Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Crit Care Med. Sep 9, 2021; 10(5): 244-259
Published online Sep 9, 2021. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v10.i5.244
Table 1 Coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to intensive care unit characteristics of survivors and non-survivors, n (%)

Non-survivor (n = 167)
Survivor (n = 94)
P value
OR
95%CI
Age 71 (61, 82)61 (62, 78)0.011
Race (Caucasian)89 (75)40 (56)0.0072.371.27-4.40
BMI29 (23, 34)28 (24, 32)0.49
Sex (male)75 (70)83 (53)0.010.490.29-0.84
Diabetes31 (29)53 (34)0.31.260.75-2.2
CHF13 (12)21 (14)0.71.10.66 – 2.4
CAD24 (29)41 (27)0.411.20.7-2.2
COPD38 (23)23 (30)0.750.90.5-1.6
CKD11 (10)21 (17)0.11.850.87-3.83
HTN54 (51)91 (59)0.161.40.86-2.3
AKI87 (52)30 (32)0.0022.31.21-2.5
Mechanical ventilation134 (80)44 (47)< 0.0014.72.7-8.3
Hemodialysis29 (18)10 (11)0.131.80.3-3.9
Neutrophils × 109/L7.3 (4, 10)7.8 (5.1, 13)0.97
Lymphocytes0.7 (0.5, 1.2)0.9 (0.6, 1.6)0.011
Neutrophil/lymphocyte10 (6, 18)7.5 (4, 14)0.017
SCr (mg/dL)1.2 (0.9, 1.9)1.2 (0.8, 1.8)0.49
Plts (× 109 /L)230 (162, 310)236 (182, 302)0.27
Tbili (mg/dL)0.5 (0.4, 0.8)0.5 (0.4, 0.8)0.65
SOFA admit5 (3, 9)4 (2, 6)0.095
PaO2/FIO2190 (76, 285)232 (123, 307)0.039
PaO268 (52, 116)66 (48-112)0.083
FIO21 (0.45, 1)1 (0.96, 1)0.12
Table 2 Pharmacologic and therapeutic interventions in coronavirus disease 2019 intensive care unit patients, n (%)

Non-survivor (n = 167)
Survivor (n = 94)
P value
OR
95%CI
GC (all patients)199 (59)68 (72)0.0350.550.32-0.96
Vasopressors124 (74)35 (37)< 0.0014.82.8-8.4
IV Ascorbic acid100 (59)54 (57)0.71.10.66-1.84
Hydroxychloroquine128 (78)69 (75)0.571.20.65-2.1
Azithromycin65 (40)25 (26)0.061.690.97-2.9
Heparin therapeutic dose80 (48)51 (54)0.320.770.46-1.3
Heparin prophylaxis dose58 (35)32 (34)0.911.030.6-1.75
Convalescent plasma44 (26)27 (29)0.680.880.5-1.56
Remdesivir6 (3)0 (0)
Prone positioning52 (31)32 (35)0.911.030.6-1.75
Tocilizumab20 (12)8 (8.5)0.551.280.56-2.9
GC only44 (26)29 (30)0.470.80.48-1.4
GC + tocilizumab55 (32)39 (40)0.160.680.4-1.15
Table 3 Univariate Cox proportional hazards survival analysis of pharmacological and therapeutic interventions in coronavirus disease 2019 intensive care unit patients

B
SE
P value
HR
95%CI
GC (all patients)-0.840.16< 0.0010.450.38-0.61
Vasopressors0.039350.0271.41.05-2.1
IV ascorbic acid0.10.150.491.10.91-1.5
Hydroxychloroquine-0.580.360.10.560.27-1.14
Azithromycin0.25280.391.30.72-2.3
Heparin therapeutic dose0.150.350.671.160.51-2.31
Heparin prophylaxis dose-0.270.30.350.760.48-1.3
Convalescent plasma0.2910.771.30.72-9.8
Remdesivir6 (3)0
Prone positioning0.360.520.441.430.51-1.4
Tocilizumab-0.480.270.080.610.36-1.06
GC only-0.750.210.0010.470.18-0.41
GC + tocilizumab-1.30.21<0.0010.270.4-1.15
Table 4 Inflammatory markers in coronavirus disease 2019 survivors and non-survivors

Non-survivors (n = 167)
Survivors (n = 94)
P value
IL-6 day 1 (pg/mL)112 (70, 137)100 (70, 135)0.34
IL-6 day 2 415 (139, 476)350 (78, 423)0.016
D-dimer day 1 (ng/mL)1125 (647, 2434)991 (513, 2196)0.04
D-dimer day 2849 (604, 1210)1140 (646, 2263)0.03
CRP day 1 (mg/L)117 (89, 159)113 (96, 149)0.9
CRP day 2107 (81, 154)117 (88, 167)0.62
Ferritin day 1 (ng/mL)931 (593, 1367)960 (609, 1395)0.51
Ferritin day 2822 (447, 1432)1053 (712, 2057)0.05
Table 5 Unadjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis of independent predictors of survival in intensive care unit patients with coronavirus disease 2019

B
SE
P value
HR
95%CI
Age0.0310.007< 0.0011.0321.02-1.05
Sex (male)0.390.20.0461.481.008-2.2
Vasopressors0.4850.20.0161.621.095-2.4
GC administration (all patients)1-0.610.190.0020.540.37-0.79
Table 6 Propensity score adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis of independent predictors of survival in intensive care unit patients with coronavirus disease 2019

B
SE
P value
HR
95%CI
Age0.030.007< 0.0011.0311.02-1.05
Sex (male)0.410.20.0381.511.022-2.22
Vasopressors0.470.230.0191.61.081-2.37
GC + Tocilizumab-0.780.220.0010.460.29-0.72
GC only-0.440.220.0480.650.42-0.99
Table 7 Propensity score adjusted (glucocorticoids as a time-adjusted covariate) Cox proportional hazards analysis of independent predictors of survival in intensive care unit patients with coronavirus disease 2019

B
SE
P value
HR
95%CI
Time adjusted GC2.51.010.01412.91.06-87.5
Age0.030.007< 0.0011.031.01-1.04
Sex (male)0.40.20.051.51-2.17
Vasopressors0.510.20.011.661.12-2.4
GC (all patients)1-2.941.010.0040.050.007-0.36
Table 8 Propensity score adjusted (glucocorticoids as a time adjusted covariate) Cox proportional hazards analysis of independent predictors of survival in intensive care unit patients with all treatment groups added into the model

B
SE
P value
HR
95%CI
Time adjusted GC2.51.010.015121.62-85
Age0.030.007< 0.0011.031.01-1.04
Sex (male)0.40.20.041.51.01-2.2
Vasopressors0.50.20.011.661.12-2.45
GC + tocilizumab-3.071.020.0030.0460.006-0.46
GC (only)-2.771.020.0070.060.008-0.46