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SeyedAlinaghi S, Yarmohammadi S, Farahani Rad F, Rasheed MA, Javaherian M, Afsahi AM, Siami H, Bagheri A, Zand A, Dadras O, Mehraeen E. Prevalence of COVID-19 in prison population: a meta-analysis of 35 studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRISON HEALTH 2024; 20:393-409. [PMID: 39267228 DOI: 10.1108/ijoph-01-2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Considering the restricted and enclosed nature of prisons and closed environments and the prolonged and close contact between individuals, COVID-19 is more likely to have a higher incidence in these settings. This study aims to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 among prisoners. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Papers published in English from 2019 to July 7, 2023, were identified using relevant keywords such as prevalence, COVID-19 and prisoner in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. For the meta-analysis of the prevalence, Cochrane's Q statistics were calculated. A random effect model was used due to the heterogeneity in COVID-19 prevalence across included studies in the meta-analysis. All analyses were performed in STATA-13. FINDINGS The pooled data presented a COVID-19 prevalence of 20% [95%CI: 0.13, 0.26] and 24% [95%CI: 0.07, 0.41], respectively, in studies that used PCR and antibody tests. Furthermore, two study designs, cross-sectional and cohort, were used. The results of the meta-analysis showed studies with cross-sectional and cohort designs reported 20% [95%CI: 0.11, 0.29] and 25% [95%CI: 0.13, 0.38], respectively. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Through more meticulous planning, it is feasible to reduce the number of individuals in prison cells, thereby preventing the further spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali Zand
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Dadras
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran and Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
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2
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Bordoy AE, Vallès X, Fernández-Náger J, Sánchez-Roig M, Fernández-Recio J, Saludes V, Noguera-Julian M, Blanco I, Martró E. Analysis of a Large Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Alpha) Outbreak in a Catalan Prison Using Conventional and Genomic Epidemiology. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:374-381. [PMID: 38570699 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Enforcing strict protocols that prevent transmission of airborne infections in prisons is challenging. We examine a large severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak in a Catalan penitentiary center in February-April 2021, prior to vaccination deployment. The aim was to describe the evolution of the outbreak using classical and genomic epidemiology and the containment strategy applied. The outbreak was initially detected in 1 module but spread to 4, infecting 7 staff members and 140 incarcerated individuals, 6 of whom were hospitalized (4.4%). Genomic analysis confirmed a single origin (B.1.1.7). Contact tracing identified transmission vectors between modules and prevented further viral spread. In future similar scenarios, the control strategy described here may help limit transmission of airborne infections in correctional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni E Bordoy
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | - Xavier Vallès
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona
| | | | | | - Juan Fernández-Recio
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño
| | - Verónica Saludes
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERESP), Madrid
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA-IrsiCaixa, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona
- AIDS and Infectious Diseases Department, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
- Clinical Genetics Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | - Elisa Martró
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona
- Microbiology Department, Northern Metropolitan Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERESP), Madrid
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Yassa M, Graber JM, Black K, Dos Santos Brandao De Resende A, Legard A, Caruth J. Comparison of COVID-19 Symptoms in Correctional Health Care Workers During the Initial and Omicron Surges. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2024; 30:158-166. [PMID: 38574252 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.23.09.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
There is a dearth of medical literature that characterizes the experience of correctional health care workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a retrospective chart review of the results of an ongoing universal SARS-CoV-2 testing program for New Jersey correctional system HCWs and describe their presenting symptoms, perceived exposure, and demographic characteristics during the initial (March 15, 2020, to August 31, 2020) and Omicron (March 1, 2022, to August 31, 2022) COVID-19 surges. Analysis included 123 eligible records. In both surges, nurses had a high proportion of infections and cough was the most commonly reported symptom. Fever was more than twice as commonly reported in the initial surge. During the Omicron surge, nasal symptoms predominated (39.5% [95% CI: 28.4-51.4]) compared with the initial surge (8.5% [95% CI: 2.4-20.4]). Perceived exposure source was predominantly work related during the initial surge and multiple other sources of exposure were identified during the Omicron surge. Ninety-six percent of HCWs received a COVID-19 booster shot by February 2022. The reinfection rate was less than 10% for our initial cohort. Presenting symptoms correlated with the circulating variant. Mass vaccination of staff, the lower virulence of the Omicron variant, and possibly prior infection likely contributed to the milder illness experienced during the Omicron surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yassa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judith M Graber
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathleen Black
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Alicia Legard
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julie Caruth
- Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Stasi C, Pacifici M, Milli C, Profili F, Silvestri C, Voller F. Prevalence and features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in prisons in Tuscany. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:87551. [PMID: 38590301 PMCID: PMC10999062 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i1.87551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisons can be a reservoir for infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), due to the very intimate nature of the living spaces and the large number of people forced to share them. AIM To investigate the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology in prisons, this study evaluated the infection incidence rate in prisoners who underwent nasopharyngeal swabs. METHODS This is an observational cohort study. Data collection included information on prisoners who underwent nasopharyngeal swab testing for SARS-CoV-2 and the results. Nasopharyngeal swab tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed between 15 February 2021 and 31 May 2021 for prisoners with symptoms and all new arrivals to the facility. Another section included information on the diagnosis of the disease according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, and Clinical Modification. RESULTS Up until the 31 May 2021, 79.2% of the prisoner cohort (n = 1744) agreed to a nasopharyngeal swab test (n = 1381). Of these, 1288 were negative (93.3%) and 85 were positive (6.2%). A significant association [relative risk (RR)] was found only for the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among foreigners compared to Italians [RR = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-4.8]. A positive association with SARS-CoV-2 infection was also found for inmates with at least one nervous system disorder (RR = 4, 95%CI: 1.8-9.1). The SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate among prisoners is significantly lower than in the general population in Tuscany (standardized incidence ratio 0.7, 95%CI: 0.6-0.9). CONCLUSION In the prisoner cohort, screening and rapid access to health care for the immigrant population were critical to limiting virus transmission and subsequent morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stasi
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Martina Pacifici
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Caterina Milli
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Francesco Profili
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Caterina Silvestri
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
| | - Fabio Voller
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Florence 50141, Italy
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Hernando V, Vázquez I, Díaz A, Gómez-Pintado P, Martínez-Aznar C, Acín E. COVID-19 pandemic in prisons in Spain: characteristics of cases and implemented control measures, March 2020-June 2022. Public Health 2023; 218:45-52. [PMID: 36965463 PMCID: PMC9943727 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in prison inmates in Spain and the control measures implemented to response to this public health challenge. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS All COVID-19-confirmed cases reported to the Spanish information system in prisons between March 2020 and June 2022 were analyzed. Prevention plans and protocols established by penitentiary and health authorities were reviewed. Likewise, information on vaccines administered to prison inmates was described. RESULTS A total of 8500 COVID-19 cases were reported to penitentiary public health surveillance. The overall cumulative incidence (CI) was 2054.18 cases per 10,000 inmate population. By epidemic periods, the average weekly CI was 1.15 per 10,000 inmate population during the first period, 6.91 during the second, 25.18 during the third, 3.53 during the fourth, 23.27 during the fifth, 34.72 during the sixth and 25.68 during the seventh period. The median age of cases was 49.2 years, 69.1% was born in Spain, 64.1% was asymptomatic and 16 cases died. Ninety-four percent were vaccinated. Control measures such as lockdown, suspending visitation rights and confining inmates in their cells were adopted at the beginning of the pandemic. These measures changed in accordance with the COVID-19 situation in the general population with a view to restoring the inmates' rights. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has had a moderate incidence in Spanish prisons. Hospitalization and CFR were lower than the general population. The control measures adopted against COVID-19 have contributed to preventing and controlling the number of cases in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hernando
- National Center for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Thematic Area of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Vázquez
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asuncion Díaz
- National Center for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Thematic Area of Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Pintado
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Aznar
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Acín
- General Subdirectorate of Penitentiary Health, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Madrid, Spain
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Martín V. COVID-19 and Prisons in Spain: is there any good news? REVISTA ESPANOLA DE SANIDAD PENITENCIARIA 2022; 24:77-78. [PMID: 36533784 PMCID: PMC9768560 DOI: 10.18176/resp.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martín
- Professor of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. University of Leon. Leon, SpainUniversidad de LeónUniversity of LeonLeonSpain
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Kim H, Hughes E, Cavanagh A, Norris E, Gao A, Bondy SJ, McLeod KE, Kanagalingam T, Kouyoumdjian FG. The health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults who experience imprisonment globally: A mixed methods systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268866. [PMID: 35594288 PMCID: PMC9122186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prison setting and health status of people who experience imprisonment increase the risks of COVID-19 infection and sequelae, and other health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVES To conduct a mixed methods systematic review on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of people who experience imprisonment. DATA SOURCES We searched Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Social Sciences Abstracts, CINAHL, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Sociology Database, Coronavirus Research Database, ERIC, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, Web of Science, and Scopus in October 2021. We reviewed reference lists for included studies. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Original research conducted in or after December 2019 on health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults in prisons or within three months of release. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS We used the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research for qualitative studies and the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data for quantitative studies. We qualitized quantitative data and extracted qualitative data, coded data, and collated similar data into categories. RESULTS We identified 62 studies. People in prisons had disproportionately high rates of COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 mortality. During the pandemic, all-cause mortality worsened, access to health care and other services worsened, and there were major impacts on mental wellbeing and on relationships with family and staff. There was limited evidence regarding key primary and secondary prevention strategies. LIMITATIONS Our search was limited to databases. As the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, more evidence will emerge. CONCLUSIONS Prisons and people who experience imprisonment should be prioritized for COVID-19 response and recovery efforts, and an explicit focus on prisons is needed for ongoing public health work including emergency preparedness. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER 239324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Hughes
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice Cavanagh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Norris
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Gao
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J. Bondy
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine E. McLeod
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tharsan Kanagalingam
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Vicente-Alcalde N, Ruescas-Escolano E, Franco-Paredes C, Tuells J. Control of a COVID-19 Outbreak in a Spanish Prison: Lessons Learned in Outbreak Control. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:806438. [PMID: 35391892 PMCID: PMC8981719 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.806438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of highly transmissible respiratory infections in carceral settings occurs due to their conglomerate nature. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in large outbreaks in jails and prisons in many settings. Herein, we describe an outbreak of SARS-CoV2 infection in a prison in Alicante, Spain. Prior to January 2021, testing for coronavirus infection was not widely available in jails and prisons nationwide. Offering of testing services in Spanish carceral facilities, coincided with the deployment of COVID-19 vaccination in the larger community. However, COVID-19 vaccine role out of incarcerated individuals occurred later during the deployment plan. With the identification of the initial cases of this outbreak, two units of the facility were assigned for population management: one for inmates with confirmed infection by positive PCR detection of SARS-COV-2 infection in nasopharyngeal swabs. Inmates with confirmed exposure and thus considered close contacts were place in a second isolation unit. Functional quarantine was employed in some instances. A reactive testing strategy was instituted at baseline, and at 7 and 14 days of nasopharyngeal specimens by PCR. A total of 1,097 nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained for PCR testing during the outbreak, which lasted a total of 80 days between the index case the end of medical isolation of the last case. A total of 103 COVID-19 cases were identified during the outbreak. Of these, three inmates developed severe manifestations requiring hospitalization, and one died. Were identified, among which there were three hospitalized and one deceased. Among cases and confirmed contacts, we conducted close clinical monitoring, symptom screening, and daily temperature checks. The implementation of these interventions along with early medical isolation of cases, quarantining of contacts, and interval testing to detect presymptomatic or asymptomatic cases were instrumental in containing this outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vicente-Alcalde
- Penitentiary Center Alicante II, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, Villena, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Tuells
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Tuells
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Esposito M, Salerno M, Di Nunno N, Ministeri F, Liberto A, Sessa F. The Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Prisons and Prevention Strategies: A Systematic Review and a New Strategic Protocol of Prevention. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:270. [PMID: 35206884 PMCID: PMC8872582 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Health risks within prisons are well known and have worsened with the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), becoming a public health emergency. To date, there are more than 10 million inmates in the world; in most cases, conditions are bad and health care is scarce. A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak inside a prison is extremely rapid. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze all possible prevention techniques to reduce the risk of COVID-19 related infection within prisons. A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were used as search engines from 1 January 2020 to 1 November 2021 to evaluate the prevention of COVID-19 in prisoners. A total of 1757 articles were collected. Of them, 486 duplicates were removed. A total of 1250 articles did not meet the inclusion criteria. In conclusion, 21 articles were included in the present systematic review. From this analysis, it emerged that the most common COVID-19 prevention methods were the screening of the entire population (prisoners and workers) inside the prison through swab analysis and the reduction in overcrowding in prisons. Few studies concerned the prevention of COVID-19 infection through vaccination and the implementation of quarantine. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review that evaluates the prevention of COVID-19 within jails and the real effectiveness of all possible methods used and published in the literature. Finally, a very useful strategic protocol is provided to reduce the incidence of infection and to control and manage COVID-19 in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Nunzio Di Nunno
- Department of History, Society and Studies on Humanity, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Federica Ministeri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Aldo Liberto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.E.); (M.S.); (F.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Fiore V, De Vito A, Madeddu G, Babudieri S. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Among Incarcerated People: A Barrier to Overcome. Front Public Health 2021; 9:704520. [PMID: 34458225 PMCID: PMC8387629 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.704520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Fiore
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Italian Society of Penitentiary Healthcare, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vito
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Italian Society of Penitentiary Healthcare, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,SIMSPe School, Viterbo, Italy
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