GM3-containing nanoparticles in immunosuppressed hosts: Effect on myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Table 1 Modulation caused by very small size proteoliposomes on different immune cell populations

Immune cell	Effect of VSSP	Ref.
DCs	Increases costimulation and MHCII expression	[47]
	Enhances production of IL-12, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β and reduces secretion of IL-10	[47,48]
	Induces Th1-polarizing capacity	[47]
	Facilitates cross-presentation of protein antigens	[50]
MDSCs	Expands poorly suppressive MDSCs	[42]
	Reduces the suppressive function of tumor-induced MDSCs	[42]
	Impairs migration of tumor-induced MDSCs towards the tumor microenvironment	[42]
	Promotes differentiation of tumor-induced MDSCs into mature DCs	[42,59]
	Reduces the suppressive function of MDSCs generated during chemotherapy-induced leukopenia	[62]
CD4+ T cells	Induces Th1 polarization	[47]
CTL	Potentiates CTL responses in healthy mice. Primary expansion independent of CD4+ T cell help	[50]
	Generates similar CTL responses in tumor-free and tumor-bearing mice	[42]
	Increases CD8+ T cell counts, with memory phenotype, and protects CTL response in leukopenic mice	[62]

VSSP: Very small size proteoliposomes; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; DCs: Dendritic cells; CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes.