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Davis AN, Carlo G, Maiya S, Streit C, Roos J. Understanding Links between Pandemic-Related Racial Attitudes and Out-Group Prosocial Behaviors. J Genet Psychol 2024; 185:272-281. [PMID: 38116757 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2293215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined COVID-19 pandemic racial attitudes in out-group empathy and out-group prosocial behaviors. Participants included 467 young adults who completed measures of their racial attitudes during the pandemic, out-group perspective taking and empathic concern, and out-group prosocial behaviors. Results demonstrated that pandemic-related racial attitudes were significantly, positively associated with out-group perspective taking and out-group empathic concern, which both positively predicted multiple forms of out-group prosocial behaviors, including emotional, dire, compliant, and anonymous prosocial behaviors. These findings highlight the important role of perspective taking and empathic concern toward individuals outside one's own ethnic group in explaining how racial attitudes during the pandemic were associated with helping behaviors. Discussion focuses on how color-conscious attitudes during an unprecedented U.S. pandemic crisis might be one avenue for promoting prosociality and harmony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Davis
- Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- School of Education, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sahitya Maiya
- Human Development and Family Studies, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Cara Streit
- Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joy Roos
- Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Delgado B, Amor PJ, Domínguez-Sánchez FJ, Holgado-Tello FP. Relationship between adult attachment and cognitive emotional regulation style in women and men. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8144. [PMID: 37208364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies are useful in evaluating the risk of developing emotional disorders and that they may define subjects' styles. This study aims to explore the extent to which specific styles of CER strategies relate to the anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions in adults and whether such relationships operate similarly for women and men. Two hundred and fifteen adults (between 22 and 67 years old) completed the Spanish versions of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Experiences in Close Relationships instrument. Cluster analysis, ANOVA and Student's t-test were used. Our results show that women and men can be successfully classified into two CER clusters (Protective and Vulnerable), distinguished by the higher use in the protective cluster of the CER strategies considered most adaptive and complex (Acceptance, Positive Refocusing, Refocus on Planning, Positive Reappraisal, and Putting into Perspective). However, only in women were the anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions significantly associated with CER style. In conclusion, from a clinical and interpersonal perspective, it is interesting to be able to predict the belonging to a Protective or Vulnerable coping style by analysing the CER strategies and to know their relationship with the adult affective system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Delgado
- Departamento de Psicología de la Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Amor
- Departamento de Psicología de la Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Domínguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Psicología de la Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco P Holgado-Tello
- Departamento de Psicología de la Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Children's unique developmental and contextual needs make it challenging to measure empathy validly and reliably. This scoping review is the first to collate currently available information about self-report, other-report, and performance-based questionnaire measures of empathy for children aged up to 11 years. Following the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR; Tricco et al., 2018), a literature search using PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified 24 relevant measures of empathy in children, with publication years spanning 1958 to 2019. Questionnaires could broadly be classified into four groups, according to the extent to which they were developed with children's developmental needs and contexts in mind, and were based on contemporary theory and research findings. There was a distinction between performance-based measures, which elicited children's empathy-related responses to novel content and therefore assessed situational state empathy, and self- and other-report measures, which rated children's general empathic tendencies and thus assessed dispositional trait empathy. Results highlighted the importance of researchers having clarity on their definition of empathy and choosing measures consistent with this, and the merit of utilizing a multimodal assessment approach.
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Leyva-Moral JM, Rafael-Gutiérrez SS, Aguayo-Gonzalez M, Guevara-Vásquez G, Gómez-Ibáñez R. Effectiveness of Narrative Photography in Increasing Nursing Students' Empathy: A Pretest-Posttest Study. J Nurs Educ 2022; 61:701-705. [PMID: 36475990 DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20221003-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narrative photography is a method that can enhance nursing students' empathy when caring for individuals with HIV. METHOD This quasiexperimental pre-test-posttest study included 28 first-year nursing students from a public university in Barcelona, Spain. Empathy was assessed using the Spanish validated version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. RESULTS Empathy scores were higher in the intervention group (p = .01). Women scored higher on empathy and also on the fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress dimensions. A significant relationship was found between the perspective taking dimension and students choosing nursing as their first option at university. Having no experience in the health field was associated with higher scores on the empathic concern dimension (p = .027). CONCLUSION Narrative photography is an effective learning method to promote nursing students' empathy when caring for individuals with HIV. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(12):701-705.].
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Sesso G, Brancati GE, Fantozzi P, Inguaggiato E, Milone A, Masi G. Measures of empathy in children and adolescents: A systematic review of questionnaires. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:876-896. [PMID: 34733649 PMCID: PMC8546775 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empathy has long been considered a multidimensional construct, encompassing cognitive, affective and behavioral domains. Deficits in empathic competences in early childhood contribute to psychopathology, and have been variably implicated in several clinical conditions, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and conduct disorders. AIM To identify and describe empirically validated questionnaires assessing empathy in children and adolescents and to provide a summary of related theoretical perspectives on empathy definitional issues. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Three bibliographic databases were searched. A total of 47 studies were selected for final analysis and 16 distinct measures were identified and described. RESULTS Questionable to excellent levels of internal consistency were observed, while few studies assessed test-retest reliability. Although construct definitions only partially overlapped, affective and cognitive domains of empathy were the commonest internal factors that were often separately evaluated. New facets of the construct (i.e., somatic empathy and sympathy) and specific clinical populations (i.e., ASD) could be specifically addressed through more recent instruments. CONCLUSION The combination of different assessment methods is recommended in order to foresee further improvements in this field and try to overcome the problem of limited convergence with more objective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sesso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56100, Italy
| | | | - Pamela Fantozzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
| | - Emanuela Inguaggiato
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone 56128, Italy
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Guihard G. Measurement invariance analysis of two empathy scales in a sample of French first year students registered in health formation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rieffe C, O'Connor R, Bülow A, Willems D, Hull L, Sedgewick F, Stockmann L, Blijd-Hoogewys E. Quantity and quality of empathic responding by autistic and non-autistic adolescent girls and boys. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 25:199-209. [PMID: 32967463 PMCID: PMC7812514 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320956422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Empathy evokes support for the person in distress, and thus strengthening social cohesion. The question is to what extent empathic reactions can be observed in autistic adolescents and autistic girls in particular, since there is evidence that they have better social skills than boys, which might hinder their recognition as autistic. We examined 193 adolescents (autistic/non-autistic boys/girls) during an in vivo task in which the experimenter hurt herself. In line with our predictions, no group or gender differences appeared related to their attention for the event; yet autistic girls and boys showed less visible emotional arousal, indicative of less affective empathy. Autistic girls and boys reacted by comforting the experimenter equally often as their non-autistic peers, but autistic boys seemed to address the problem more often than any other group; while girls (autistic and non-autistic) more often addressed the emotion of the person in need. Our findings highlight that empathic behaviour – to some extent – seems similar between autistic and non-autistic boys and girls. However, differences exist, in terms of expressed emotional arousal and gender-specific comforting styles. Autistic girls’ higher levels of emotion-focused comforting could be explained by well-developed social skills, camouflaging, or emotional investment in relationships with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Rieffe
- Leiden University, The Netherlands.,University College London, UK
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Davis AN, Martin-Cuellar A, Luce H. Life Events and Prosocial Behaviors Among Young Adults: Considering the Roles of Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2019; 180:205-216. [PMID: 31282312 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2019.1632785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the altruism born of suffering model in a culturally diverse sample of young adults. They hypothesized that major life events would interact with perspective taking to predict empathic concern, which would predict multiple types of prosocial behaviors among young adults. The sample included 202 young adults (M age = 20.94 years; 76.5% girls; 36.5% White, 50.5% Latino) who reported on their exposure to major life events, perspective taking and empathic responding, and tendency to engage in six forms of prosocial behaviors. Life events indirectly, positively predicted prosocial behaviors via empathic concern. Empathic concern and perspective taking also interacted to predict empathic responding. The results demonstrated links that support the altruism born of suffering model, suggesting that life stressors might not always be negative and might promote resilience and social connection among young adults under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Davis
- Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico , USA
| | - Ashley Martin-Cuellar
- Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico , USA
| | - Haley Luce
- Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico , USA
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Davis AN, Luce H, Davalos N. Associations among Life Events, Empathic Concern, and Adolescents' Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors Toward Specific Targets. J Genet Psychol 2018; 179:183-197. [DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2018.1468314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N. Davis
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Haley Luce
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Natasha Davalos
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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10
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Abstract
Empathy is the ability to recognize and respond to the emotional states of other individuals. It is an important psychological process that facilitates navigating social interactions and maintaining relationships, which are important for well-being. Several psychological studies have identified difficulties in both self-report and performance-based measures of empathy in a range of psychiatric conditions. To date, no study has systematically investigated the genetic architecture of empathy using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we report the results of the largest GWAS of empathy to date using a well-validated self-report measure of empathy, the Empathy Quotient (EQ), in 46,861 research participants from 23andMe, Inc. We identify 11 suggestive loci (P < 1 × 10-6), though none were significant at P < 2.5 × 10-8 after correcting for multiple testing. The most significant SNP was identified in the non-stratified analysis (rs4882760; P = 4.29 × 10-8), and is an intronic SNP in TMEM132C. The EQ had a modest but significant narrow-sense heritability (0.11 ± 0.014; P = 1.7 × 10-14). As predicted, based on earlier work, we confirmed a significant female advantage on the EQ (P < 2 × 10-16, Cohen's d = 0.65). We identified similar SNP heritability and high genetic correlation between the sexes. Also, as predicted, we identified a significant negative genetic correlation between autism and the EQ (rg = -0.27 ± 0.07, P = 1.63 × 10-4). We also identified a significant positive genetic correlation between the EQ and risk for schizophrenia (rg = 0.19 ± 0.04; P = 1.36 × 10-5), risk for anorexia nervosa (rg = 0.32 ± 0.09; P = 6 × 10-4), and extraversion (rg = 0.45 ± 0.08; 5.7 × 10-8). This is the first GWAS of self-reported empathy. The results suggest that the genetic variations associated with empathy also play a role in psychiatric conditions and psychological traits.
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11
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The roles of parenting practices, sociocognitive/emotive traits, and prosocial behaviors in low-income adolescents. J Adolesc 2018; 62:140-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Perenc L, Pęczkowski R. Cognitive and affective empathy among adolescent siblings of children with a physical disability. Disabil Health J 2017; 11:43-48. [PMID: 28867152 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is a continuation of research on possible psychosocial benefits resulting from exposure to sibling with disability present in the family system. The issue seems to be especially important in Poland because of growing number of children with a disability and inconsistent results of previously performed studies. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study was to examine the differences in the intensity of cognitive and affective empathy in adolescents who either have or do not have siblings with physical disability. The authors hypothesized that the increased exposure to individual with disability should result in positive attitude towards such people and this tendency should be manifested in elevated empathy and compassion. METHODS The study was carried out between September and November 2016. To meet the goals set to the study, a sample of 292 students from public middle and high schools were assessed using self-report demographic questionnaire and measure of empathy (IRI). The participants were between 13 and 19 years old. Among them 128 had a disabled sibling (Group T) and 164 constituted a comparative group (Group C). Interpretation of results is based on descriptive statistics. RESULTS Participants having a disabled sibling showed significantly higher scores related both to cognitive and affective empathy. Some significant differences were also noted in relation to participants' gender and age. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to individuals with physical disability in family context may facilitate development of positive psychosocial traits including elevated empathy and compassion in nondisabled siblings. Data analysis also showed significantly greater empathic and altruistic tendencies in females that in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Perenc
- Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszow, Aleja Kopisto 2a, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Pęczkowski
- Faculty of Education, University of Rzeszow, ul. Jalowego 24, 35-959, Rzeszow, Poland.
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Huetter FK, Bachmann HS, Reinders A, Siffert D, Stelmach P, Knop D, Horn PA, Siffert W. Association of a Common Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism with Self-Reported 'Empathic Concern' in a Large Population of Healthy Volunteers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160059. [PMID: 27467763 PMCID: PMC4965009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has linked genomic variations of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene with individual differences in empathy. The impact of these variations on specific cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy, however, remains to be clarified. Methods We analysed associations of a common OXTR polymorphism (rs53576) with trait empathy in a sample of 421 blood donors (231 M, 190 F; age 18–74) using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) as an established multidimensional self-report measure of empathy. Results Female sex was significantly associated with higher empathy scores in all IRI scales (p<0.001) with the exception of the cognitive perspective taking scale (p = 0.09). The overall trait empathy score was significantly associated with rs53576 (p = 0.01), with mean scores increasing from AA to GG genotypes. An analysis of the IRI subscores revealed that the polymorphism was especially associated with the emotional empathic concern scale (p = 0.02). Separate analysis of the male and female subgroup revealed a significant association of the polymorphism with female (p = 0.04), but not with male (p = 0.20) empathic concern. A comparison of effect sizes between the groups showed greater effects for women compared to men although effect size differences did not become significant in our sample. Conclusions Our findings suggest a significant association of the rs53576 OXTR gene polymorphism with trait empathy and especially with emotional aspects of empathy. This association is possibly weaker or absent in men compared to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Korbinian Huetter
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Hagen Sjard Bachmann
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Anette Reinders
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Doris Siffert
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Patrick Stelmach
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Knop
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Alexander Horn
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Winfried Siffert
- Institut für Pharmakogenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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Stuijfzand S, De Wied M, Kempes M, Van de Graaff J, Branje S, Meeus W. Gender Differences in Empathic Sadness towards Persons of the Same- versus Other-sex during Adolescence. SEX ROLES 2016; 75:434-446. [PMID: 27909382 PMCID: PMC5112287 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although gender differences in affective empathy are well established, evidence of gender differences in the development of affective empathy is inconsistent. Consideration of same-sex versus other-sex affective empathy may assist in elucidating these inconsistencies. Gender differences were investigated in the experience of empathic sadness towards same- versus other-sex targets. The relationships were studied cross-sectionally (N = 730) and longitudinally (N = 318) with Dutch adolescents using the empathic sadness scale of the Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA; Bryant 1982). In both studies, female adolescents reported more empathic sadness than did male adolescents. Female targets also received more affective empathy than did male targets, and, more importantly, gender differences were observed in same-sex versus other-sex affective empathy. Specifically, in both studies male adolescents reported less empathic sadness towards same-sex than towards other-sex targets. In contrast, female adolescents reported more empathic sadness towards same-sex than towards other-sex targets in the cross-sectional study, and equal levels of empathic sadness towards both types of targets in the longitudinal study. Findings highlight the importance of considering same-sex versus other-sex affective empathy. Gender differences in same-sex and other-sex affective empathy have implications for assisting adolescents in social conflict resolution and interventions for bullying and aggressive behaviour in adolescence using empathy training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah Stuijfzand
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Martinus J. Langeveldgebouw, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Minet De Wied
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Martinus J. Langeveldgebouw, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kempes
- Netherlands Institute for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Gansstraat 170, 3582EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Van de Graaff
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Martinus J. Langeveldgebouw, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Branje
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Martinus J. Langeveldgebouw, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Meeus
- Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Martinus J. Langeveldgebouw, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Tilburg School of Social and Behavourial Sciences, Tilburg Univeristy, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Ingoglia S, Lo Coco A, Albiero P. Development of a Brief Form of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (B–IRI). J Pers Assess 2016; 98:461-71. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2016.1149858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gilman R, Rice KG, Carboni I. PERFECTIONISM, PERSPECTIVE TAKING, AND SOCIAL CONNECTION IN ADOLESCENTS. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rich Gilman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati Medical School
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