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Kong X, Brook CA, Li J, Li Y, Schmidt LA. Shyness subtypes and associations with social anxiety: A comparison study of Canadian and Chinese children. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13369. [PMID: 36640049 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that there are distinct types of children's shyness within eastern and western cultures, with different origins, developmental courses, and outcomes. However, the measures used to examine children's shyness in eastern contexts have been developed almost exclusively in the North American context. Whether shyness subtypes and their predictive associations are conserved between western and eastern cultures on a children's shyness measure developed in an eastern context is an empirical question. Here we examined (a) whether two subtypes from the Chinese Shyness Scale (i.e., anxious and regulated) were identified in a western context, and (b) whether cultural context moderated the relation between the two subtypes of shy behavior and a widely used western characterized social anxiety measure. The participants were children aged 3-5 years from China (Mage = 4.46 years, SD = 0.64, n = 182, 53.8% boys) and Canada (Mage = 3.99 years, SD = 0.82, n = 201, 42.3% boys). The results indicated that the two shyness subtypes and the one-factor social anxiety construct were identified in both cultures. Subsequently, latent moderation structural equation modelling revealed that anxious shyness was significantly and positively related to social anxiety in children from both countries, but more strongly in Canada. Conversely, regulated shyness was significantly and positively related to social anxiety in Canadian children, but not in Chinese children. Findings are discussed regarding possible cultural explanations for why the relations between two Chinese shyness subtypes and social anxiety are different in Chinese and Canadian contexts and their implications to understanding cross-cultural differences in developmental shyness. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Two subtypes of shyness (anxious and regulated shyness) reported in China were identified in both China and Canada Country/culture moderated the relation between shyness subtypes and social anxiety Anxious shyness was positively related to social anxiety in both countries Regulated shyness was positively related to social anxiety in Canadian children, but not in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Kong
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Christina A Brook
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Juan Li
- College of Preschool Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Preschool Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
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Wang P, Pan R, Wu X, Zhu G, Wang Y, Tian M, Sun Y, Wang J. Reciprocal associations between shyness, depression, and Internet gaming disorder among Chinese adolescents: A cross-lagged panel study. Addict Behav 2022; 129:107256. [PMID: 35114630 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While video games are one of the most common online entertainment activities, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in adolescents is a critical issue that has become a widely raised public concern. This one-year longitudinal study examined the reciprocal associations between shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms in a sample of Chinese adolescents. A fully cross-lagged panel design was used, in which shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms were assessed at two time points with an interval of one year (T1 and T2). A total of 1,047 junior high school students (504 boys; 543 girls; mean age = 12.45 years) participated in the study. Cross-lagged analysis results indicated a significant positive correlation between shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms, as well as a dynamic and bidirectional relationship between them. Specifically, T1 shyness positively predicted T2 depression symptoms (β = 0.167, p < 0.001), T1 depression symptoms positively predicted T2 shyness (β = 0.141, p < 0.01), and T1 IGD symptoms positively predicted T2 depression symptoms (β = 0.073, p < 0.05). In addition to these findings, gender differences were identified in shyness (T1 and T2), IGD symptoms (T1 and T2), and depression symptoms (T2). The results also indicated that shyness and symptoms of depression could significantly positively predict each other over time, and IGD symptoms could significantly predict depression symptoms. However, depression symptoms could not significantly predict IGD symptoms over the one-year study period, and there was no significant two-way prediction between shyness and IGD symptoms. Thus, this study reveals possible reciprocal associations between shyness, depression, and IGD symptoms in Chinese adolescents and provides insights and suggestions for reducing online gaming addiction among adolescents from the perspective of shyness and depression.
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Hudson A, Green ES, Wilson MJG, Itier RJ, Henderson HA. The Prominence of Self-referential Processing across ERP and Memory Consolidation in Children. Dev Neuropsychol 2021; 46:598-615. [PMID: 34696639 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2021.1991354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined behavioral and electrophysiological indices of self-referential and valence processing during a Self-Referential Encoding Task in 9- to 12-year-old children, followed by surprise memory tasks for self- and other-referential trait adjectives. Participants endorsed more positive than negative self-referential information but equally endorsed positive and negative information about the other character. Children demonstrated enhanced parietal LPP amplitudes in response to self- compared to other-referential trait adjectives. Positive and negative information was differentially remembered depending on the order of the referent cues presented, suggesting that social information undergoes differential consolidation processes depending on the referent and the order of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hudson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
| | - Emma S Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
| | | | - Roxane J Itier
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
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Goldberg V, White C, Weisburd D. Perspectives of people with mental health problems at hot spots: Attitudes and perceptions of safety, crime, and the police. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2019; 37:650-664. [PMID: 31975443 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
People who live in places with high levels of crime and disorder are more likely to experience mental illness compared with those who do not live in these types of place (Weisburd et al., 2018; Weisburd & White, 2019). The increased police presence on high crime streets may also increase the likelihood that these individuals will encounter law enforcement. There is a strong body of literature focused on the relationship between neighborhoods and the physical and mental health of residents (e.g. Arcaya et al., 2016; Duncan & Kawachi, 2018; Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2003), but there are very few studies that look at the perceptions of people with mental illness directly, particularly as they relate to the environment of the street on which they live and attitudes toward the police. In turn, existing studies generally look at the most serious mental health problems (e.g. schizophrenia), ignoring more common mental health concerns such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. This paper uses self-report data from a large in-person survey of people who live on crime hot spot and non-hot spot streets in order to assess attitudes among a broader group of persons with mental health problems. Furthermore, we examine the interaction between living in crime hot spots and non-hot spots and perceptions of these residents. Our findings in this broader sample confirm earlier studies that identify greater fear and less trust of the police among persons with mental illnesses. At the same time, our findings suggest that fear of crime and perceptions of police are moderated by living in a crime hot spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Goldberg
- Department of Criminology, Law, & Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Clair White
- Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - David Weisburd
- Department of Criminology, Law, & Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Institute of Criminology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Palmieri S, Mansueto G, Scaini S, Fiore F, Sassaroli S, Ruggiero GM, Borlimi R, Carducci BJ. Role of rumination in the relationship between metacognition and shyness. World J Psychiatry 2018; 8:108-113. [PMID: 30370229 PMCID: PMC6201322 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v8.i4.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the association between metacognitive beliefs, rumination and shyness in a non-clinical sample of adults.
METHODS One hundred and three healthy subjects from the general population were enrolled in the study. Shyness was evaluated using the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, rumination was assessed using the Ruminative Response Scale, metacognition was evaluated using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire 30, and anxiety levels were measured using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y. Correlation analyses, mediation models and 95% bias-corrected and accelerated (BCaCI) bootstrapped analyses were performed. Mediation analyses were adjusted for sex and anxiety.
RESULTS Shyness, rumination and metacognition were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). The relationship between metacognition and shyness was fully mediated by rumination (Indirect effect: 0.20; 95% BCaCI: 0.08-0.33).
CONCLUSION These findings suggest an association between metacognition and shyness. Rumination mediated the relationship between metacognition and shyness, suggesting that rumination could be a cognitive strategy for shy people. Future research should explore the relationship between these constructs in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palmieri
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan 20121, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan 20143, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mansueto
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan 20121, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan 20143, Italy
| | - Simona Scaini
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan 20143, Italy
| | - Francesca Fiore
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan 20121, Italy
| | - Sandra Sassaroli
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center, Milan 20121, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan 20143, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Ruggiero
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan 20143, Italy
- Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Ricerca, Cognitive Psychotherapy School, Milan 20121, Italy
| | - Rosita Borlimi
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan 20143, Italy
| | - Bernardo J Carducci
- Shyness Research Institute, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, OH 47150, United States
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Interpersonal behavior in anticipation of pain: a naturalistic study of behavioral mimicry prior to surgery. Pain Rep 2018; 2:e605. [PMID: 29392220 PMCID: PMC5741360 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current and anticipated pain relate to mimicry behavior in divergent ways, which may bear upon the elicitation of social support during the experience of pain. Introduction: Social relationships facilitate coping with pain, but research suggests that it may be difficult to galvanize social support during an episode of acute pain. Objectives: The current research examined whether social connections are optimized in the anticipation of pain by observing patients' mimicry of an interaction partner prior to surgery. We hypothesized that when controlling for their current experience of pain, patients' anticipation of pain would be associated with greater mimicry of an interaction partner. Methods: Sixty-five patients were interviewed in the waiting room of a maxillofacial surgery unit prior to the removal of an impacted wisdom tooth. Patients' spontaneous mimicry of an interviewer was observed. Patients then rated the quality and intensity of their anticipated pain, as well as the intensity of their current pain and their affective distress. Results: Anticipated pain, current pain, and affective distress were positively correlated. Current pain was associated with less frequent mimicry of an interaction partner. The zero-order correlation between anticipated pain and mimicry did not reach conventional levels of significance; however, when controlling for current pain, anticipated pain predicted more frequent mimicry of an interaction partner. The relationship between anticipated pain and mimicry was not explained by affective distress. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that anticipated and current pain relate to behavioral mimicry in divergent ways. Further research is needed to investigate whether the current pattern of results generalizes to other interpersonal behaviors that facilitate social bonds.
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Han L, Geng J, Jou M, Gao F, Yang H. Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: Mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Poole KL, Van Lieshout RJ, Schmidt LA. Exploring relations between shyness and social anxiety disorder: The role of sociability. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Anderson CA. Attributional Style, Depression, and Loneliness: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American and Chinese Students. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167299025004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Completing measures of attributional style, depression, and loneliness were 198 college students from the East China Normal University in Shanghai, China, and 193 participants from the University of Missouri at Columbia. Students from China accepted more responsibility for interpersonal and noninterpersonal failures than did U.S. students. They also took less credit for interpersonal success than did U.S. students. These relatively maladaptive attributional styles by Chinese students accounted for much of their relatively higher scores on depression and loneliness. The sample differences in attributional style fit well with previous research showing that the United States is a relatively more independent culture and that China is a relatively more interdependent culture. Finally, the observed relations between attributional style and depression and loneliness were very similar across these two samples, perhaps reflecting cross-cultural generality of fundamental human needs for feeling efficacious. Implications for attribution theories and models of cross-cultural differences were discussed.
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10
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Aydın GS, Muyan M, Demir A. The Investigation of Facebook usage Purposes and Shyness, Loneliness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Hames
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306; , ,
| | - Christopher R. Hagan
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306; , ,
| | - Thomas E. Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306; , ,
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12
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Grosse Holtforth M, Altenstein D, Ansell E, Schneider C, Caspar F. Impact messages of depressed outpatients as perceived by their significant others: profiles, therapeutic change, and relationship to outcome. J Clin Psychol 2011; 68:319-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Katz SJ, Conway CC, Hammen CL, Brennan PA, Najman JM. Childhood social withdrawal, interpersonal impairment, and young adult depression: a mediational model. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:1227-38. [PMID: 21744059 PMCID: PMC3384496 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Building on interpersonal theories of depression, the current study sought to explore whether early childhood social withdrawal serves as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and diagnoses in young adulthood. The researchers hypothesized that social impairment at age 15 would mediate the association between social withdrawal at age 5 and depression by age 20. This mediational model was tested in a community sample of 702 Australian youth followed from mother's pregnancy to youth age 20. Structural equation modeling analyses found support for a model in which childhood social withdrawal predicted adolescent social impairment, which, in turn, predicted depression in young adulthood. Additionally, gender was found to moderate the relationship between adolescent social impairment and depression in early adulthood, with females exhibiting a stronger association between social functioning and depression at the symptom and diagnostic level. This study illuminates one potential pathway from early developing social difficulties to later depressive symptoms and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina J Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
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14
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Gonzalez MT, Hartig T, Patil GG, Martinsen EW, Kirkevold M. A prospective study of group cohesiveness in therapeutic horticulture for clinical depression. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2011; 20:119-29. [PMID: 21371227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess changes in psychological distress and social participation in adults diagnosed with clinical depression during and after participating in a therapeutic horticulture programme, and to investigate if the changes covaried with levels of group cohesiveness during the intervention. An intervention with a single-group design was repeated with different samples in successive years (pooled n = 46). In each year, five groups of 3-7 participants went through the intervention. Data were collected before, twice during, and immediately after a 12-week therapeutic horticulture programme, as well as at 3-months' follow up. Mental health assessments included the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Subscale of Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Positive Affect Scale from the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Therapeutic Factors Inventory-Cohesiveness Scale. The analysis of the pooled data confirmed significant beneficial change in all mental health variables during the intervention. Change from baseline in depression severity persisted at 3-months' follow up. Increased social activity after the intervention was reported for 38% of the participants. The groups quickly established strong cohesiveness, and this continued to increase during the intervention. The average level of group cohesiveness correlated positively, but not significantly, with change in all mental health outcome variables.
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15
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Garber J, Weersing VR. Comorbidity of Anxiety and Depression in Youth: Implications for Treatment and Prevention. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2010; 17:293-306. [PMID: 21499544 PMCID: PMC3074295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The high level of concurrent and sequential comorbidity between anxiety and depression in children and adolescents may result from (a) substantial overlap in both the symptoms and items used to assess these putatively different disorders, (b) common etiological factors (e.g., familial risk, negative affectivity, information processing biases, neural substrates) implicated in the development of each condition, and (c) negative sequelae of anxiety conferring increased risk for the development of depression. Basic research on their various common and unique etiological mechanisms has guided the development of efficacious treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in youth. Potential processes through which the successful treatment of childhood anxiety might prevent subsequent depression are described.
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Abstract
The Shyness Scale (SS) is a brief instrument for assessing shyness as a personality trait. The psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the SS were investigated in a random sample of 192 Macau Chinese older adults. The Chinese version of the SS possesses high internal consistency and exhibited satisfactory short-term test-retest reliability. The Chinese version of the SS exhibited acceptable convergent validity with other negative measures of psychological well-being including negative emotional states (assessed by the Negative Affect Scale), loneliness (assessed by the UCLA Loneliness Scale), and state anxiety and trait anxiety (assessed by STAI). The divergent validity of the Chinese version of the SS was demonstrated by the negative but significant association between the SS and self esteem (assessed by Rosenberg Self Esteem Inventory).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Lee Chou
- Sao Po Centre on Ageing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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17
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Wilson JK, Rapee RM. The interpretation of negative social events in social phobia with versus without comorbid mood disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2005; 19:245-74. [PMID: 15686856 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted in order to examine biases in the interpretation of negative social events among socially anxious individuals. Results showed that social anxiety was associated with the tendency to believe that negative social events: would result in negative evaluation by other people; were actually indicative of negative personal characteristics; and would have adverse consequences in the long-term future. Although other types of anxiety were not independently associated with such beliefs, comorbid depression among individuals with social phobia was associated with further increases in these interpretative biases. The findings are consistent with theories suggesting that maladaptive interpretations of negative social events represent central cognitive biases in social phobia, but suggest that these interpretations are also associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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18
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Interpretative Biases in Social Phobia: Content Specificity and the Effects of Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-2833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Higgins NC, Hay JL. Attributional style predicts causes of negative life events on the Attributional Style Questionnaire. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003; 143:253-71. [PMID: 12735522 DOI: 10.1080/00224540309598444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The causes cited by 218 participants for the hypothetical positive and negative life events on the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and the dimensional ratings of the causes were examined to determine the match between the dimensional and categorical definitions of attributional style. Optimists (n = 105) and pessimists (n = 113) used different types of causes to explain the negative ASQ events, but not the positive events. However, optimists' and pessimists' causal explanations shared a number of features. The findings suggest that attributional styles depend, in part, on the event being explained and demonstrate that the ASQ events elicit specific types of causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Higgins
- Department of Psychology, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada.
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20
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Bruch MA, Rivet KM, Laurenti HJ. Type of self-discrepancy and relationships to components of the tripartite model of emotional distress. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Joiner TE. Depression's vicious scree: Self-propagating and erosive processes in depression chronicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.7.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Alm C, Lindberg E. Attributions of shyness-resembling behaviors by shy and non-shy individuals. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Romney DM, Bynner JM. A re-examination of the relationship between shyness, attributional style, and depression. J Genet Psychol 1997; 158:261-70. [PMID: 9255954 DOI: 10.1080/00221329709596666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alfano, Joiner, and Perry (1994) used analysis of variance and analysis of covariance in a sample of college students to demonstrate that attributional style mediates between shyness and depression, as opposed to depression mediating between shyness and attributional style. They suggested, however, the hypothetical possibility of a third model, in which negative attributional style, rather than shyness, is the independent variable, and shyness serves as a mediator between attributional style and depression. In the current study, this alternative model was tested by using LISREL to reanalyze the Alfano et al. data. Results showed that this third model, with shyness as the mediating variable, fit the model quite poorly, in contrast to the preferred model of Alfano et al., which fit quite well. However, variants of this model, in which shyness functionally precedes both attributional style and depression, fit the data better. The substantive implications of this model for counseling practice and the methodological cautions about interpreting cross-sectional data for temporal sequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Romney
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada.
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24
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Personality Factors and Inhibited Career Development: Testing the Unique Contribution of Shyness. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 1997. [DOI: 10.1006/jvbe.1996.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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