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Mitropoulos T, Andrukonis A. Dog owners' job stress crosses over to their pet dogs via work-related rumination. Sci Rep 2025; 15:16887. [PMID: 40374739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-01131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Job stress can have well-being consequences for the employee's loved ones through crossover: the transference of work-related stress from an employee to their family members. Pet dogs-who most Americans view as family members-may also be susceptible to crossover. Given prior support for dogs' abilities to perceive and absorb a human's emotions via emotional contagion, we expected that pet dogs of owners with higher job stress would themselves be more stressed. We anticipated that work-related rumination, or the tendency to continue thinking about work during leisure time, would explain this relationship. All variables were measured using self-report scales administered in an online survey, and dogs' stress was captured in two ways: as owner-perceived and behaviorally indicated. The sample included 85 employees and their pet dogs. Controlling for home stress, we found that job stress related to behaviorally indicated stress in dogs. Work-related rumination explained this relationship. This study unites organizational research with companion animal welfare and supports the presence of crossover in the dog-owner bond. Based on these findings, employed dog owners might benefit from avoiding work-related rumination when at home to protect the well-being of man's best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Mitropoulos
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, 5101 Hemphill Hall, 965 E Main St, Radford, VA, 24141, USA.
| | - Allison Andrukonis
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, 3110 Litton Reaves Hall, 175 West Campus Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 287 Animal Sciences Building, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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2
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Kinsman RH, Casey RA, Tasker S, Cooper B, Giragosian K, Harvey ND, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Samet L, Murray JK. Owner-Perceived Undesirable Behaviours in Young Dogs and Changes with Age. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:1163. [PMID: 40281997 PMCID: PMC12024356 DOI: 10.3390/ani15081163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2025] [Revised: 04/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Dog behaviour that owners perceive as undesirable can compromise dog welfare, impact the owner and human-animal bond, and may result in relinquishment or euthanasia. This longitudinal study explored the type and percentage of owner-perceived undesirable behaviours in 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18-month-old dogs, and examined differences in the prevalence of four commonly reported behaviours across these timepoints. Owners reported their dog's undesirable behaviours via free-text answers in self-administered surveys. Of the five timepoints studied, the highest percentage of dogs reported by their owners to display one or more undesirable behaviours was in the 12-month survey (42.1%, 513/1219). Barking, jumping up, pulling on the lead and recall issues were the most commonly reported behaviours across all timepoints. Binomial mixed-effects models revealed a significant difference in prevalence of barking, pulling on the lead and recall issues between the timepoints, but no significant difference in the occurrence of jumping up at people. With many dogs in this study being reported to display undesirable behaviour, it is crucial that stakeholders inform dog owners, especially first-time owners, about the behaviours they may experience from young dogs and where to seek appropriate training/behaviour advice to potentially reduce the risk of relinquishment related to behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- Mars Veterinary Health, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
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Fang A, Kumar L, Creevy KE, Promislow DE, Ma J. The first comorbidity networks in companion dogs in the Dog Aging Project. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.12.18.629088. [PMID: 39763936 PMCID: PMC11702704 DOI: 10.1101/2024.12.18.629088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
Comorbidity and its association with age are of great interest in geroscience. However, there are few model organisms that are well-suited to study comorbidities that will have high relevance to humans. In this light, we turn our attention to the companion dog. The companion dog shares many morbidities with humans. Thus, a better understanding of canine comorbidity relationships could benefit both humans and dogs. We present an analysis of canine comorbidity networks from the Dog Aging Project, a large epidemiological cohort study of companion dogs in the United States. We included owner-reported health conditions that occurred in at least 60 dogs (n=166) and included only dogs that had at least one of those health conditions (n=26,523). We constructed an undirected comorbidity network using a Poisson binomial test, adjusting for age, sex, sterilization status, breed background (i.e., purebred vs. mixed-breed), and weight. The comorbidity network reveals well-documented comorbidities, such as diabetes with blindness and hypertension with chronic kidney disease. In addition, this network also supports less well-studied comorbidity relationships, such as proteinuria with anemia. A directed comorbidity network accounting for time of reported condition onset suggests that diabetes occurs before cataracts, which is consistent with the canine literature. Analysis of age-stratified networks reveals that global centrality measures increase with age and are the highest in the Senior group compared to the Young Adult and Mature Adult groups. Our results suggest that comorbidity network analysis is a promising method to enhance clinical knowledge and canine healthcare management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lakshin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kate E Creevy
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Jing Ma
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
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4
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Dale FC, Burn CC, Murray J, Casey R. Canine separation-related behaviour at six months of age: Dog, owner and early-life risk factors identified using the 'Generation Pup' longitudinal study. Anim Welf 2024; 33:e60. [PMID: 39703219 PMCID: PMC11655275 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2024.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
Separation-related behaviours (SRBs) in dogs (Canis familiaris) often indicate poor welfare. Understanding SRB risk factors can aid prevention strategies. We investigated whether early-life experiences and dog-owner interactions affect SRB development. Using a longitudinal study, we conducted exploratory analyses of associations between potential risk factors and SRB occurrence in six month old puppies (n = 145). Dogs were less likely to develop SRBs if owners reported that, at ≤ 16 weeks old, puppies were restricted to crates/rooms overnight and had ≥ 9 h of sleep per night. Puppies with poor house-training at ≤ 16 weeks were more likely to show SRBs, as were those trained using dog treats or novel kibble versus other rewards. Puppies whose owners used more punishment/aversive techniques when responding to 'bad' behaviour had increased odds of SRBs at six months versus other puppies. Puppies whose owners reported 'fussing' over their dogs at six months in response to 'bad' behaviour upon their return, versus those whose owners responded in other ways, were six times more likely to display SRBs. Other factors, including dog breed, sex and source, showed no significant association with SRB occurrence. Thus, SRB development might be prevented by enabling sleep for ≥ 9 h in early life, providing enclosed space overnight, refraining from aversive training of puppies generally, and avoiding fussing over puppies in response to unwanted behaviour following separation. These recommendations derive from correlational longitudinal study results, so analysis of interventional data is required for confirmation regarding effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C. Dale
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics, Royal Veterinary College, North MymmsAL9 7TA, UK
| | - Charlotte C. Burn
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics, Royal Veterinary College, North MymmsAL9 7TA, UK
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Kolkmeyer CA, Zambrano Cardona AM, Gansloßer U. Personality Unleashed: Surveying Correlation of Neuter Status and Social Behaviour in Mixed-Breed Male Dogs across Weight Classes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2445. [PMID: 39199978 PMCID: PMC11350830 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the behavioural differences between neutered and intact dogs. A total of 230 questionnaires of neutered (n = 115) and intact (n = 115) mixed-breed male dogs were collected. Small, medium, large, and giant dogs were analysed to investigate a possible influence of body size. The results showed neuters were significantly more stressed than intacts (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.001). In terms of stress by influences (such as separation anxiety and anxiety at car rides), neutered small, medium, and large dogs were more stressed than giant dogs (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.05). Neuters were also found to be more aggressive in general (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) and more aggressive on the walk (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.02). In addition, personality questionnaires revealed significant differences in all characteristics. Neuters were less emotionally calm (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.03), less trainable and less sociable (each multiple ordinal regression, p < 0.001). They also scored lower on extraversion (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.04). These findings highlight the importance of further research into the behavioural effects of neutering dogs, as well as the need for evidence-based guidelines for neutering practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A. Kolkmeyer
- Institut für Zoologie & Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus und Biologiedidaktik, Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Biology, University of Vechta, Driverstrasee 22, 49377 Vechta, Germany
| | - Ana M. Zambrano Cardona
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Udo Gansloßer
- Institut für Zoologie & Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus und Biologiedidaktik, Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Biology, University of Vechta, Driverstrasee 22, 49377 Vechta, Germany
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Kirby-Madden T, Waring CT, Herron M. Effects of Gabapentin on the Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Dogs: A Retrospective Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1462. [PMID: 38791679 PMCID: PMC11117262 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of gabapentin in treating dogs with behavioral disorders is not well described. To characterize behavioral effects of gabapentin, this study surveyed 50 owners whose dogs were prescribed gabapentin at a veterinary behavior-focused practice over a five-year period. Most owners (72%) reported that gabapentin was moderately or very effective at improving their dog's behavior. The majority of owners reported at least one side effect (70%), with sedation being the most common. Sedation was more likely to be seen at doses higher than 30 mg/kg. Specific dose ranges (mg/kg) did not correlate with any other reports of side effects nor effectiveness. Dogs with a diagnosis of conflict-related aggression were more likely to have owners report that gabapentin was effective at improving behavior compared to dogs with other behavioral diagnoses (p = 0.04), while dogs diagnosed with aggression secondary to high arousal were less likely to have owners report that gabapentin was effective (p = 0.01). Overall, reports of effect varied widely and, with the exception of sedation, did not correlate with specific mg/kg dose ranges. Results suggest that some dogs may be more sensitive or resistant to adverse and/or therapeutic effects than others and multiple dosage trials may be needed before finding the best fit.
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7
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Menor-Campos DJ. Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:756. [PMID: 38473141 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The historical relationship between humans and dogs has involved selective breeding for various purposes, such as hunting, guarding, and service roles. However, over time, there has been a shift in preferences from functionality to aesthetics, which has influenced the diverse sizes, shapes, and coats of dog breeds. This review looks at fashionable dog breeding and questions the ethics of prioritising looks over health and behaviour. It aims to alert potential owners, breeders, and regulators to the importance of considering a dog's overall well-being, not just its appearance, which has resulted in fad breeding, leading to genetic disorders, health issues, and a loss of biodiversity. Ethical concerns arise from breeding brachycephalic breeds with respiratory conditions, inbreeding causing inherited disorders, and overbreeding popular breeds while shelter dogs remain unadopted. Additionally, the impact of cosmetic surgeries on popular dog breeds, as well as the neglect of behavioural traits in favour of physical characteristics and strict breeding practices are also considered. The current breeding model can have a negative impact on the emotional and cognitive well-being of dogs, resulting in issues such as aggression, anxiety, and other behavioural problems that can significantly reduce their overall quality of life. Unregulated breeding practices and the demand for rare breeds can lead to illegal breeding, compromising animal welfare. Prospective owners, veterinarians, kennel clubs, and legislators all need to play a responsible role in protecting animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Menor-Campos
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
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Corridan CL, Dawson SE, Mullan S. Potential Benefits of a 'Trauma-Informed Care' Approach to Improve the Assessment and Management of Dogs Presented with Anxiety Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:459. [PMID: 38338102 PMCID: PMC10854685 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dog caregiver reporting on the spectrum of fearful-aggressive behaviours often describes 'unpredictable' or 'exaggerated' responses to a situation/animal/person. A possible explanation for these behavioural responses considers that the dog is reacting to triggered memories for which the dog has a negative association. For many dogs undergoing veterinary behavioural treatment or rehabilitation through a canine rescue organisation, the assessing clinician relies on "proxy" reporting of the history/background by a caregiver (dog owner, foster carer, or shelter personnel). Detailed information on the event or circumstances resulting in this negative association may be limited or absent altogether. Consideration of a trauma-informed care (TIC) approach, currently applied in a wide range of human psychology and social care fields, may be helpful in guiding the clinical approach taken. The literature relating to adverse early experience (AEE) and trauma-informed care (TIC) in puppies/dogs compared to children/adults was evaluated to identify common themes and conclusions identified across both species. In the absence of known/identifiable trauma, behavioural assessment and management should consider that a 'problem' dog may behave as it does, as the result of previous trauma. The dog can then be viewed through a lens of empathy and understanding, often lacking for dogs presenting with impulsive, reactive, or aggressive behaviours. Assessment must avoid re-traumatising the animal through exposure to triggering stimuli and, treatment options should include counselling of caregivers on the impact of adverse early experiences, consideration of the window of tolerance, and TIC behavioural modification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan E. Dawson
- Research Fellow in Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Siobhan Mullan
- Animal Welfare & Ethics, UCD School of Veterinary Science, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
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9
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Amat M, Le Brech S, Manteca X. The Relationship Between Aggression and Physical Disease in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:43-53. [PMID: 37714772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aggression is a very common behavioral problem in dogs. Although aggression can be part of the normal behavior of dogs, medical conditions can either trigger aggression as in the case of intracranial tumors or aggravate an existing aggression problem as it happens with painful conditions. Therefore, it is essential to include an assessment of physical health in the diagnostic protocol of canine aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Amat
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193, Spain.
| | - Susana Le Brech
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193, Spain
| | - Xavier Manteca
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193, Spain
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10
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Francis JM, Mowat FM, Ludwig A, Hicks JM, Pumphrey SA. Quantifying refractive error in companion dogs with and without nuclear sclerosis: 229 eyes from 118 dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:70-78. [PMID: 37986551 PMCID: PMC10842750 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between nuclear sclerosis (NS) and refractive error in companion dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED One hundred and eighteen companion dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were examined and found to be free of significant ocular abnormalities aside from NS. NS was graded from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe) using a scale developed by the investigators. Manual refraction was performed. The effect of NS grade on refractive error was measured using a linear mixed effects analysis adjusted for age. The proportion of eyes with >1.5 D myopia in each NS grade was evaluated using a chi-square test. Visual impairment score (VIS) was obtained for a subset of dogs and compared against age, refractive error, and NS grade. RESULTS Age was strongly correlated with NS grade (p < .0001). Age-adjusted analysis of NS grade relative to refraction showed a mild but not statistically significant increase in myopia with increasing NS grade, with eyes with grade 3 NS averaging 0.58-0.88 D greater myopia than eyes without NS. However, the myopia of >1.5 D was documented in 4/58 (6.9%) eyes with grade 0 NS, 12/91 (13.2%) eyes with grade 1 NS, 13/57 (22.8%) eyes with grade 2 NS, and 7/23 (30.4%) eyes with grade 3 NS. Risk of myopia >1.5 D was significantly associated with increasing NS grade (p = .02). VIS was associated weakly with refractive error, moderately with age, and significantly with NS grade. CONCLUSIONS NS is associated with visual deficits in some dogs but is only weakly associated with myopia. More work is needed to characterize vision in aging dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle M Francis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Freya M Mowat
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison Ludwig
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Hicks
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dr. Francis's current address is Animal Eye Clinic, Matthews, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie A Pumphrey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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Kujala MV, Imponen N, Pirkkala A, Silfverberg T, Parviainen T, Tiira K, Kiuru N. Modulation of dog-owner relationship and dog social and cognitive behavior by owner temperament and dog breed group. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14739. [PMID: 37679427 PMCID: PMC10484941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As companion dogs spend most of their lives with humans, the human-dog relationship and owner temperament may affect the dog behavior. In this study (n = 440), we investigated the relationship between the dog owner temperament (ATQ-R), owner-perceived dog-owner relationship (MDORS) and the dog behavior in three behavioral tests: the object-choice test, the unsolvable task, and the cylinder test. Dog owner temperament influenced the dog-owner relationship. Owners with high negative affectivity showed higher emotional closeness and perceived costs of their dog, whereas owners with high effortful control showed lower emotional closeness and perceived costs. Higher dog activity during the behavioral tests was also connected with owner-perceived lower emotional closeness. Furthermore, dog breed group modulated the connection between the owner temperament and dog behavior. Owner's high negative affectivity correlated with herding dogs' lower scores in the object choice test, while the behavior of primitive type dogs was unaffected by the owner temperament. Our results confirm that human characteristics are associated with the owner-reported dog-owner relationship, and owner temperament may have a modulatory effect on the dog social and cognitive behavior depending on the dog breed group, which should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miiamaaria V Kujala
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, PO BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO BOX 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Noora Imponen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, PO BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aino Pirkkala
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, PO BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiia Silfverberg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, PO BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, PO BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katriina Tiira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO BOX 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- SmartDOG, Pietilänkatu 5, 11130, Riihimäki, Finland
| | - Noona Kiuru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, PO BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Novack LI, Schnell-Peskin L, Feuerbacher E, Fernandez EJ. The Science and Social Validity of Companion Animal Welfare: Functionally Defined Parameters in a Multidisciplinary Field. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1850. [PMID: 37889767 PMCID: PMC10251938 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Social validity refers to the social significance and acceptability of intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes. Animal practitioners, who are often guided by the principles of ABA, lack the benefit of verbal participants (at least with respect to target animals) with which to assess a client's needs and preferences. The study of a learner's welfare is useful for determining areas where intervention is needed or how the learner feels about an intervention that is underway. Three tenets of animal welfare measurement include physiological function, naturalistic behavior, and affect, where affect refers to private events, including emotions, which are a function of the same variables and contingencies responsible for controlling public behavior. The development of new technologies allows us to look "under the skin" and account for subjective experiences that can now be observed objectively. We introduce the reader to tools available from the animal welfare sciences for the objective measurement of social validity from the learner's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren I. Novack
- Department of Special Education, Hunter College, New York, NY 10022, USA;
| | | | - Erica Feuerbacher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;
| | - Eduardo J. Fernandez
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
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13
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Engdahl KS, Brodbelt DC, Cameron C, Church DB, Hedhammar Å, O'Neill DG. Demography and disorders of English Cocker Spaniels under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Med Genet 2023; 10:4. [PMID: 37202773 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-023-00128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The English Cocker Spaniel (ECS) is a common family dog in the UK. This study aimed to describe demography, morbidity, and mortality in ECS under primary veterinary care in the UK during 2016 using data from the VetCompass™ Programme. This study hypothesised that the prevalence of aggression is higher in male than female ECS, and higher in solid-coloured than bi-coloured ECS. RESULTS English Cocker Spaniels comprised 10,313/336,865 (3.06%) of dogs under primary veterinary care during 2016. The median age was 4.57 years (inter-quartile range (IQR) 2.25-8.01) and the median adult bodyweight was 15.05 kg (IQR 13.12-17.35). The annual proportional birth rate was relatively stable between 2.97-3.51% from 2005-2016. The most common specific diagnoses were periodontal disease (n = 486, prevalence 20.97%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 19.31-22.62), otitis externa (n = 234, 10.09%, 95% CI: 8.87-11.32), obesity (n = 229, 9.88%, 95% CI: 8.66-11.09), anal sac impaction (n = 187, 8.07%, 95% CI: 6.96-9.18), diarrhoea (n = 113, 4.87%, 95% CI: 4.00-5.75), and aggression (n = 93, 4.01%, 95% CI: 3.21-4.81). The prevalence of aggression was higher in males (4.95%) than in females (2.87%) (P = 0.015) and in solid-coloured (7.00%) than in bi-coloured dogs (3.66%) (P = 0.010). The median age at death was 11.44 years (IQR 9.46-13.47) and the most common grouped causes of death were neoplasia (n = 10, 9.26%, 95% CI: 3.79-14.73), mass-associated disorders (n = 9, 8.33%, 95% CI: 4.45-15.08), and collapse (n = 8, 7.41%, 95% CI: 3.80-13.94). CONCLUSIONS Periodontal disease, otitis externa, and obesity are identified as the most common health issues for ECS, and neoplasia and mass-associated disorders as the most common reasons for death. The prevalence of aggression was higher in males and solid-coloured dogs. The results can aid veterinarians in giving evidence-based health and breed choice information to dog owners and highlights the importance of thorough oral examination and body condition score evaluation during routine veterinary examination of ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina S Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Carla Cameron
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Åke Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
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14
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Boonhoh W, Wongtawan T, Sriphavatsarakom P, Waran N, Boonkaewwan C. Factors associated with pet dog behavior in Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:957-964. [PMID: 37576765 PMCID: PMC10420710 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.957-964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Dog behavior problems pose serious public health and economic and animal welfare concerns. There are many factors influencing dog behavior. This study aims to explore factors associated with pet dog behavior in Thailand using the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ). Materials and Methods The Thai version of the C-BARQ was validated in 2022. The online C-BARQ survey (Google Forms) was advertised and distributed on social media for 3 months. There were a total of 1827 respondents to the survey. The relationship among 12 subscales and variables was analyzed using Spearman's correlation. Results "Excitability," "attachment- and attention-seeking," and "chasing" were the three most reported behavior problems. "Trainability," a favored dog behavior, also had a high score in the study. These behaviors were associated with the owner's age, house type, the dog's historical background, the number of dogs and the presence of other species in the household, the dog's training, diet types, and the daily number of meals. The lowest mean score was for "owner-directed aggression," and it was associated with the dog's gender and size, the number of dogs and the presence of other species in the household, the dog's training, and the number of daily meals. Conclusion This is the first empirical study demonstrating factors related to dog behavior in Thailand. It provides an in-depth understanding of the prevalence and factors associated with Thai pet dog behavior and important knowledge for further studies to advocate for dog-human relationships and contribute to a reduction in dog abandonment in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worakan Boonhoh
- College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Small Animal Research Group, Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Small Animal Research Group, Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Prarom Sriphavatsarakom
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Natalie Waran
- Faculty of Education, Humanities and Health Science, Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke’s Bay, 4142, New Zealand
| | - Chaiwat Boonkaewwan
- College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Small Animal Research Group, Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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15
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Russo A, Dowling-Guyer S, McCobb E. Community Programming for Companion Dog Retention: A Survey of Animal Welfare Organizations. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:117-131. [PMID: 33530720 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2020.1869551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal sheltering organizations in the United States offer programs to support dog ownership, yet little is known about what has been implemented across the U.S. In order to systematically examine factors sheltering organizations believe contribute to canine relinquishment and identify what programs they employ to address relinquishment in their communities, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey of U.S. animal sheltering organizations. In total, 111 participants from organizations serving dogs completed the organizational survey. Organizations believed a lack of access to affordable veterinary and behavioral services as well as affordable pet-friendly housing were common reasons for dog relinquishment. Most organizations offered at least one program to address relinquishment such as behavior helplines, pet food banks, and veterinary care. Reasons for discontinuing a program or not being able offer a program that was desired included lack of staff and other resources. Given limited resources, animal welfare organizations should strategically develop programs for their individual communities and actively work to partner with the veterinary and the canine behavior profession to provide necessary medical and behavioral resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Russo
- Center for Animals and Public Policy, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Seana Dowling-Guyer
- Center for Shelter Dogs, Center for Animals and Public Policy, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Emily McCobb
- Center for Shelter Dogs, Center for Animals and Public Policy, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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16
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Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the behavior and physical health of dogs in Rio de Janeiro state: Reflections on the quality of life of dogs and their owners. J Vet Behav 2023; 60:37-43. [PMID: 36531836 PMCID: PMC9741960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic changed the routines of people, consequently changing the daily lives of their pets. Behavioral and emotional changes caused by the stress resulting from restrictions of social isolation and their consequences in the human-animal relationship have been discussed. However, there are still no studies that identify the factors that affect behavior and which are the most susceptible groups. The purpose of this study is to identify behavioral and emotional changes on dogs during the COVID-19 pandemic and their effects on the quality of life of animals and their owners. The methodology used was online questionnaires, which were posted on social networks aimed to dog owners in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The results showed that age, sex, dog size, type of home, and restrictions imposed differently affected the type of behavioral change. However, the most frequent type of change was the worsening of previous conditions. Neutered behaviors directly interfered in the lives of owners and their pets, as owners managed the situation and sought information without guidance from a veterinarian, with the possibly consequence of worsening the situation in the future. Veterinarians should actively investigate behavioral changes that have occurred through anamnesis to avoid abandonment and instability in the human-animal relationship.
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17
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McGuire B, Jean-Baptiste K. Demographic characteristics of shelter dogs predict performance on tests of a behavioral evaluation and overall performance predicts adoption success. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Bochiș TA, Imre K, Marc S, Vaduva C, Florea T, Dégi J, Voia OS, Pop C, Ţibru I. The Variation of Serotonin Values in Dogs in Different Environmental Conditions. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100523. [PMID: 36288136 PMCID: PMC9607218 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The multiple implications of serotonin in behavior manifestations have shaped the goal of the present study, which was to evaluate the variation of serum serotonin levels in different experimental groups of dogs to establish whether serum serotonin levels could serve as indicators of aggressive behavior, especially when adoption is considered. The experimental groups were divided into three variants: Variant 1—two groups of medium (n = 6) and small (n = 4) breed shelter dogs; Variant 2—dogs with owners (n = 15) and dogs without owners but in foster care (n = 10), after administration of pre-spaying/neutering anesthesia; and Variant 3—dogs in different behavioral states (n = 8), classified as follows: M1—happy, M2—aggressive, M3—calmed status, post-exposure to a stressful situation, compared to the reference time referred to as M0. Significant results were found between M1 and M2 (p ≤ 0.05, decrease of serotonin by 89.61 ng/mL), as well as between M2 and M3 (p ≤ 0.008, increase by 112.78 ng/mL). Following anesthesia, the average mean serotonin values were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.003), by 63.85 ng/mL, in stray dogs compared to dogs with owners, leading to a presumptive conclusion that serotonin levels could serve as indicators for potentially aggressive behaviors. Abstract Serotonin is considered to be the neurotransmitter that controls several types of behavior: aggressiveness, impulsivity, food selection, stimulation, sexual behavior, reaction to pain, and emotional manifestations. The aim of this study was to determine the serotonin values in 43 dogs, divided into three different experimental variants: (1) between two groups of medium (n = 6) and small (n = 4) breed shelter dogs; (2) in dogs with (n = 15) and without (n = 10) owners after administration of pre-spaying/neutering anesthesia; (3) in different behavioral states (n = 8) classified as follows: M1—happy, M2—aggressive, M3—calmed status, post-exposure to a stressful situation, compared to the reference time referred to as M0. There were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) regarding the serotonin values between the two groups of medium and small breed shelter dogs. Following anesthesia, the average mean serotonin values were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.003), by 63.85 ng/mL, in stray dogs compared to dogs with owners. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) were found when comparing the reference time M0 to M1, M2, and M3. The differences decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), by 89.61 ng/mL, between M1 and M2 and increased significantly (p ≤ 0.008), by 112.78 ng/mL, between M2 and M3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Andrea Bochiș
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.A.B.); (O.S.V.)
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Simona Marc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Vaduva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Tiana Florea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
| | - János Dégi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Octavian Sorin Voia
- Faculty of Animal Resources Bioengineering, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.A.B.); (O.S.V.)
| | - Călin Pop
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Ţibru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timișoara, Romania
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Collins K, Miller K, Zverina L, Patterson-Kane E, Cussen V, Reid P. Behavioral rehabilitation of extremely fearful dogs: Report on the efficacy of a treatment protocol. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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20
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McAuliffe LR, Koch CS, Serpell J, Campbell KL. Associations Between Atopic Dermatitis and Anxiety, Aggression, and Fear-Based Behaviors in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:161-167. [PMID: 35793484 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine if anxiety, aggression, and fear-related behaviors are more common in pruritic dogs with atopic dermatitis than nonpruritic, healthy dogs. One hundred forty-one pruritic dogs >1 yr of age with a clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and a >3 mo history of pruritus were recruited. Dog owners completed a behavioral survey (canine behavioral assessment and research questionnaire) and a pruritus scale (pruritus visual analog scale). Pruritic, atopic dogs showed significant increases in fear- and anxiety-related behaviors as well as aggression compared with a large control group of healthy dogs. Stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, familiar-dog aggression, dog-directed fear, nonsocial fear, touch sensitivity, excitability, and attention-seeking behaviors were all increased in the study group. Trainability was decreased in the study group. Chronically pruritic dogs experience fear and anxiety and are more likely to display aggression. This is an important welfare issue for these animals. Early recognition of the behavioral derangements that can be associated with chronic pruritic skin disease could allow early intervention with a multidisciplinary approach for these patients, thus improving patient and owner quality of life and long-term treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R McAuliffe
- From the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, Wentzville, Missouri (L.R.M., K.L.C.)
| | - Colleen S Koch
- From the Lincoln Land Animal Clinic Ltd., Jacksonville, Illinois (C.S.K.)
| | - James Serpell
- From the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (J.S.)
| | - Karen L Campbell
- From the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, Wentzville, Missouri (L.R.M., K.L.C.)
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21
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Reid PJ, Cussen VA, Kristen Collins L, Lockwood R. The Utility of Model Dogs for Assessing Conspecific Aggression in Fighting Dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Patronek GJ, Bradley J, Arps E. Saving normal: A new look at behavioral incompatibilities and dog relinquishment to shelters. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Kaur J, Seshadri S, Golla KH, Sampara P. Efficacy and Safety of Standardized Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on reducing stress and anxiety in domestic dogs: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Case Distribution, Sources, and Breeds of Dogs Presenting to a Veterinary Behavior Clinic in the United States from 1997 to 2017. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050576. [PMID: 35268145 PMCID: PMC8909650 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective case study was to evaluate trends over time in case distribution, sources, and breeds of dogs presenting to the behavioral medicine service at a veterinary college referral hospital in the United States. For case distribution and sources, the available records from the behavior service (n = 1923) from 1997 to 2017 were evaluated. Breeds of dogs presenting to all services (n = 51,052) were compared to behavior cases (n = 822) from 2007 to 2016. Over twenty years, 72.2% of dogs presented for aggression, 20.1% for anxieties/fears/phobias, and 7.4% for miscellaneous behavioral problems. Dogs acquired from breeders decreased and dogs from shelters, rescues, or adopted as a stray increased over twenty years (p < 0.0001). The Herding (p = 0.0124) and Terrier (p < 0.0001) groups were overrepresented for behavior problems as compared to all other services over ten years. Variations in terminology and diagnostic approach made comparisons with earlier studies difficult, which underscores a need for a more consistent methodology in veterinary behavioral medicine. Understanding trends in sources of dogs could direct resources aimed at guiding owners when acquiring a pet dog and preventing behavioral problems. Findings related to breeds could help guide research focused on the genetic contributions to behavior.
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25
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Salonen M, Mikkola S, Hakanen E, Sulkama S, Puurunen J, Lohi H. Personality traits associate with behavioral problems in pet dogs. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:78. [PMID: 35197456 PMCID: PMC8866408 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits, especially neuroticism, strongly predict psychopathology. The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) is used as a natural model for psychiatric disorders, but the similarity between dog and human personality and the association between dog personality and unwanted behavioral traits, such as fearfulness, aggressiveness, and impulsivity/inattention, remain unknown. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) with survey data of 11,360 dogs to examine the associations and correlations between seven personality and ten unwanted behavioral traits. Personality traits included insecurity, energy, training focus, aggressiveness/dominance, human sociability, dog sociability, and perseverance. Unwanted behavioral traits included fearfulness, noise sensitivity, fear of surfaces/heights, separation anxiety, barking, stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, dog-directed aggression, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and inattention. We first fitted confirmatory factor models for the unwanted behavioral traits and the best model grouped unwanted behaviors into four latent traits: fear-related behavior, fear-aggression, aggression, and impulsivity/inattention and used this structure in the subsequent SEM model. Especially, insecurity, which resembles the human neuroticism trait, was strongly associated with unwanted behavior, paralleling the association between neuroticism and psychopathology. Similarly, training focus, resembling conscientiousness, was negatively related to impulsivity/inattention, and aggressiveness/dominance was associated with aggressive behaviors, resembling associations of conscientiousness and agreeableness with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and aggression-related psychopathology, respectively. These results indicate that dog personality traits resemble human personality traits, suggesting that their neurological and genetic basis may also be similar and making the dog a suitable animal model for human behavior and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Salonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Salla Mikkola
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Hakanen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Sulkama
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Puurunen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Zapata I, Lilly ML, Herron ME, Serpell JA, Alvarez CE. Genetic testing of dogs predicts problem behaviors in clinical and nonclinical samples. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:102. [PMID: 35130840 PMCID: PMC8819838 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known about the etiology of personality and psychiatric disorders. Because the core neurobiology of many such traits is evolutionarily conserved, dogs present a powerful model. We previously reported genome scans of breed averages of ten traits related to fear, anxiety, aggression and social behavior in multiple cohorts of pedigree dogs. As a second phase of that discovery, here we tested the ability of markers at 13 of those loci to predict canine behavior in a community sample of 397 pedigree and mixed-breed dogs with individual-level genotype and phenotype data. RESULTS We found support for all markers and loci. By including 122 dogs with veterinary behavioral diagnoses in our cohort, we were able to identify eight loci associated with those diagnoses. Logistic regression models showed subsets of those loci could predict behavioral diagnoses. We corroborated our previous findings that small body size is associated with many problem behaviors and large body size is associated with increased trainability. Children in the home were associated with anxiety traits; illness and other animals in the home with coprophagia; working-dog status with increased energy and separation-related problems; and competitive dogs with increased aggression directed at familiar dogs, but reduced fear directed at humans and unfamiliar dogs. Compared to other dogs, Pit Bull-type dogs were not defined by a set of our markers and were not more aggressive; but they were strongly associated with pulling on the leash. Using severity-threshold models, Pit Bull-type dogs showed reduced risk of owner-directed aggression (75th quantile) and increased risk of dog-directed fear (95th quantile). CONCLUSIONS Our association analysis in a community sample of pedigree and mixed-breed dogs supports the interbreed mapping. The modeling shows some markers are predictive of behavioral diagnoses. Our findings have broad utility, including for clinical and breeding purposes, but we caution that thorough understanding is necessary for their interpretation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isain Zapata
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, 80134, USA.
| | - M Leanne Lilly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Meghan E Herron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - James A Serpell
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carlos E Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Veterinary drug therapies used for undesirable behaviours in UK dogs under primary veterinary care. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261139. [PMID: 35020726 PMCID: PMC8754320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Undesirable behaviours (UBs) in dogs are common and important issues with serious potential welfare consequences for both the dogs and their owners. This study aimed to investigate the usage of drug therapy for UBs in dogs and assess demographic risk factors for drug-prescribed UBs within the dog population under primary-care veterinary care in the UK in 2013. Dogs receiving drug therapy for UB were identified through the retrospective analysis of anonymised electronic patient records in VetCompass™. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling. The study population comprised 103,597 dogs under veterinary care in the UK during 2013. There were 413 drug-prescribed UBs recorded among 404 dogs. The prevalence of dogs with at least one UB event treated with a drug in 2013 was 0.4%. Multivariable modelling identified 3 breeds with increased odds of drug-prescribed UB compared with crossbred dogs: Toy Poodle (OR 2.75), Tibetan Terrier (OR 2.68) and Shih-tzu (OR 1.95). Increasing age was associated with increased odds of drug-prescribed UB, with dogs ≥ 12 years showing 3.1 times the odds compared with dogs < 3 years. Neutered males (OR 1.82) and entire males (OR 1.50) had increased odds compared with entire females. The relatively low prevalence of dogs with at least one UB event that was treated with a drug in 2013 could suggest that opportunities for useful psychopharmaceutical intervention in UBs may be being missed in first opinion veterinary practice. While bodyweight was not a significant factor, the 3 individual breeds at higher odds of an UB treated with a behaviour modifying drug all have a relatively low average bodyweight. The current results also support previous research of a male predisposition to UBs and it is possible that this higher risk resulted in the increased likelihood of being prescribed a behaviour modifying drug, regardless of neuter status.
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28
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Pankratz K, Korman J, Emke C, Johnson B, Griffith EH, Gruen ME. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of the Assisi Anti-anxiety Device (Calmer Canine) for the Treatment of Canine Separation Anxiety. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:775092. [PMID: 34988140 PMCID: PMC8720769 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.775092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Separation anxiety (SA) is among the most common canine behavior disorders and affects quality-of-life for dogs and their owners. Dogs with SA show signs of anxiety during absence or perceived absence of their owners. While psychoactive medications are often helpful for treating SA, dog and human factors may limit their utility. This study explored the efficacy of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) device for treatment of canine SA. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study, a screening questionnaire and baseline video confirmed the diagnosis of SA. Owners treated their dog with the device twice daily for 6 weeks, completed weekly questionnaires, and noted adverse events. Videos were taken of the dog while alone at weeks 4 and 6. Behaviors were coded and categorized as negative and positive. Questionnaire and video data at weeks 4 and 6 were compared to baseline. Results: Forty client-owned dogs with moderate to severe SA completed the study. There were no differences between groups for age, weight, or sex. In owner questionnaires, no difference in behavior or overall score was found between the active and sham groups (p > 0.05). Videos of the active group compared to the sham group showed significant reduction in negative behaviors by week 6 (p = 0.036) and higher percentage of success at week 4 (Z = 2.83, p = 0.005), at week 6 (Z = 1.65, p = 0.098), and across the full study (Z = 1.99, p = 0.047). Adverse events were reported in eight dogs (6 active, 2 sham); all resolved and were unlikely to be related to treatment. Discussion: This study supports the efficacy and safety of this PEMF device for treatment of SA in dogs. Questionnaire results may not be sensitive enough to detect subtle negative behavioral states compared to video, and may not capture other owner observed behavioral changes. A caregiver placebo effect may account for some improvement seen in both groups. Video data appear better for diagnosis and monitoring dog's behavior when left alone. Future studies should assess PEMF's impact on other anxieties or combination of anxiety disorders in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Pankratz
- Behavioral Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Judy Korman
- Assisi Animal Health, Northvale, NJ, United States
| | - Carrie Emke
- Clinical Studies Core, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Brianna Johnson
- Clinical Studies Core, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Emily H Griffith
- Department of Statistics, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Behavioral Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Behavioral Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Meneses T, Robinson J, Rose J, Vernick J, Overall KL. Review of epidemiological, pathological, genetic, and epigenetic factors that may contribute to the development of separation anxiety in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1118-1129. [PMID: 34727077 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.08.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Meneses T, Robinson J, Rose J, Vernick J, Overall KL. Development of and pharmacological treatment options and future research opportunities for separation anxiety in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1130-1139. [PMID: 34727079 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Objective Video-Based Assessment of ADHD-Like Canine Behavior Using Machine Learning. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102806. [PMID: 34679828 PMCID: PMC8532741 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper applies machine learning techniques to propose an objective video-based method for assessing the degree of canine ADHD-like behavior in veterinary consultation room. The method is evaluated using clinical data of dog patients in a veterinary clinic, as well as in a focus group of experts. Abstract Canine ADHD-like behavior is a behavioral problem that often compromises dogs’ well-being, as well as the quality of life of their owners; early diagnosis and clinical intervention are often critical for successful treatment, which usually involves medication and/or behavioral modification. Diagnosis mainly relies on owner reports and some assessment scales, which are subject to subjectivity. This study is the first to propose an objective method for automated assessment of ADHD-like behavior based on video taken in a consultation room. We trained a machine learning classifier to differentiate between dogs clinically treated in the context of ADHD-like behavior and health control group with 81% accuracy; we then used its output to score the degree of exhibited ADHD-like behavior. In a preliminary evaluation in clinical context, in 8 out of 11 patients receiving medical treatment to treat excessive ADHD-like behavior, H-score was reduced. We further discuss the potential applications of the provided artifacts in clinical settings, based on feedback on H-score received from a focus group of four behavior experts.
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Marx A, Lenkei R, Pérez Fraga P, Wallis L, Kubinyi E, Faragó T. Age-dependent changes in dogs’ (Canis familiaris) separation-related behaviours in a longitudinal study. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, assessing the effect of a nutraceutical tablet in the management of stress in pet dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rametta N, Perfetto B, Castro Z, Campbell K, Tyler E, Pozo P, Thigpen AP, Corrigan AM, Hart BL, Hart LA. Introducing Clinical Behavioral Medicine to Veterinary Students with Real Clients and Pets: A Required Class Activity and an Optional Workshop. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 48:417-426. [PMID: 32758093 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Addressing behavior problems in clinical practice requires diagnostic expertise as well as excellent client skills in communication, gained by experience. This issue was addressed by introducing clinical behavior to first-year veterinary students. The program was implemented over four successive terms (2017-2019) at St. George's University School of Veterinary Medicine. The clinical practice hour was introduced after a brief first-year clinical behavior course (7 lectures). Students were divided into 6-8 person teams. In a class demonstration with a student and his/her dog having behavior problems, two students served as clinicians; a third student, as a scribe, recorded case details. They discussed signalment, history, presenting problems, and possible treatment approaches for 25 minutes; then, the class divided into the assigned teams to develop their specific treatment plans and write up and submit team case reports. During each term, the student Animal Welfare and Behavior Committee organized an optional behavior workshop (enrollment was 24 veterinary students from years 1 through 3). Participation in the workshop included an introductory session and two clinical sessions. Four dog and/or cat cases were scheduled for each of the two sessions. Six students addressed each case: three students were lead clinicians. Workshop evenings concluded with a discussion of all cases. Students were presented a certificate of completion. Students gained early experience in clinical communication, behavior problems, and case write-ups. The abundance of students' pets with behavior problems made this a context that simplified recruiting real cases, but variations could be adapted as appropriate in other communities.
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Overall KL. Pharmacotherapeutics in clinical ethology: treatment efficacy, clinical pathology and outcome. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of psychopharmaceutical agents is a core aspect of treatment in veterinary behavioural medicine. Psychotropic medication use has shifted the focus of treatment from purely behavioural and environmental interventions to a multi-modal approach. Objective measures of efficacy are required for the licensing of medication. Pharmacotherapeutics have come to encompass supplements and diets, in addition to prescription medications. The first part of this paper examines the efficacy of medications, supplements and diets used in behavioural medicine. Foci include the role of evolution in the types of behavioural concerns reported, the importance of defining abnormal or pathological behaviour, use of terminology that supports stratified mechanistic diagnoses aid in understanding presentation and response clusters, and rational use of medication to relieve emotional, mental and behavioural suffering, given these diagnoses and clusters. The second part of this paper examines the extent to which variation in patient response to medication can enlighten us about mechanisms and outcomes of distress using a series of 3 patient populations who are the focus of studies on separation anxiety and noise reactivity. This response surface approach can be useful for understanding differences in populations in susceptibility to behavioural pathology and in medication response, and may suggest new avenues for drug development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Overall
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, UPEI, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada C1A 4P3
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van Herwijnen I. Educating dog owners: how owner–dog interactions can benefit from addressing the human caregiving system and dog-directed parenting styles. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dogs need to adapt to a human environment to enhance their welfare and to avoid risks of undesired dog behaviour and relinquishment. Crucial to this adaptation may be how an owner interacts with the dog. Owner–dog interactions may be influenced by the human caregiving system with regard to how care, protection and resources are provided. This narrative review discusses how a consideration of the human caregiving system can benefit owner–dog interactions. Literature suggests that the human caregiving system and parenting styles could influence owner–dog interactions. Owner–dog education may improve these interactions. However, studies on owner–dog education present mixed outcomes for the dog. Also, only a few studies address owner outcomes, indicating a gap that needs filling. It is concluded that, when intervening in owner–dog interactions, more attention should be directed to aspects of human psychology. Dog-directed parenting styles can form one strategy as to improve owner–dog interactions and dog welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.R. van Herwijnen
- Royal Association for the Protection of Dogs in The Netherlands, Valkenboslaan 115, 2563 CJ The Hague, The Netherlands
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Mortality Resulting from Undesirable Behaviours in Dogs Aged Three Years and under Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in Australia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020493. [PMID: 33668532 PMCID: PMC7918417 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is increasing evidence that undesirable behaviours (UBs) in dogs can compromise the welfare of both canine companions and their associated humans. Indeed, in a recent UK study of patient records from primary-care veterinary practices, UBs emerged as the predominant cause for mortality in young dogs. The current companion study of dogs attending veterinary practices in Australia from 2013 to 2018 reports a comparable proportion of mortality (29.7%) due to UBs among dogs aged three years and under. The most commonly reported UB was aggression. Neutered dogs and purebred dogs (and specifically Australian Cattle Dogs and American Staffordshire terriers) had an elevated risk of death ascribed to at least one UB. The risk factors associated with these UBs are also reported, including interventions applied by the attending clinician (if any). The results highlight the influence of UBs on dog welfare in Australia, and infer the benefits of educating dog owners and veterinary professionals in modifying and managing UBs. Abstract There is increasing evidence that undesirable behaviours (UBs) in dogs can compromise the welfare of both canine companions and their carers. Veterinarians are regularly consulted about affected animals and may be asked to euthanase the more severely affected individuals. A recent study of veterinary records showed that UBs were the predominant cause of mortality in young dogs in the UK. This companion study from Australia reports the proportion of mortality due to UBs among dogs aged three years and under that attended veterinary practices from 2013 to 2018. Deidentified patient records were extracted from the VetCompass Australia database and manually assessed to reveal the prevalence and type of UBs reported. The results reveal that 29.7% of the 4341 dogs that died at three years of age or under had deaths ascribed to at least one UB, and that the most commonly reported UB was aggression. Neutered dogs had 2.5× the odds of death due to an UB compared to intact dogs, and crossbred dogs were found to have 1.43× the odds of a UB related death compared to purebred dogs. The breeds at highest risk were Australian cattle dogs (odds ratio (OR) 4.77) and American Staffordshire terriers (OR 4.69). The attending veterinarian referred behaviour cases to a behaviourist or dog trainer in 11.0% of all UB cases, and attempted pharmacological therapy in 5.9% of cases. The results reveal how often UBs affect dogs and their owners in Australia, and infer the beneficial impact that educating dog owners and veterinary professionals in modifying and managing UBs may have.
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Lord MS, Casey RA, Kinsman RH, Tasker S, Knowles TG, Da Costa RE, Woodward JL, Murray JK. Owner perception of problem behaviours in dogs aged 6 and 9-months. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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McClanahan K, Rosell F. Conspecific recognition of pedal scent in domestic dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17837. [PMID: 33082433 PMCID: PMC7576167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivores rely heavily on scent to communicate with conspecifics. Scent glands located on the underside of the feet provide an especially efficient way of leaving a scent trail. Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are well-known for their olfactory abilities and scent marking behaviours, their use of pedal scent for communication remains unknown. We studied the reaction of intact dogs of both sexes to male and female pedal scent as well as a control sample of scent taken from the ground, using sniffing time and nostril usage as an indicator of interest level and emotional valence. In male subjects, only the sniffing duration for other males differed from the control samples, with no clear difference detected between male and female scent. Females showed no difference in the sniffing duration for any sample type. Conversely, male nostril use did not differ between the sample types, whereas females demonstrated a right nostril bias when sniffing the scent from other females and a left nostril bias when sniffing the control. We have shown that dogs recognize scent taken from the pedal glands from other dogs, although the extent to which they use this information to determine the sex of the scent depositor remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari McClanahan
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø in Telemark, Norway
| | - Frank Rosell
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Bø in Telemark, Norway.
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Didehban N, Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Avizeh R, Mosallanejad B. Problematic behaviors in companion dogs: A survey of their prevalence and associated factors. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hunter T, van Rooy D, McArthur M, Bennett S, Tuke J, Hazel S. Mental Health Disease or Preventable Problem? Australian Dog Trainers' Opinions about Canine Separation Anxiety Differ with Training Style. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081393. [PMID: 32796592 PMCID: PMC7459922 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Separation anxiety is common. Many dog owners do not seek help from a veterinarian but might consult a trainer. The objective of this study was to investigate Australian trainers' opinions about separation anxiety. An online survey was distributed via training organisations, resulting in 63 completed surveys. Descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact tests were applied. Respondents were grouped into reward-based (n = 41) and balanced (n = 22) trainers. Most trainers (82.5%) used multiple methods to identify separation anxiety but only 7.9% referred to a veterinarian for diagnosis. Reward-based trainers ranked assistance from a veterinarian and owner's willingness to try medication as more important than balanced trainers (p < 0.05). More balanced trainers reported that medication was rarely necessary in the cases they saw: 50% balanced compared with 4.9% reward-based trainers, with 95% CIs of [28.2, 71.8] and [0.6, 16.5], respectively. Almost all (95.5%) balanced trainers believed separation anxiety was preventable compared with 52.6% of reward-based trainers (p < 0.05). We conclude that opinions about separation anxiety varied between reward-based and balanced trainers. Trainers are not taught, expected, or legally allowed to diagnose anxiety disorders. This study showed that balanced trainers were less likely to recommend involvement of veterinarians who can make a diagnosis and rule out other causes of observed behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trepheena Hunter
- Wild Things Veterinary Behaviour Services, Rosanna, VIC 3084, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Diane van Rooy
- Dog and Cat Behaviour Consultations, Sunbury, VIC 3429, Australia;
| | - Michelle McArthur
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (M.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Sara Bennett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Jonathan Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Susan Hazel
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (M.M.); (S.H.)
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Abstract
There is now a large body of research in veterinary behavioral medicine that is clinically relevant and could enrich patients' and practitioners' lives. Too often, however, this research is published in journals that may not be readily available to veterinarians in private practice. Four important topics in the area of veterinary behavioral medicine for which belief has not kept pace with the published data are the unmet need for behavioral medicine in veterinary practice, the veterinary experience as a contributor to fear and distress in dogs and cats, social signaling in dogs and the ongoing "dominance" debate, and punishment as an intervention to change behavior. The present article seeks to provide a critical overview of recent research that is shifting existing paradigms on these topics and should alter the way veterinarians observe and care for patients.
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Clay L, Paterson M, Bennett P, Perry G, Rohlf V, Phillips CJ. In defense of canine behavioral assessments in shelters: Outlining their positive applications. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Feltes ESM, Stull JW, Herron ME, Haug LI. Characteristics of intrahousehold interdog aggression and dog and pair factors associated with a poor outcome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:349-361. [PMID: 31961268 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.3.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe characteristics of intrahousehold interdog aggression (IDA) and dog and pair factors associated with a poor outcome (permanent separation, rehoming, or euthanasia of dogs). ANIMALS 305 pairs of dogs (610 dogs) with IDA. PROCEDURES The record database of a referral veterinary behavioral clinic was searched to identify pairs of dogs that were evaluated for IDA (IDA pairs) between September 2007 and September 2016. A standardized form was used to extract data for each IDA pair, including signalment and acquisition order of both dogs, history of IDA, behavioral interventions implemented, and outcome. Descriptive data were generated. Univariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with a poor outcome. RESULTS Most IDA pairs included at least 1 female dog (214/305 [70%]) and dogs of the same sex (188/305 [61.6%]). Resource guarding was the most common fight trigger (222/305 [72.8%]). Possessive aggression (guarding of physical resources) was the most common comorbidity for individual dogs (216/610 [35.4%]). The aggressor was acquired after the recipient in 181 of 305 (59.3%) pairs. Aggressors were a mean of 16 months younger and 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) heavier than recipients. Factors associated with a poor outcome included pairs of the same sex, history of bites that broke the skin, and aggression on sight of the recipient. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that behavior intervention should be provided quickly for IDA pairs with a history of bites that break the skin or uninhibited attacks on sight owing to the high risk for a poor outcome. Owners should be advised to avoid same-sex pairs during preadoption counseling.
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Roulaux PEM, van Herwijnen IR, Beerda B. Self-reports of Dutch dog owners on received professional advice, their opinions on castration and behavioural reasons for castrating male dogs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234917. [PMID: 32569273 PMCID: PMC7307733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Male dogs are often castrated based on the thought that it facilitates well-behavedness. However, the causal evidence for this from prospective studies lacks and the existing associative studies present mixed results depending on the studied behaviours. We aimed to gain insight into possible factors driving an owner's decision to castrate their male dog, through a quantitative survey based on a convenience sample. We determined the advice owners received from three types of dog professionals (veterinarian practitioners, behavioural trainers, behavioural therapists) and the owners' assessments of castration's behavioural effects. Data on 491 Dutch owners of castrated and intact male dogs were analysed with Chi-square tests. Results indicate that owners of both castrated and intact dogs received castration advice most often from veterinarian practitioners, with pro-castration at higher frequencies for owners of castrated dogs (Chi-square, P<0.001). Overall, most owners disagreed with or were neutral about statements on castration positively affecting male dog behaviour at a population level. Nevertheless, 58% (N = 145) of the owners of castrated dogs (N = 249) reported that correcting unwanted behaviour was a reason to castrate their own male dog. Unwanted behaviour involved aggression in 50% (N = 70) of the owner-dog dyads. Castrated dog's aggression changes were reported on most as 'no change'. The second most common answer indicated an aggression decrease in dogs castrated to correct unwanted behaviour and an increase in dogs castrated for other reasons (Chi-square, P<0.001). The increase in aggression in a subset of castrated dogs is concerning, as aggression can pose risks to the dog's welfare. We acknowledge the limitations of our study which identifies associations rather than provides causal evidence. Still, we recommend professionals' awareness of possible negative behavioural changes following castration, like increased aggression. Future research on behavioural consequences of castrating dogs needs to build a more solid knowledge base for balanced advice regarding castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascalle E. M. Roulaux
- Department of Animal Sciences, Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke R. van Herwijnen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bonne Beerda
- Department of Animal Sciences, Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Prevalence, comorbidity, and breed differences in canine anxiety in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2962. [PMID: 32139728 PMCID: PMC7058607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviour problems and anxieties in dogs decrease their quality of life and may lead to relinquishment or euthanasia. Considering the large number of pet dogs and the commonness of these problematic behaviours, a better understanding of the epidemiology and related molecular and environmental factors is needed. We have here studied the prevalence, comorbidity, and breed specificity of seven canine anxiety-like traits: noise sensitivity, fearfulness, fear of surfaces and heights, inattention/impulsivity, compulsion, separation related behaviour and aggression with an online behaviour questionnaire answered by dog owners. Our results show that noise sensitivity is the most common anxiety-related trait with a prevalence of 32% in 13,700 Finnish pet dogs. Due to the high prevalence of noise sensitivity and fear, they were the most common comorbidities. However, when comparing the relative risk, the largest risk ratios were seen between hyperactivity/inattention, separation related behaviour and compulsion, and between fear and aggression. Furthermore, dog breeds showed large differences in prevalence of all anxiety-related traits, suggesting a strong genetic contribution. As a result, selective breeding focusing on behaviour may reduce the prevalence of canine anxieties. Anxious animals may suffer from chronic stress and thus, modified breeding policies could improve the welfare of our companion dogs.
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Handegård KW, Storengen LM, Lingaas F. Noise reactivity in standard poodles and Irish soft-coated wheaten terriers. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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50
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Cognitive Abilities of Dogs with Mucopolysaccharidosis I: Learning and Memory. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030397. [PMID: 32121123 PMCID: PMC7143070 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) results from a deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA). IDUA deficiency leads to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation resulting in cellular degeneration and multi-organ dysfunction. The primary aims of this pilot study were to determine the feasibility of cognitive testing MPS I affected dogs and to determine their non-social cognitive abilities with and without gene therapy. Fourteen dogs were tested: 5 MPS I untreated, 5 MPS I treated, and 4 clinically normal. The treated group received intrathecal gene therapy as neonates to replace the IDUA gene. Cognitive tests included delayed non-match to position (DNMP), two-object visual discrimination (VD), reversal learning (RL), attention oddity (AO), and two-scent discrimination (SD). Responses were recorded as correct, incorrect, or no response, and analyzed using mixed effect logistic regression analysis. Significant differences were not observed among the three groups for DNMP, VD, RL, or AO. The MPS I untreated dogs were excluded from AO testing due to failing to pass acquisition of the task, potentially representing a learning or executive function deficit. The MPS I affected group (treated and untreated) was significantly more likely to discriminate between scents than the normal group, which may be due to an age effect. The normal group was comprised of the oldest dogs, and a mixed effect logistic model indicated that older dogs were more likely to respond incorrectly on scent discrimination. Overall, this study found that cognition testing of MPS I affected dogs to be feasible. This work provides a framework to refine future cognition studies of dogs affected with diseases, including MPS I, in order to assess therapies in a more comprehensive manner.
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