• Caffeine/pharmacology
• Caffeine/analysis
• Caffeine/chemistry
• Animals
• Polyphenols/pharmacology
• Polyphenols/chemistry
• Polyphenols/analysis
• Mice
• Plant Extracts/chemistry
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Mice, Inbred ICR
• Male
• Tea/chemistry
• Sleep/drug effects
• Camellia sinensis/chemistry
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Arousal/drug effects
• Ethanol/chemistry
• Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology
• Hypnotics and Sedatives/chemistry
• Wakefulness/drug effects

• Apoptosis
• Hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury
• Herbs
• Inflammation
• Natural ingredients
• Oxidative stress

• Animals
• Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
• Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
• Humans
• Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
• Phytochemicals/pharmacology
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/pathology
• Liver/metabolism
• Protective Agents/pharmacology
• Protective Agents/therapeutic use
• Liver Diseases/drug therapy
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Plant Extracts/therapeutic use

• 62G08
• Behavioral data
• biomarkers
• left-censoring
• longitudinal data
• quantile regression

• Animals
• Penaeidae/metabolism
• Penaeidae/chemistry
• Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
• Metabolomics/methods
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
• Environment

• Animals
• Swine
• Catechin/pharmacology
• Catechin/metabolism
• Intestines/microbiology
• Antioxidants/pharmacology
• Flavonoids/pharmacology
• Flavonoids/metabolism

• 3D-QSAR
• ADME
• Cholesterol
• LDL
• MD.
• cardiovascular disease
• pharmacophore modeling
• virtual screening

• Molecular Docking Simulation
• Plant Extracts/chemistry
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Squalene Monooxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
• Squalene Monooxygenase/metabolism
• Squalene Monooxygenase/chemistry
• Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
• Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
• Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis
• Tea/chemistry
• Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
• Molecular Dynamics Simulation
• Humans
• Molecular Structure

• scholarship National Research Foundation
• scholarship National Research Foundation
• scholarship Rhodes University

• EGCG
• leiomyoma
• reproductive health
• secondary prevention
• uterine fibroid
• vitamin D3

• Humans
• Female
• Quality of Life
• Uterine Neoplasms/prevention & control
• Uterine Neoplasms/pathology
• Secondary Prevention
• Leiomyoma/prevention & control
• Leiomyoma/diagnosis
• Uterine Myomectomy/adverse effects

• R01 ES028615 NIEHS NIH HHS
• U54 MD007602 NIMHD NIH HHS
• R01 HD087417 NICHD NIH HHS
• RO1 ES028615, RO1 HD094378, U54 MD007602, RO1 HD087417, and RO1 HD106285. NIH HHS
• R01 HD106285 NICHD NIH HHS
• R01 HD094378 NICHD NIH HHS

• NADPH oxidase
• ROS signaling
• aging
• anti-inflammatory
• antiallergic
• curcumin
• cyanotoxins
• irisin
• melatonin
• mitochondria

• KP-06-OPR03/18 from 19.12.2018. The Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria

• cardiotoxicity
• cisplatin
• doxorubicin
• ginseng
• systematic review

• environmental pollutants
• heavy metals
• infertility
• melatonin
• oxidative stress
• rodents

• Animals
• Male
• Melatonin/pharmacology
• Melatonin/therapeutic use
• Environmental Pollutants/toxicity
• Semen
• Testis
• Antioxidants/pharmacology

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in the process of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling where collagens play a pivotal role. We recently demonstrated that the remodeling of adsorbed collagen type I might be disordered upon oxidation following its fate in the presence of human adipose-derived MSC (ADMSCs). With the present study we intended to learn more about the effect of polyphenolic antioxidant Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), attempting to mimic the conditions of oxidative stress in vivo and its putative prevention by antioxidants. Collagen Type I was isolated from mouse tail tendon (MTC) and labelled with FITC before being oxidized according to Fe²⁺/H₂O₂ protocol. FITC-collagen remodeling by ADMSC was assessed morphologically before and after EGCG pretreatment and confirmed via detailed morphometric analysis measuring the anisotropy index (AI) and fluorescence intensity (FI) in selected regions of interest (ROI), namely: outside the cells, over the cells, and central (nuclear/perinuclear) region, whereas the pericellular proteolytic activity was measured by de-quenching fluorescent collagen probes (FRET effect). Here we provide morphological evidence that MTC undergoes significant reorganization by the adhering ADMSC and is accompanied by a substantial activation of pericellular proteolysis, and further confirm that both processes are suppressed upon collagen oxidation. An important observation was that this abrogated remodeling cannot be prevented by the EGCG pretreatment. Conversely, the detailed morphometric analysis showed that oxidized FITC-collagen tends to accumulate beneath cells and around cell nuclei, suggesting the activation of alternative routes for its removal, such as internalization and/or transcytosis. Morphometric analysis also revealed that both processes are supported by EGCG pretreatment.

Backgrounds: Diabetes can cause diabetic neuropathy (DN), a nerve injury. High blood sugar (glucose) levels can harm nerves all over your body. The nerves in your legs and feet are the most commonly affected by DN. The purpose of this study was to conduct a review of melatonin’s potential neuroprotective properties against DN.

Method: A full systematic search was conducted in several electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) up to March 2022 under the PRISMA guidelines. Forty-seven studies were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, the current systematic review included nine publications that met the inclusion criteria.

Result: According to in vivo findings, melatonin treatment reduces DN via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. However, compared to the diabetes groups alone, melatonin treatment exhibited an anti-oxidant trend. According to other research, DN also significantly produces biochemical alterations in neuron cells/tissues. Additionally, histological alterations in neuron tissue following DN were detected.

Conclusion: Nonetheless, in the majority of cases, these diabetes-induced biochemical and histological alterations were reversed when melatonin was administered. It is worth noting that the administration of melatonin ameliorates the neuropathy caused by diabetes. Melatonin exerts these neuroprotective effects via various anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other mechanisms.

• Ardabil University of Medical Sciences

• Antioxidants
• epigallocatechin gallate
• green tea
• inflammation
• metabolic syndrome
• nutraceuticals

• Humans
• Antioxidants/pharmacology
• Antioxidants/therapeutic use
• Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Tea
• Dietary Supplements
• Catechin/pharmacology
• Catechin/therapeutic use
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use

The term sinecatechins designates an extract containing a high percentage of catechins obtained from green tea, which is commercially registered as Veregen or Polyphenon E (PE) and may be considered for treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and actinic keratosis (AK). As shown here, treatment of four cSCC cell lines with 200 µg/mL of PE resulted in strong, dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation (20–30%) as well as strongly decreased cell viability (4–21% of controls, 48 h). Effects correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas early apoptosis was less pronounced. At the protein level, some activation of caspase-3 and enhanced expression of the CDK inhibitor p21 were found. Loss of MMP and induced cell death were, however, largely independent of caspases and of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Bax and Bak, suggesting that sinecatechins induce also non-apoptotic, alternative cell death pathways, in addition to apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were downregulated in response to PE at 4 h, followed by an increase at 24 h. The contributory role of initially reduced ROS was supported by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, which in combination with PE further enhanced the negative effects on cell viability. Thus, sinecatechins inhibited cell proliferation and viability of cSCC cells, which could suggest the use of PE for AK treatment. The mechanisms appear as linked to an imbalance of ROS levels.

Vascular endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory factors. This dysfunction is a key to the early pathological development of major cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Therefore, modulation of the vascular endothelium is considered an important therapeutic strategy to maintain the health of the cardiovascular system. Epidemiological studies have shown that regular consumption of medicinal plants, fruits, and vegetables promotes vascular health, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is mainly attributed to the phytochemical compounds contained in these resources. Various databases, including Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Directory of Open Access Journals, were searched to identify studies demonstrating the vascular protective effects of phytochemical compounds. The literature had revealed abundant data on phytochemical compounds protecting and improving the vascular system. Of the numerous compounds reported, curcumin, resveratrol, cyanidin-3-glucoside, berberine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin are discussed in this review to provide recent information on their vascular protective mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Phytochemical compounds are promising therapeutic agents for vascular dysfunction due to their antioxidative mechanisms. However, future human studies will be necessary to confirm the clinical effects of these vascular protective mechanisms.

• Catechin
• Cell apoptosis
• Chlorpyrifos
• Oxidative damage
• Zebrafish

• Animals
• Catechin/metabolism
• Catechin/pharmacology
• Chlorpyrifos/toxicity
• Larva
• Oxidative Stress
• Tea
• Zebrafish/genetics

• Cancer therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Drug discovery
• Epigallocatechin gallate
• Green tea extracts
• Natural products
• Signaling pathways

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• T cells
• adjunct therapy
• cytokines
• immunomodulation
• phytochemicals

• ABTS, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
• ACE2, Angiotensin converting enzyme 2
• Anti-inflammatory
• Antioxidant
• Antiviral
• CC, Cytotoxic concentration
• COVID-19
• COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
• COX, Cyclooxygenase
• DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
• DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
• DRC, Dose-response curve
• DXM, Dexamethasone
• EGCG, Epigallocatechin gallate
• ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• Endotoxemia
• FBS, Fetal bovine serum
• H&E, Hematoxylin and eosin
• HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography
• IC, Inhibitory concentration
• IFNs, interferons
• IL, Interleukin
• LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
• MTT, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
• PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
• SARS-CoV-2
• SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
• SEM, Standard error of the mean
• SI, Selectivity index
• TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
• iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase

• Hydrogen bonds
• Polyphenol
• Proline
• Protein
• Stacking

• Biflavonoids/chemistry
• Biflavonoids/metabolism
• Catechin/chemistry
• Catechin/metabolism
• Molecular Dynamics Simulation
• Proanthocyanidins/chemistry
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Collagen/chemistry
• Collagen/metabolism
• Proline/chemistry
• Quantum Theory
• Water/chemistry

Objective  The focus of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of ionomer cements modified with ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) in different concentrations and time intervals.

Materials and Methods  In total, one hundred and thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomized into nine groups: Control, Groups Meron, and Groups Ketac (conventional, and added with 10, 25, 50% EEP, respectively). Histological analyses of inflammatory infiltrate and collagen fibers, and immunohistochemistry of CD68+ for macrophages (MOs) and multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) were performed.

Statistical Analysis  Data were analyzed using the Kruskal—Wallis and Dunn ( p < 0.05) tests.

Results  Intense inflammatory infiltrate was demonstrated in the cements with 10% EEP at 7 days and 15 days ( p < 0.05), only Group Ketac 10% EEP ( p = 0.01) at 30 days. A smaller quantity of collagen fibers was observed in the cements with 10% EEP ( p = 0.01) at 7 days, and Group Meron 10% EEP ( p = 0.04) at 15 days. MOs and MGCs showed significant difference for the cements with 10% EEP ( p = 0.01) at 7 and 15 days. At 30 days, MOs persisted in the Groups with 10% EEP.

Conclusions  The concentration of 10% EEP had the greatest influence on the inflammatory and tissue repair processes. The concentrations of 25 and 50% EEP demonstrated biocompatibility similar to that of cements that did not receive EEP.

• Apoptosis
• EGCG
• KRas mutation
• Notch signaling pathway
• Tongue squamous cell carcinoma

• nomogram
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• predictive modeling
• risk factor

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Body Mass Index
• Comorbidity
• Diet
• Exercise
• Female
• Humans
• Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Incidence
• Life Style
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Nomograms
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Assessment/methods
• Sex Factors
• Young Adult

Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome, including frequency, urgency, nocturia and urgency incontinence, has a significantly negative impact on the quality-of-life scale (QoL) and can cause sufferer withdrawal from social activities. The occurrence of OAB can result from an imbalance between the production of pro-oxidants, such as free radicals and reactive species, and their elimination through protective mechanisms of antioxidant-induced oxidative stress. Several animal models, such as bladder ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) and ovarian hormone deficiency (OHD), have suggested that cyclic I/R during the micturition cycle induces oxidative stress, leading to bladder denervation, bladder afferent pathway sensitization and overexpression of bladder-damaging molecules, and finally resulting in bladder hyperactivity. Based on the results of previous animal experiments, the present review specifically focuses on four issues: (1) oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system; (2) oxidative stress in OAB and biomarkers of OAB; (3) OAB animal model; (4) potential nature/plant antioxidant treatment strategies for urinary dysfunction with OAB. Moreover, we organized the relationships between urinary dysfunction and oxidative stress biomarkers in urine, blood and bladder tissue. Reviewed information also revealed the summary of research findings for the effects of various antioxidants for treatment strategies for OAB.

• antioxidants
• bladder dysfunction
• overactive bladder
• oxidative stress

• Antioxidants/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Ischemia/drug therapy
• Ischemia/pathology
• Oxidative Stress/genetics
• Oxidative Stress/physiology
• Urinary Bladder/drug effects
• Urinary Bladder/pathology
• Urinary Bladder, Overactive/drug therapy
• Urinary Incontinence/drug therapy
• Urinary Incontinence/pathology

Polyphenols are natural plant compounds and are the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet. As the gastrointestinal tract is the primary organ provided to diet sections, the diet may be regarded as one of the essential factors in the functionality, integrity, and composition of intestinal microbiota. In the gastrointestinal tract, many polyphenols remain unabsorbed and may accumulate in the large intestine, where the intestinal microbiota are most widely metabolized. When assuming primary roles for promoting host well-being, this intestinal health environment is presented to the effect of external influences, including dietary patterns. A few different methodologies have been developed to increase solvency and transport across the gastrointestinal tract and move it to targeted intestinal regions to resolve dietary polyphenols at the low bioavailability. Polyphenols form a fascinating community among the different nutritional substances, as some of them have been found to have critical biological activities that include antioxidant, antimicrobial, or anticarcinogenic activities. Besides, it affects metabolism and immunity of the intestines and has anti-inflammatory properties. The well-being status of subjects can also benefit from the development of bioactive polyphenol-determined metabolites, although the mechanisms have not been identified. Even though the incredible variety of health-advancing activities of dietary polyphenols has been widely studied, their effect on intestinal biology adaptation, and two-way relationship between polyphenols and microbiota is still poorly understood. We focused on results of polyphenols in diet with biological activities, gut ecology, and the influence of their proportional links on human well-being and disease in this study.

• bioactivity
• bioavailability
• dietary polyphenols
• gut health environment
• gut microbiota

Inflammation is a defense mechanism that protects the body from infections. However, chronic inflammation causes damage to body tissues. Thus, controlling inflammation and investigating anti-inflammatory mechanisms are keys to preventing and treating inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis and rheumatoid arthritis. In continuation with our work related to the discovery of bioactive natural products, a polyphenol, catechin-7,4′-O-digallate (CDG), was isolated from Woodfordia uniflora, which has been used as a sedative and remedy for skin infections in the Dhofar region of Oman. Thus far, no study has reported the anti-inflammatory compounds derived from W. uniflora and the mechanisms underlying their action. To investigate the effects of CDG on the regulation of inflammation, we measured the reduction in nitric oxide (NO) production following CDG treatment in immortalized mouse Kupffer cells (ImKCs). CDG treatment inhibited NO production through the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated ImKCs. The anti-inflammatory effects of CDG were mediated via the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation, an important inflammatory-response-associated signaling pathway. Moreover, CDG treatment has regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1β. These results suggested the anti-inflammatory action of CDG in LPS-stimulated ImKCs.

• Arid5a
• NF-κB
• Woodfordia uniflora
• inflammation
• macrophages
• polyphenol

• 3D-structures
• chemical and structural properties
• database
• natural products
• physicochemical and pharmaceutical descriptors
• plant secondary metabolites

• Databases, Chemical
• Molecular Docking Simulation
• Phytochemicals/chemistry
• Phytochemicals/metabolism
• Plants/chemistry
• Plants/metabolism
• Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship

• 11180604 Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
• 1150054 Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
• REDES190025 Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica

• Myristica fragrans
• ABCA1
• GATA3
• LXRα
• cholesterol efflux

• ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
• ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
• Biological Transport/drug effects
• Cholesterol/metabolism
• Cholesterol Esters/metabolism
• Cytokines/metabolism
• GATA3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
• GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
• GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
• Gene Knockdown Techniques
• Humans
• Inflammation/metabolism
• Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
• Lipids/analysis
• Liver X Receptors/genetics
• Macrophages/cytology
• Macrophages/drug effects
• Macrophages/metabolism
• Myristica
• Promoter Regions, Genetic
• THP-1 Cells/cytology
• Up-Regulation

• Animal model
• NASH
• Natural medicine
• Pathogenesis
• Target

• Obesity
• blood pressure
• epigallocatechin gallate
• human adipocytes
• kisspeptin
• plasma triglyceride

• Adipocytes, Brown/drug effects
• Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
• Adipocytes, White/drug effects
• Adipocytes, White/metabolism
• Adiponectin/blood
• Adult
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Blood Pressure/drug effects
• Catechin/analogs & derivatives
• Catechin/pharmacology
• Humans
• Kidney/drug effects
• Kidney/physiopathology
• Kisspeptins/blood
• Leptin/blood
• Lipolysis
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/physiopathology
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/blood
• Obesity/genetics
• Obesity/physiopathology
• RNA, Messenger/genetics
• RNA, Messenger/metabolism
• Triglycerides/blood
• Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics
• Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism

• the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Research Fund
• the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program
• the Siriraj Graduate Scholarship type II

• atherosclerosis
• cardiovascular disease
• low-density lipoprotein
• natural products
• oxidation
• oxidized LDL

• cancer
• cancer therapy
• drug repurposing
• epidrugs
• epigenetic inhibitors
• epigenetics

We aimed to examine the impact of a daily pro-inflammatory diet during pregnancy on intrapartum fetal acidemia using a large birth cohort study in Japan. We used data on singleton pregnancies in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) involving births from 2011 to 2014 through vaginal delivery to calculate the maternal dietary inflammatory index (DII). Participants were categorized according to DII quintiles. A multiple logistic regression model was used to estimate the risk of a pro-inflammatory diet on fetal umbilical artery pH. In total, 56,490 participants were eligible for this study. Multiple regression analysis showed that nulliparous women who had undergone vaginal delivery and were consuming a pro-inflammatory diet had an increased risk of pH < 7.10 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–2.39). Among these women, the risk of pH < 7.10 was not affected by the duration of labor (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.11–2.42). In conclusion, following a pro-inflammatory diet during pregnancy is a risk factor for fetal acidosis among nulliparous women undergoing vaginal delivery. A high DII diet during pregnancy may modify the intrapartum fetal heart rate pattern via intrauterine inflammation.

• dietary inflammatory index
• fetal acidosis
• pregnancy
• pro-inflammatory diet
• umbilical artery pH

• Acidosis
• Adult
• Asphyxia/epidemiology
• Asphyxia/physiopathology
• Cohort Studies
• Delivery, Obstetric/statistics & numerical data
• Diet/adverse effects
• Female
• Humans
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
• Inflammation/epidemiology
• Inflammation/physiopathology
• Japan/epidemiology
• Logistic Models
• Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
• Odds Ratio
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Risk Factors

• Biomimetic endothelial function
• Cardiovascular stent
• Heparin
• Layer-by-layer
• Nitric oxide
• Sandwich-like

• Catechin/analogs & derivatives
• Cell Proliferation
• Coated Materials, Biocompatible
• Endothelial Cells
• Endothelium
• Heparin
• Nitric Oxide
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

• Anti-inflammatory
• Chitosan
• Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
• Hydrogels
• Wound healing

• Bioavailability
• biotransformation
• gut health
• gut microbiota
• metabolism
• polyphenols

Objectives  The focus of this triple-blind randomized study was to evaluate the mechanical properties, antibacterial effect, and in vivo biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements (GICs) modified with ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP).

Materials and Methods  For biocompatibility tests, 135 male Wistar rats were used and divided into nine groups: Group C (control, polyethylene), Groups M, M10, M25, M50 (Meron; conventional, and modified with 10%, 25%, 50% EEP, respectively), Groups KC, KC10, KC25, KC50 (Ketac Cem; conventional, and modified with 10%, 25%, 50% EEP, respectively). The tissues were analyzed under an optical microscope for different cellular events in different time intervals. Shear bond strength test (SBST) on cementation of metal matrices ( n = 10, per group), adhesive remnant index (ARI) in bovine incisors ( n = 10, per group), and antibacterial properties by the agar diffusion test ( n = 15, per group) were analyzed.

Statistical Analysis  Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn, and one-way analysis of variance test followed by Tukey’s test ( p < 0.5).

Results  Morphological evaluation demonstrated intense inflammatory infiltrate in Groups M10 and KC10 in the time intervals of 7 ( p = 0.001) and 15 ( p = 0.006) days. Multinucleated giant cells were shown to be more present in Group M1, with statistical difference from Control and KC50 Groups in the time interval of 7 days ( p = 0.033). The SBST showed no statistical significance among the groups ( p > 0.05). Antibacterial property showed a statistically significant difference between Meron and Meron 50%-EEP Groups, and between Ketac and Ketac 50%-EPP Groups ( p = 0.001).

Conclusions  The intensity of histological changes resulting from the cements was shown to be inversely proportional to the concentration of propolis added; Ketac 50%-EPP was the concentration that had the most favorable biocompatibility results. Addition of EEP to GIC did not negatively change the SBST and ARI. Antibacterial property demonstrated a concentration-dependent effect.

• Morinda
• antioxidant activity
• chemical composition
• enzyme inhibition