Advances in post intensive care unit care: A narrative review

Table 1 Various phases of critical illness, its consequences amenable to interventions[53]

Phase of critical illness	Acute illness	Recovery	Early post-discharge recovery	Late post-discharge recovery
Desired outcome	Survival	Discharge home	Stay home and improving	Return to baseline
Location	ICU	Hospital ward	Home	Home
Impediments	(1) Late antibiotics or source control for sepsis; (2) Hospital-onset infection (e.g., VAP, CABSI, CAUTI); (3) Lack of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis; and (4) High-tidal volume ventilation for ARDS	(1) Immobility; (2) Delirium; (3) Lack of rehabilitation; (4) Polypharmacy; (5) Prolonged catheterization; and (6) Disruption of circadian rhythm	(1) Post-intensive care syndrome; (2) Caregiver misinformation; (3) Fragmented care or inadequate follow-up; (4) Vague or incomplete discharge instructions; (5) Non-compliance to medication; (6) Absence of ME; (7) Inadequate rehabilitation; (8) Lack of subspecialist follow-up; and (9) Polypharmacy	(1) Post-intensive care syndrome; (2) Inadequate vocational rehabilitation; (3) Disrupted employment; (4) Patient and family financial burden; (5) Socioeconomic barriers to care (insurance, transport); (6) Fragmented or inadequate family support; and (7) Polypharmacy

The table was adapted from Brown SM et al[53]. VAP: Ventilator associated pneumonia; CABSI: Catheter associated blood stream infection; CAUTI: Catheter associated urinary tract infection; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU: Intensive care unit; ME: Medical equipment.