. [PMID: 26936502 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316628739.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and other drug use is prevalent among peri-urban, South African adolescents. We identified correlates of alcohol and other drug use by gender among adolescents (age = 16-18 years; N = 822) in peri-urban Johannesburg. Interviewer-administered surveys assessed sexual activity, alcohol and other drug use, and relevant psychosocial factors. In separate logistic regression models of alcohol and other drug use stratified by gender, violence exposure and sexual activity were associated with alcohol use for both males and females. For females only, depressive symptoms were associated with drug use. For males only, being older and sexually active were associated with drug use. Substance use interventions for South African adolescents should consider psychological health, sexual health, and tailoring by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Magidson
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janan Dietrich
- 2 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kennedy N Otwombe
- 2 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- 3 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ingrid T Katz
- 4 Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glenda E Gray
- 2 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Magidson JF, Dietrich J, Otwombe KN, Sikkema KJ, Katz IT, Gray GE. Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and other substance use among low-income adolescents in peri-urban Johannesburg, South Africa: A focus on gender differences. J Health Psychol 2016; 22:1415-1425. [PMID: 26936502 DOI: 10.1177/1359105316628739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and other drug use is prevalent among peri-urban, South African adolescents. We identified correlates of alcohol and other drug use by gender among adolescents (age = 16-18 years; N = 822) in peri-urban Johannesburg. Interviewer-administered surveys assessed sexual activity, alcohol and other drug use, and relevant psychosocial factors. In separate logistic regression models of alcohol and other drug use stratified by gender, violence exposure and sexual activity were associated with alcohol use for both males and females. For females only, depressive symptoms were associated with drug use. For males only, being older and sexually active were associated with drug use. Substance use interventions for South African adolescents should consider psychological health, sexual health, and tailoring by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Magidson
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janan Dietrich
- 2 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kennedy N Otwombe
- 2 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- 3 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ingrid T Katz
- 4 Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glenda E Gray
- 2 Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Otwombe KN, Dietrich J, Sikkema KJ, Coetzee J, Hopkins KL, Laher F, Gray GE. Exposure to and experiences of violence among adolescents in lower socio-economic groups in Johannesburg, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:450. [PMID: 25930034 PMCID: PMC4419458 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We explored exposure to and experiences of violence and their risk factors amongst ethnically diverse adolescents from lower socio economic groups in Johannesburg. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited a stratified sample of 16–18 year old adolescents from four low socio-economic suburbs in Johannesburg to reflect ethnic group clustering. We collected socio-demographic, sexual behaviour, alcohol and drug use and trauma events data. Proportions and risk factors were assessed by chi-square and logistic regression. Results Of 822 adolescents, 57% (n = 469) were female. Approximately 62% (n = 506) were Black, 13% (n = 107) Coloured, 13% (n = 106) Indian and 13% (n = 103) White. Approximately 67% (n = 552) witnessed violence to a non-family member, 28% (n = 228) experienced violence by a non-family member, and 10% (n = 83) reported sexual abuse. Multivariate analysis determined that witnessing violence in the community was associated with being Black (OR: 4.6, 95%CI: 2.7-7.9), Coloured (OR: 3.9, 95%CI: 2.0-7.4) or White (OR: 8.0, 95%CI:4.0-16.2), repeating a grade (OR: 1.5, 95%CI: 1.01-2.1), having more than one sexual partner (OR: 1.7, 95%CI: 1.1-2.5) and ever taking alcohol (OR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.5-2.9). Witnessing violence in the family was associated with being female (OR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.3-2.6), being Black (OR: 2.2, 95%CI: 1.1-4.1), or White (OR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.4-6.4), repeating a grade (OR: 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.2) and ever taking alcohol (OR: 2.9, 95%CI: 2.0-4.3). Conclusions In low socio-economic areas in Johannesburg, Black, White and Coloured adolescents experience a high burden of violence. Interventions to mitigate the effects of violence are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy N Otwombe
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O Box 114, , Diepkloof, 1864, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Janan Dietrich
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O Box 114, , Diepkloof, 1864, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Jenny Coetzee
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O Box 114, , Diepkloof, 1864, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Kathryn L Hopkins
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O Box 114, , Diepkloof, 1864, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O Box 114, , Diepkloof, 1864, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O Box 114, , Diepkloof, 1864, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Meinck F, Cluver LD, Boyes ME, Mhlongo EL. Risk and protective factors for physical and sexual abuse of children and adolescents in Africa: a review and implications for practice. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2015; 16:81-107. [PMID: 24648489 DOI: 10.1177/1524838014523336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is now conclusive evidence of the major and long-lasting negative effects of physical and sexual abuse on children. Within Africa, studies consistently report high rates of child abuse, with prevalence as high as 64%. However, to date, there has been no review of factors associated with physical and sexual child abuse and polyvictimization in Africa. This review identified 23 quantitative studies, all of which showed high levels of child abuse in varying samples of children and adults. Although studies were very heterogeneous, a range of correlates of abuse at different levels of the Model of Ecologic Development were identified. These included community-level factors (exposure to bullying, sexual violence, and rural/urban location), household-level factors (poverty, household violence, and non-nuclear family), caregiver-level factors (caregiver illness in particular AIDS and mental health problems, caregiver changes, family functioning, parenting, caregiver-child relationship, and substance abuse), and child-level factors (age, disability, physical health, behavior, and gender). These findings identify key associated factors that are potential foci of child abuse prevention interventions. In addition, there is a clear need for further rigorous longitudinal research into predictive factors and culturally relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meinck
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford Barnett House, Oxford, UK Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lucie D Cluver
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford Barnett House, Oxford, UK Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark E Boyes
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford Barnett House, Oxford, UK School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Elsinah L Mhlongo
- Office on the Rights of the Child, Office of the Premier, Mpumalanga Provincial Government, Mpumalanga, South Africa
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Brook JS, Lee JY, Finch SJ, Seltzer N, Brook DW. Adult work commitment, financial stability, and social environment as related to trajectories of marijuana use beginning in adolescence. Subst Abus 2014; 34:298-305. [PMID: 23844962 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2013.775092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to examine trajectories of marijuana use among African Americans and Puerto Ricans from adolescence to adulthood, with attention paid to work commitment, financial stability, drug use, and violence. METHODS Participants (N = 816) completed in-class questionnaires as students in the East Harlem area of New York City at the first wave and provided follow-up data at 4 additional points in time (mean ages = 14, 19, 24, 29, and 32 years). Among 816 participants, there were 60% females, 52% African American, and 48% Puerto Ricans. RESULTS The chronic marijuana user trajectory group compared with the none or low, increasing, and/or moderate marijuana user trajectory group was associated with negative aspects of work commitment, financial stability, and the social environment. The chronic marijuana user group was similar to the increasing marijuana user group on work commitment and financial stability. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that treating marijuana use in late adolescence may reduce difficulty in the assumption of adult roles. Because chronic marijuana users experienced the most adverse effects in each of the domains, they require more intense clinical intervention than moderate marijuana users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Martins CBDG. [Accidents and violence in childhood and adolescence: risk and protective factors]. Rev Bras Enferm 2013; 66:578-84. [PMID: 24008713 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-71672013000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Singled out by statistics as the third leading cause of mortality in our country, external causes (accidents and violence) entail a great impact with economic, social and emotional rebound. Knowing the factors related to the event is essential, because it allows identifying and breaking the web that determines morbidity and mortality from external causes. The study aims to analyze the existing publications on the factors associated with accidents and violence, in order to provide theoretical support for professionals in their practices. This is a bibliographical study of the Liliacs, Medline and Scielo databanks. The knowledge of the risk and protection factors discussed in the present study enables subsidize the practice of social actors engaged in transforming the conditions that lead to accidents and violence.
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Feasibility and Acceptability of Screening and Brief Interventions to Address Alcohol and Other Drug Use among Patients Presenting for Emergency Services in Cape Town, South Africa. Adv Prev Med 2012. [PMID: 23198159 PMCID: PMC3502754 DOI: 10.1155/2012/569153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence from high income countries, it is not known whether screening and brief interventions (SBI) for alcohol and other drug (AOD) use are feasible to implement in low and middle income countries. This paper describes the feasibility and acceptability of a peer-led SBI for AOD-using patients presenting with injuries at emergency services in Cape Town, South Africa. Data were extracted from program records on the number of eligible patients screened and the number of program refusals. A questionnaire examined preliminary responses to the intervention for 30 patients who had completed the program and 10 emergency personnel. Peer counselors were also interviewed to identify barriers to implementation. Of the 1458 patients screened, 21% (305) met inclusion criteria, of which 74% (225) were enrolled in the intervention. Of the 30 patients interviewed, most (83%) found the program useful. Emergency personnel were supportive of the program but felt that visibility and reach could improve. Peer counselors identified the need for better integration of the program into emergency services and for additional training and support. In conclusion, with limited additional resources, peer-led SBIs for AOD use are feasible to conduct in South African emergency services and are acceptable to patients and emergency personnel.
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Monese PH, Prinsloo EAM, Van Rooyen FC. Injuries in children and adolescents seen during 2006 at the emergency department of the National District Hospital, Bloemfontein. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2011.10874064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- PH Monese
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
| | - EAM Prinsloo
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dahbi, Al Ain, UAE
| | - FC Van Rooyen
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein
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23
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Lutya TM. Lifestyles and routine activities of South African teenagers at risk of being trafficked for involuntary prostitution. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2010; 22:91-110. [DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2010.528578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kabiru CW, Beguy D, Crichton J, Ezeh AC. Self-reported drunkenness among adolescents in four sub-Saharan African countries: associations with adverse childhood experiences. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2010; 4:17. [PMID: 20569490 PMCID: PMC2904276 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-4-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of alcohol is associated with acute and chronic adverse health outcomes. There is a paucity of studies that explore the determinants of alcohol use among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa and, in particular, that examine the effects of adverse childhood experiences on alcohol use. METHODS The paper draws on nationally-representative data from 9,819 adolescents aged 12-19 years from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Logistic regression models were employed to identify correlates of self-reported past-year drunkenness. Exposure to four adverse childhood experiences comprised the primary independent variables: living in a food-insecure household, living with a problem drinker, having been physically abused, and having been coerced into having sex. We controlled for age, religiosity, current schooling status, the household head's sex, living arrangements, place of residence, marital status, and country of survey. All analyses were conducted separately for males and females. RESULTS At the bivariate level, all independent variables (except for coerced sex among males) were associated with the outcome variable. Overall, 9% of adolescents reported that they had been drunk in the 12 months preceding the survey. In general, respondents who had experienced an adverse event during childhood were more likely to report drunkenness. In the multivariate analysis, only two adverse childhood events emerged as significant predictors of self-reported past-year drunkenness among males: living in a household with a problem drinker before age 10, and being physically abused before age 10. For females, exposure to family-alcoholism, experience of physical abuse, and coerced sex increased the likelihood of reporting drunkenness in the last 12 months. The association between adverse events and reported drunkenness was more pronounced for females. For both males and females there was a graded relationship between the number of adverse events experienced and the proportion reporting drunkenness. CONCLUSIONS We find an association between experience of adverse childhood events and drunkenness among adolescents in four sub-Saharan African countries. The complex impacts of adverse childhood experiences on young people's development and behavior may have an important bearing on the effectiveness of interventions geared at reducing alcohol dependence among the youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W Kabiru
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), 2nd Floor Shelter Afrique Centre, P, O, Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Donatien Beguy
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), 2nd Floor Shelter Afrique Centre, P. O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joanna Crichton
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), 2nd Floor Shelter Afrique Centre, P. O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alex C Ezeh
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), 2nd Floor Shelter Afrique Centre, P. O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Sutherland ME, Ericson R. Alcohol use, abuse, and treatment in people of African descent. JOURNAL OF BLACK STUDIES 2010; 41:71-88. [PMID: 21117276 DOI: 10.1177/0021934708331169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The use and abuse of alcohol is prevalent in many nations across the globe, but few studies have examined within-group differences found in people of African descent in the United States, in Africa, and in the Caribbean. A review of current research about alcohol use, abuse, and treatment in people of African descent is presented, including information about risk factors and contributors to alcohol use. Examples of education and prevention interventions are also described. Finally, conclusions based on the review of the research literature as well as recommendations for future research are explained.
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Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK, Turner HA. Lifetime assessment of poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2009; 33:403-411. [PMID: 19589596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a lifetime assessment of victimization experiences to identify children and youth with high cumulative levels of victimization (poly-victims). Also to compare such children to other victims and non-victims, and assess the contribution of cumulative victimization to levels of psychological distress. DESIGN A national sample of 1,467 children aged 2-17 recruited through random digit dialing and assessed via telephone interviews (with caretakers and youth themselves) about a comprehensive range of 33 types of victimization experiences in the previous year and at any time in their lives. RESULTS Nearly 80% of the children and youth reported at least one lifetime victimization. The mean number of lifetime victimizations was 3.7 and the median 2.6. The total number of different lifetime victimizations was highly predictive of symptoms of current distress. The best linear prediction of distress on the basis of cumulative victimization entailed weighting child maltreatment and sexual assault by factors of 4 and 3 respectively compared to other victimizations. We proposed classifying poly-victims as those 10% of children and youth with the highest victimization scores, and calculating different thresholds for children at different ages. Poly-victims designated in this way had significantly more distress, more non-victimization adversities than other youth and were less likely to come from an intact family. CONCLUSION Lifetime assessment of victimization has value as a means of identifying groups of highly victimized children and youth. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This paper describes a procedure under which practitioners can assess for a group of children, termed "poly-victims," who have a very high burden of lifetime victimization. These children merit identification because they have high levels of psychological distress, some of the most serious victimization profiles, and a presumed vulnerability for further victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Finkelhor
- Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 126 Horton Social Science Center, 20 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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