This study aims to evaluate the anticancer properties of chamomile nano-emulsion (Cha-NE) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) coated Cha-NE (LA-Cha-NE) against breast tumor through both in vitro and in vivo investigations. Both Cha-NE and LA-Cha-NE exhibited typical semi-spherical forms under Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and displayed surface charges of 46.75 and 28.45 mV with average sizes of 87.46 and 112.75 nm, respectively. In a safe manner, Cha-NE and LA-Cha-NE showed higher selectivity against breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) cells than normal (HSF) cells. Reductions in serum contents of IL1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, ASAT, ALAT, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, and cholesterol, as well as an the administration of LA-Cha-NE, breast tumor incidence dramatically reduced. Thus, improvement in survival rates leads to successful prevention of mammary tumorigenesis as proved by the histopathological and immunohistochemistry findings. However, there was an increase in mammary GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD activity. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations showed that LA-Cha-NE had a beneficial therapeutic effect, exhibiting more significantly regulated apoptosis and elevated expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle. Thus, this study demonstrated that the chemo-preventive property of LA-Cha-NE may offer a brand-new alternative therapy to cure breast cancer by re-establishing the compromised oxidative stress response, enhancing the immune response, reducing inflammation process, and fortifying the apoptosis pathway.

Camels survive in deserts through unique, adapted metabolic and immunological processes that are normally lethal to other species. Antioxidants and the gastrointestinal microbiota play major roles in redox homeostasis, yet they remain unexplored in camels to date. The objectives of this study were to characterize the dynamics of milk antioxidants, serum antioxidants, and the fecal microbiome of lactating Bactrian camels with different parities. In total, 30 lactating camels were selected and categorized into the following 3 groups: 10 were assigned to the first parity group (P_1), 10 were classified into the third parity group (P_3), and 10 belonged to the fifth parity group (P_5). The antioxidant parameters of the lactating camels were determined in milk and serum. The fecal microbial community of lactating camels was assessed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and the resulting library was sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq platform. The amount of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and antioxidant activity for polypepetides (DPPH) in the third parity was the highest among the groups both in the camel milk and its serum. In the case of hydroxyl radical (OH) and SOD, the amounts were 9.62 U/mL (SEM = 0.4950) and 13.64 U/mL (SEM = 0.5144), respectively, for P_1 in the serum, which were extremely significantly greater than those of the other groups. The Shannon index was significantly different between the P_1 group and either the P_3 or P_5 group. Additionally, Simpson's diversity index significantly differed between the P_1 group and the P_5 group. Furthermore, the number of OH in camels is positively associated with the metabolic pathway of non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and ANAGLYCOLYSIS-PWY. In conclusion, this study revealed that different parities were associated with distinct levels of antioxidant parameters and fecal microbial ecologies in lactating Bactrian camels, where parity affects metabolic and microbial health. Understanding these dynamics in camels could optimize their nutritional management, enhancing their welfare in challenging environments.

This study investigated the impact of thermal treatments on the quality, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of fermented camel milk during refrigerated storage. Two thermal treatment categories were applied: moderate (63 °C for 30 min and 72 °C for 15 s) and high (85 and 90 °C for 15 s and 30 min). Findings indicated that raw camel milk was found to be microbiologically unacceptable. Heating milk to 90 °C for 30 min notably reduced fermentation time, increased fermented milk viscosity, and altered whey protein electrophoretic patterns. While thermal treatments below 90 °C boosted lactic acid bacteria count in fermented milk compared to raw milk-derived samples (control), all treatments exceeded the recommended standards throughout storage. Thermal treatment decreased the proteolysis degree and DPPH radical scavenging activity but enhanced the ferric-reducing power of fermented milk compared to the control. Among, thermal treatments, samples from milk heated at 90 °C exhibited the highest scavenging activity and reducing power. Antibacterial efficacy against Salmonella Typhimurium surpassed that against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; the most pronounced effect was observed in samples from milk heated at 90 °C. In conclusion, thermal treatment of camel milk is crucial to ensure sufficient hygiene for safe milk consumption. Heating camel milk at 90 °C before fermentation positively impacted most of the studied properties.

Camel α-Lactalbumin (α-LACc) has been shown to exert bioactivities for Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and anti-inflammation, showing the ability to treat obesity-related metabolic disorders. Herein, we present a novel process to purify α-LACc in a single chromatographic step from camel whey in a flow-through format. We also demonstrate the role of α-LACc modulation strategies for the treatment of obesity. An in-vivo study was systematically carried-out, in which an intragastric administration of α-LACc in rats experiencing obesity showed ameliorating effect on hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia. In addition, we demonstrated that the reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress by α-LACc was effective, and importantly, the enhancement of antioxidant defenses was achieved. Furthermore, we found that the peroxynitrite scavenging ability of α-LACc could help restore the hepatorenal function. Finally, we showed that α-LACc could improve insulin resistance-associated glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity disorders caused by obesity. This work has developed a novel one-step purification process of α-LACc from camel whey without the use of organic solvents. Our purified α-LACc may serve as a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic disorders by synergistically alleviating lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity.

Aflatoxins are highly potent mycotoxins that can seriously harm the health of humans and a variety of animal species. On the other hand, camel milk and silymarin offer a variety of positive effects for many animal species. In addition, camel milk and silymarin reduce the impact of AFB1 on the hematology, serum biochemical markers, histopathology of the liver and testes, and expression of the inflammatory, antioxidant, and male reproductive genes.

40 rats were used to evaluate the beneficial effect of silymarin and camel milk against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicity in rats. The classified treatments were the control negative (no treatment) and the control positive (supplied with 1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet) for 28 days. Camel milk group (supplied with 1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet) for 28 days and camel milk (1 milliliter of camel milk per kilogram of body weight) orally, from day 29 to day 43). Silymarin (supplied with 1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet) for 28 days and silymarin (20 mg silymarin/kg b.wt), orally, from day 29 to day 43). The evaluation was done through measuring leukocyte count, liver function tests, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ferritin, and testosterone. Moreover, the histopathology of the liver and testes was done along with expression levels of specific genes in the liver and testes.

The outcomes showed that the post-treatment with silymarin and camel milk improved biochemical markers in serum and ability to reproduce.

In conclusion, post-treatment with camel milk and silymarin could mitigate the negative effect of AFB1 on rats.

The significant increase in demand for camel milk has led to a rapid increase in the number of Bactrian camels. However, the widespread occurrence of mastitis significantly impacts the development of the Bactrian camel milk industry and poses a public health risk. Despite this, there is a lack of research on the transcriptional response, immune response pathways, and changes in core genes of Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis. This study aimed to reveal the changes in immune-related response pathways and gene transcription levels in Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis by analyzing the blood transcriptional response after the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in natural conditions. This study focused on 7-year-old Bactrian camels and collected 2 mL of blood from the camels that tested positive with a 4-peak California Mastitis Test (CMT) and those that tested negative with a 3-peak CMT. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology was used to analyze gene expression in the blood samples. Gene expression was verified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Overall, 1722 differentially expressed genes were sequenced in the blood samples of CMT-positive and CMT-negative Bactrian camels, including 1061 upregulated and 661 downregulated genes. After conducting gene ontology functional enrichment, 453 differentially expressed genes were identified. We also discovered pathways such as immune response, the G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, and internal signal transmission. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment detected 668 differentially expressed genes annotated onto 309 metabolic pathways, with significantly enriched immune pathways including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, complex and coalescence cascades, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and T helper type 17 cell differentiation, among others. Through a STRING protein interaction database and cytoscape analysis, it was found that core differentially expressed genes related to immunity included IL10, CCL5, IL1B, OSM, TNFRSF1B, IL7, and CCR3, among others. The RT-qPCR results for six randomly selected core differentially expressed genes showed that the RT-qPCR expression pattern was consistent with the RNA Seq results. The immune-related genes in Bactrian camels affected by subclinical mastitis are primarily concentrated in the immune response and the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. Given the importance of these pathways and the connections among related genes, the immune genes within these pathways may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels. This study provides a valuable reference for investigating the immune regulatory mechanisms of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels.

Over 10% of the global population is at risk to kidney disorders. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a pivotal regulator of redox homeostasis, orchestrates antioxidant response that effectively counters oxidative stress and inflammatory response in a variety of acute pathophysiological conditions, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and early stage of renal toxicity. However, if persistently activated, NRF2-induced transcriptional cascade may disrupt normal cell signaling and contribute to numerous chronic pathogenic processes such as fibrosis. In this concise review, we assembled experimental evidence to reveal the cell- and pathophysiological condition-specific roles of NRF2 in renal chemical toxicity, AKI, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), all of which are closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. By incorporating pertinent research findings on NRF2 activators, we dissected the spatiotemporal roles of NRF2 in distinct nephrotoxic settings and kidney diseases. Herein, NRF2 exhibits diverse expression patterns and downstream gene profiles across distinct kidney regions and cell types, and during specific phases of nephropathic progression. These changes are directly or indirectly connected to altered antioxidant defense, damage repair, inflammatory response, regulated cell death and fibrogenesis, culminating ultimately in either protective or deleterious outcomes. The spatiotemporal and paradoxical characteristics of NRF2 in mitigating nephrotoxicity suggest that translational application of NRF2 activation strategy for prevention and interventions of kidney injury are unlikely to be straightforward - right timing and spatial precision must be taken into consideration.

Goat milk has gained recognition for its medicinal, cosmetic, and health benefits, particularly its potential to improve human skin conditions. Its therapeutic properties are attributed to bioactive compounds influenced by genes such as lactoferrin (LTF), lysozyme (LYZ), and β-casein (CSN2), known for their antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Genetic factors are hypothesized to shape goat milk's composition and its effectiveness in managing dermatological conditions like eczema and psoriasis. Understanding these genetic determinants is critical to optimizing the use of goat milk in skin health applications. This review aims to explore the application of genomic tools to elucidate the medicinal properties of goat milk and its implications for skin care. By identifying the specific genes and molecular mechanisms underpinning its therapeutic effects, genomic studies have provided insights into the bioactive constituents of goat milk, such as peptides, proteins, and lipids, which contribute to its dermatological efficacy. Candidate genes, including growth hormone receptor (GHR), butyrophilin (BTN1A1), and lactoglobulin (LGB), have been identified as critical for enhancing milk quality and functionality. Future research should integrate genomic data with functional studies to further investigate goat milk's immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Such insights could advance targeted breeding strategies and innovative formulations for managing inflammatory skin conditions and promoting skin health.

Camel milk is a valuable food source with unique nutritional properties and potential health benefits. This study investigated the influence of high dietary salt on milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profile as well as insulin regulation in dairy camels. Twelve multiparous female camels were used in a crossover design with two treatments: control concentrate (CON; 1.3% salt) and high-salt concentrate (SAL; 3.9% salt). Each period lasted 3 weeks, with camels switched between treatments in the second period. The measured variables included milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, and insulin levels in blood and milk. The SAL group exhibited higher (p < 0.01) water consumption. Nevertheless, milk yield and composition (fat, protein, lactose) remained unaffected. Notably, SAL camels had elevated blood insulin levels (p < 0.05) compared to the CON group, suggesting enhanced pancreatic activity possibly driven by osmotic balance changes. Milk FA profiles revealed a reduction in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA, p < 0.04), particularly monounsaturated (MUFA, p < 0.05) and odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA, p < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid quality indices such as the atherogenic index (p < 0.01) and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (h/H, p < 0.01) indicated a less favorable milk fat profile in the SAL group. These findings suggest that while moderate salt supplementation may not negatively impact milk yield in dairy camels, it alters both metabolic and milk fat composition variables, with potential implications for the nutritional quality of milk.

The effects of camel milk in inflammation and systemic oxidative stress of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with small airway inflammation in rats were investigated.

35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: (a) control, (b) CS-exposed rats, c and (d) CS-exposed rats treated with the 4 and 8 mL/kg camel milk, and (e) CS-exposed rats treated with 1 mg/kg dexamethasone.

Total and differential WBC counts, serum level of TNF-α and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum and homogenized tissues of the heart, kidney, liver, and testicle were significantly increased, but catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thiol levels were significantly decreased in CS-exposed rats (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). Treatment with dexamethasone and both doses of camel milk improved all measured variables compared to the COPD group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The improvements of most variables in the treated group with high dose of camel milk were higher than the effect of dexamethasone (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). These findings suggest that camel milk has a therapeutic potential for treating systemic oxidative stress and inflammatory induced by CS.

Therefore, camel milk might be effective in attenuating the effects of CS-induced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents unique challenges related to feeding and nutritional management. Children with ASD often experience feeding difficulties, including food selectivity, refusal, and gastrointestinal issues. Various interventions have been explored to address these challenges, including dietary modifications, vitamin supplementation, feeding therapy, and behavioral interventions.

To provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on nutritional management in ASD. We examine the effectiveness of dietary interventions, vitamin supplements, feeding therapy, behavioral interventions, and mealtime practices in addressing the feeding challenges and nutritional needs of children with ASD.

We systematically searched relevant literature up to June 2024, using databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Studies were included if they investigated dietary interventions, nutritional supplements, or behavioral strategies to improve feeding behaviors in children with ASD. We assessed the quality of the studies and synthesized findings on the impact of various interventions on feeding difficulties and nutritional outcomes. Data extraction focused on intervention types, study designs, participant characteristics, outcomes measured, and intervention effectiveness.

The review identified 316 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The evidence indicates that while dietary interventions and nutritional supplements may offer benefits in managing specific symptoms or deficiencies, the effectiveness of these approaches varies. Feeding therapy and behavioral interventions, including gradual exposure and positive reinforcement, promise to improve food acceptance and mealtime behaviors. The findings also highlight the importance of creating supportive mealtime environments tailored to the sensory and behavioral needs of children with ASD.

Nutritional management for children with ASD requires a multifaceted approach that includes dietary modifications, supplementation, feeding therapy, and behavioral strategies. The review underscores the need for personalized interventions and further research to refine treatment protocols and improve outcomes. Collaborative efforts among healthcare providers, educators, and families are essential to optimize this population's nutritional health and feeding practices. Enhancing our understanding of intervention sustainability and long-term outcomes is essential for optimizing care and improving the quality of life for children with ASD and their families.

Camel's milk is a widely consumed staple meal, especially in areas with dry and somewhat dry climates. Camel milk is rich in valuable ingredients, including lactoferrin and zinc, lactoactive peptides, and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which support optimal health. These compounds have the potential to effectively treat various prominent human illnesses, such as tuberculosis, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and jaundice. The composition of camel's milk is more varied than that of cow's milk. The composition of camel milk is primarily influenced by nutrition, breed, age, and lactation stage. The composition of camel's milk exhibits significant variation based on the geographical region and season. These whey proteins possess distinct physical, chemical, physiological, functional, and technological attributes that provide benefits in culinary uses and have high nutritional worth. Hydrolysis breaks down the proteins in camel's milk into bioactive peptides, which have physiological effects on the body's major organ systems. Camel milk, rich in essential fats, proteins, lactose, and minerals, positively impacts the treatment of diabetes, hepatitis C, and allergies and improves antioxidant enzyme levels in autistic children and tuberculosis patients. The review explores camel milk's therapeutic properties, nutritional composition, and implications for treating specific diseases and improving human healthcare.

The nutritional composition, antimicrobial properties, and health benefits of camel milk (CAM), cow milk (COM), and goat milk (GOM) have been extensively studied for their roles in managing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This review compares these milk types' nutritional and therapeutic properties, emphasizing their applications in chronic disease management. CAM is rich in insulin-like proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that benefit glycemic control and cardiovascular health. It also exhibits potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects, which are crucial for managing diabetes and reducing CVD risk factors. While COM and GOM provide essential nutrients, their impact on metabolic health differs. GOM is known for its digestibility and antihypertensive properties, whereas COM's higher lactose content may be less suitable for diabetic patients. CAM's unique nutritional profile offers distinct therapeutic benefits, particularly for diabetes and CVD management. Further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms of action and optimize its clinical application for chronic disease prevention and management.

The preservation and transportation of raw camel milk are essential for the maintenance of its molecular biological activity. Prolonged storage periods and improper storage temperatures can diminish both the nutritional value and biological functionality of its constituent molecules. This study examines the effects of storage conditions on commercially sourced Bactrian camel milk from Delingha City, Qinghai Province, China. Results indicate that the levels of protein, amino acids, fats, and fatty acids in camel milk stored in a 4°C milk tanker truck decrease progressively over a period of 0 to 7 days. Microbial analysis indicates a shift in microbial composition over time, characterized by a notable rise in Psychrobacter and a marked decline in Kocuria. These alterations in microbial populations result in the degradation of various components. Drawing on previous research, this study underscores the unsuitability of transporting camel milk over long distances in 4°C milk tankers to preserve the quality and nutritional integrity of the product.

One of the main causes of death in the world is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with partially reversible airflow limitation, which is defined as a preventable and treatable pathological condition. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of camel milk (CM) were indicated previously. The effect of CM in cigarette smoke induced-COPD in rats was evaluated in this study.

Five groups of rats including a) control, b) chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD, cigarette smoke exposed), c) COPD group treated with dexamethasone, d) COPD group treated with low dose of camel milk (CM) and e) COPD group treated with high dose of CM by gavage during the cigarette smoke exposure period (n = 7) were studied.

In the COPD group, total and differential white blood cells (WBC) count in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level in the lung tissue and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the BALF and lung tissue, lung pathological changes and tracheal responsiveness to methacholine were significantly increased, but catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and the level of thiol in the BALF and lung tissue were significantly decreased compared to the control group (all, p < 0.001). However, in the COPD groups treated with both doses of CM and dexamethasone, most variable did not achieved to the control levels and were significantly different with the control group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In the COPD group treated with both doses of CM (dose dependently) and dexamethasone, almost all measured variables were significantly improved (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001).

The potential effect of CM on lung inflammation and oxidative stress in a rat model of COPD comparable to dexamethasone was demonstrated.

The potential of camel milk-derived exosomes (CMDE) to enhance the bioavailability of Cannabidiol (CBD) was investigated. CBD-CMDE formulation was prepared using an established procedure and its particle size was 138.4 ± 4.37 nm, and CBD entrapment efficiency of 56.56 ± 4.26 %. In-vitro release studies showed release of 78.27 ± 5.37 % and 46.42 ± 4.75 % CBD from CMDE and control CBD formulation respectively in pH 6.8 at 24 hr. The apparent permeability (Papp) of CBD-CMDE was found to be enhanced by 3.95-fold with Papp of 22.9*10-6 ± 0.34 cm/sec as compared to control CBD formulation with Papp of 5.8*10-6 ± 0.65 cm/sec in MDCK cells. CBD-CMDE was found to be more potent than CBD in 2D cytotoxicity assay with IC50 values of 3.6 ± 0.54 µM, 3.88 ± 0.54 µM and 7.53 ± 0.59 µM, 7.53 ± 0.59 µM against Doxorubicin (DOX) resistant MDA-MB-231 and Rapamycin (RM) resistant MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells respectively. Moreover, 3D spheroids assay results demonstrated CBD-CMDE with IC50 values of 14 ± 0.85 µM, 15 ± 0.07 µM as compared to CBD alone with IC50 values of 25 ± 0.93 µM, 34.7 ± 0.08 µM in MDA-MB-231 DOX RT cells and MDA-MB-468 RM RT cells respectively. In-vivo PK studies showed enhanced bioavailability of CBD from CBD-exosomes with AUC(0-24h) of 1350.56 ± 187.50 h.ng/mL as compared to CBD control formulation with AUC(0-24h) of 351.95 ± 39.10 h.ng/mL with a single oral dose of 12 mg/kg. The data indicate that CMDE significantly improved the oral bioavailability of CBD. Overall, CMDE can be used to enhance the oral absorption of poorly bioavailable APIs.

Camel milk has emerged as a potential complementary therapy for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

This study aimed to gather evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of camel milk consumption in improving symptoms and associated measures in children with ASD.

Comprehensive searches of multiple databases were conducted up to March 14, 2024, for RCTs that evaluated whether camel milk consumption by children with ASD was more beneficial than the consumption of a control substance. Quality and bias analyses and meta-anlaysis data were synthesized and analyzed.

Of 136 records identified, 5 RCTs (n = 299 children) were selected. The mean difference in scores on the childhood autism rating scale (CARS) for the group given camel milk and the control groups was a mean deviation (MD) ‒0.75, 95% CI‒1.97 to 0.47, p = 0.23. The mean difference in CARS scores in the subgroup analyses for raw camel milk was MD‒0.95, 95% CI‒2.33 to 0.44, p = 0.18 and boiled camel milk MD ‒0.50, 95% CI‒1.93 to 0.93, p = 0.49. A qualitative synthesis found that raw camel milk intake led to improvements in various social behaviors in children with ASD. Camel milk consumption resulted in increased levels of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory biomarkers, with some differences observed between patients given raw camel milk and boiled camel milk.

Camel milk shows promise in improving social behaviors and certain biochemical markers in children with ASD, although the current meta-analysis did not document a significant statistical difference in CARS scores for the children studied. Future studies should focus on rigorous RCTs and larger sample sizes to substantiate these preliminary findings.

Milk contains abundant polar lipids, which are vital constituents of biological membranes. These polar lipids are present in the human diet as phospholipids and sphingolipids. Nevertheless, the limited focus has been on the attributes and role of camel milk polar lipids (MPL). In this study, camel MPL were isolated, and the composition of their lipidome was determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem MS. This study characterized a total of 333 polar lipids, which encompassed glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Camel milk is rich in polar lipids, mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylcholine. The results indicated that MPL intervention relieved the clinical symptoms and colon tissue damage in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, along with suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the administration of MPL partially alleviated mouse gut microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of probiotics (such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Muribaculaceae) and decreasing the number of harmful bacteria (such as Bacteroides and Parabacteroides). This study was conducted to investigate the potent protective effects of MPL in camel milk treatments on a mouse model of colitis and provided new ideas for the application of camel milk.

Food proteins and their peptides play a significant role in the important biological processes and physiological functions of the body. The peptides show diverse biological benefits ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory, among others. In this review, an overview of food protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanisms involved was presented. As some proteins remain resistant and undigested, the multifarious factors (e.g. protein type and structure, microbial composition, pH levels and redox potential, host factors, etc.) affecting their colonic fermentation, the derived peptides, and amino acids that evade intestinal digestion are thus considered. The section that follows focuses on the mechanisms of the peptides with anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory effects. As further considerations were made, it is concluded that clinical studies targeting a clear understanding of the gastrointestinal stability, bioavailability, and safety of food-based peptides are still warranted.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavone was supplemented to dairy cows, and antioxidant capacity of milk was assessed. Treated cows increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, reduced production of oxidation products, and enhanced the concentrations of vitamin E and vitamin C. Moreover, milk fatty acid profile was positive influenced by 8 g/kg red clover isoflavone, with changes in the lower saturated and higher unsaturated fatty acids. We further demonstrated the efficacy of antioxidant capacity of milk in mice, found that milk from cows feeding red clover isoflavone increased the expressions of antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tissue damage of duodenum and jejunum, which was related to upregulated metabolism pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid, as well as downregulated inflammatory related pathways. Together, dietary supplementation of red clover isoflavone is an effective way to improve milk antioxidant capacity, providing a natural strategy for developing functional foods.

The milk proteins from samples of 13 different animals were identified utilizing 4D-Label-Free proteomics technology, leading to the identification of a substantial number of proteins. Among the various samples, Chinese people (CHP) milk proteins exhibited the highest count, with 1149 distinct proteins. Simultaneously, we identified common proteins present in these animal milk. It's notable presence in goat milk contributes to enhancing infant infection resistance, showcasing the beneficial role of lactoperoxidase. Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) and tetraspanin in human milk are significantly higher than those in other animals, which determine the prominent antiviral effect of human milk and the important processes related to cell transduction. Furthermore, human milk, camel milk, goat milk and sheep milk proved to be rich sources of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins. The insights obtained from this study can serve as a foundational framework for exploring the role of different animal milk proteins in disease treatment and the composition of infant formula.

Chronic skin wounds pose a global clinical challenge, necessitating effective treatment strategies. This study explores the potential of 3D printed Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) scaffolds, enhanced with Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) at varying concentrations (25, 35, and 50% wt), for wound healing applications. PLA's biocompatibility, biodegradability, and thermal stability make it an ideal material for medical applications. The addition of WPC aims to mimic the skin's extracellular matrix and enhance the bioactivity of the PLA scaffolds. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results confirmed the successful loading of WPC into the 3D printed PLA-based scaffolds. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images revealed no significant differences in pore size between PLA/WPC scaffolds and pure PLA scaffolds. Mechanical strength tests showed similar tensile strength between pure PLA and PLA with 50% WPC scaffolds. However, scaffolds with lower WPC concentrations displayed reduced tensile strength. Notably, all PLA/WPC scaffolds exhibited increased strain at break compared to pure PLA. Swelling capacity was highest in PLA with 25% WPC, approximately 130% higher than pure PLA. Scaffolds with higher WPC concentrations also showed increased swelling and degradation rates. Drug release was found to be prolonged with increasing WPC concentration. After seven days of incubation, cell viability significantly increased in PLA with 50% WPC scaffolds compared to pure PLA scaffolds. This innovative approach could pave the way for personalized wound care strategies, offering tailored treatments and targeted drug delivery. However, further studies are needed to optimize the properties of these scaffolds and validate their effectiveness in clinical settings.

Milk is a whitish liquid that is secreted from mammary glands; and considered as the primary source of nutrition for newborns since they are not able to digest solid food. However, it contains primary nutrients, as well as growth and immune factors. Early weaning is a critical issue that face women and their babies in developing countries. To avoid infant malnutrition, they tend to use other milk types instead of baby formula. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of cow, buffalo, goat or camel milk consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response in male and female Sprague Dawley rats post weaning time. The amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins in the tested milk types were evaluated. Animals were divided into 5 groups (control, cow, buffalo, goat and camel milk administrated groups) (10 rats/group); each animal was administrated by 3.4 ml/day. Rats were administered with milk for 6 weeks; at the end of the 5th week, five animals of each group were isolated and the remaining five animals were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and kept for another week to mount immune response. The effect of different milk types on rats' immune response towards SRBCs was evaluated through pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, ESR and CRP measurement; together, with the histopathological examination of spleen samples and hemagglutination assay. Camel milk consumption reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in spleen that resulted from SRBCs immunization; in addition to, B cell stimulation that was apparent from the high level of anti-SRBCs antibodies. Camel milk is recommended for newborn consumption, due to its high-water content, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin C, as well as low lactose and fat content.

Viruses are microscopic biological entities that can quickly invade and multiply in a living organism. Each year, over 36,000 people die and nearly 400 million are infected with the dengue virus (DENV). Despite dengue being an endemic disease, no targeted and effective antiviral peptide resource is available against the dengue species. Antiviral peptides (AVPs) have shown tremendous ability to fight against different viruses. Accelerating antiviral drug discovery is crucial, particularly for RNA viruses. DDX3X, a vital cell component, supports viral translation and interacts with TRPV4, regulating viral RNA metabolism and infectivity. Its diverse signaling pathway makes it a potential therapeutic target. Our study focuses on inhibiting viral RNA translation by blocking the activity of the target gene and the TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ cation channel. Six major proteins from camel milk were first extracted and split with the enzyme pepsin. The antiviral properties were then analyzed using online bioinformatics programs, including AVPpred, Meta-iAVP, AMPfun, and ENNAVIA. The stability of the complex was assessed using MD simulation, MM/GBSA, and principal component analysis. Cytotoxicity evaluations were conducted using COPid and ToxinPred. The top ten AVPs, determined by optimal scores, were selected and saved for docking studies with the GalaxyPepDock tools. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the peptides had very short hydrogen bond distances (1.8 to 3.6 Å) near the active site of the target protein. Approximately 76% of the peptide residues were 5-11 amino acids long. Additionally, the identified peptide candidates exhibited desirable properties for potential therapeutic agents, including a net positive charge, moderate toxicity, hydrophilicity, and selectivity. In conclusion, this computational study provides promising insights for discovering peptide-based therapeutic agents against DENV.

Camel milk and silymarin have many different beneficial effects on several animal species. Meanwhile, Aflatoxins are mycotoxins with extraordinary potency that pose major health risks to several animal species. Additionally, it has been documented that aflatoxins harm the reproductive systems of a variety of domestic animals. The present design aimed to investigate the impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on rat body weight and reproductive organs and the ameliorative effects of camel milk and silymarin through measured serum testosterone, testes pathology, and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the testes. A total of sixty mature male Wister white rats, each weighing an average of 83.67 ± 0.21 g, were used. There were six groups created from the rats. Each division had ten rats. The groups were the control (without any treatment), CM (1 ml of camel milk/kg body weight orally), S (20 mg silymarin/kg b. wt. suspension, orally), A (1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet), ACM (aflatoxin plus camel milk), and AS (aflatoxin plus silymarin).

The results indicated the positive effects of camel milk and silymarin on growth, reproductive organs, and gene expression of TNF-α, LHR, and StAR with normal testicular architecture. Also, the negative effect of AFB1 on the rat's body weight and reproductive organs, as indicated by low body weight and testosterone concentration, was confirmed by the results of histopathology and gene expression. However, these negative effects were ameliorated by the ingestion of camel milk and silymarin.

In conclusion, camel milk and silymarin could mitigate the negative effect of AFB1 on rat body weight and reproductive organs.

Milk and dairy products serve as a significant dietary component for people all over the world. Milk is a source of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fats, and water that support newborns' growth, development, and physiological processes. Milk contains various essential biological compounds that contribute to overall health and well-being. These compounds are crucial in immune system regulation, bone health, and gut microbiota. Milk and dairy products are primarily from cows, buffalos, goats, and sheep. Recently, there has been a notable increase in camel and mare milk consumption and its associated products due to an increasing attraction to ethnic cuisines and a greater awareness of food biodiversity. Camel and mare milk possess diverse nutritional and therapeutic properties, displaying potential functional foods. Camel milk has been linked to various health advantages, encompassing antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Camel milk has exhibited notable efficacy in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially offering therapeutic benefits for inflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, although extensively recorded, the potential health benefits of mare's milk have yet to be investigated, including its impact on inflammatory conditions. This article highlights the therapeutic potential of camel and mare milk and its derived products in treating inflammatory rheumatic disorders, specifically focusing on their anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory capabilities. These alternative types of milk, which do not come from cows, offer potential avenues for investigating innovative strategies to regulate and reduce inflammatory conditions.

This study was designed to detect lipidomic and proteomic differences in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fractions of cow and camel milk samples. In total, 353 lipid species were detected in these analyses, including 77 PEs, 30 PCs, 28 PIs, 59 SMs, 54 Cers, 13 LPCs, 14 LPEs, 20 PSs, and 4 PGs. These included 54 polar lipid species that differed significantly in abundance between cow and camel milk. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was identified as a core metabolic pathway associated with camel milk composition. Furthermore, 547 proteins exhibiting differential abundance were identified by a label-free proteomics methodology when comparing samples of MFGMfrom camels and cows. Of these proteins, those that differed most in expression between these groups were associated with metabolic pathways, including endoplasmic reticulum activity, endocytosis, and PI3K-Akt signaling. In conclusion, our findings provide a more thorough understanding of the composition of MFGM and its physiological significance, hence offering robust evidence for the potential utilization of camel milk as a nutritional resource in future developments.

Camels are subjected to a wide variety of nutritional deficiencies as they are largely dependent upon grazing desert plants. As a consequence, the syndrome of pica or depraved appetite is occasionally seen in dromedary camels. The condition is manifested as chewing or eating abnormal things such as wood, dirt, bones, stones, clothes, plastics, mud, sand, or other inanimate objects.

This study was designed to investigate the clinical, ultrasonographic, and postmortem findings in dromedary camels with pica or depraved appetite.

Twenty-five camels of 5 days to 15 years were examined. Owner complaints included depraved appetite, loss of body condition, regurgitation of stomach content, and partial or complete absence of feces. Symptoms described were present for a period varying between 3 days, up to 12 months. The stomach compartments and small and large intestines were scanned using ultrasonography from the right and left sides of the abdomen. Necropsy was carried out on six female and three male camels where the thoracic and abdominal organs were examined with special attention to the digestive system.

The affected animals had a history of gradual loss of body conditions, eating foreign objects, decreased or total absence of feces, and regurgitation of stomach content. Using ultrasound, the foreign body was imaged occluding completely or partially the intestines. Foreign bodies within the rumen could not be visualized with ultrasound. In cases where the rumen is impacted by sand, small pin-points revealing acoustic enhancement were imaged. Foreign bodies were removed from the rumen at exploratory rumenotomy (n = 11), laparotomy (n = 3), or at necropsy (n = 8) in the form of plastics, cloths, sand, mud, wool balls, robes, glasses, or even metallic objects which may be blunt or sharp. Sixteen (64%) of the camels were recovered while the remaining 9 (36%) did not survive.

The syndrome of pica or depraved appetite is an important condition in dromedary resulting in the ingestion of objects other than normal feed. Substantial economic losses are expected as a result of this syndrome. Ultrasonography of the digestive system may help the clinician in some cases to localize of occluding foreign bodies in the intestines, while in the transabdominal scanning of the stomach is valuable only in cases of sand impaction.

In dairy science, camel milk (CM) constitutes a center of interest for scientists due to its known beneficial effect on diabetes as demonstrated in many in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies and trials. Overall, CM had positive effects on various parameters related to glucose transport and metabolism as well as the structural and functional properties of the pancreatic β-cells and insulin secretion. Thus, CM consumption may help manage diabetes; however, such a recommendation will become rationale and clinically conceivable only if the exact molecular mechanisms and pathways involved at the cellular levels are well understood. Moreover, the application of CM as an alternative antidiabetic tool may first require the identification of the exact bioactive molecules behind such antidiabetic properties. In this review, we describe the advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms reported to be involved in the beneficial effects of CM in managing diabetes using different in vitro and in vivo models. This mainly includes the effects of CM on the different molecular pathways controlling (1) insulin receptor signaling and glucose uptake, (2) the pancreatic β-cell structure and function, and (3) the activity of key metabolic enzymes in glucose metabolism. Moreover, we described the current status of the identification of CM-derived bioactive peptides and their structure-activity relationship study and characterization in the context of molecular markers related to diabetes. Such an overview will not only enrich our scientific knowledge of the plausible mode of action of CM in diabetes but should ultimately rationalize the claim of the potential application of CM against diabetes. This will pave the way toward new directions and ideas for developing a new generation of antidiabetic products taking benefits from the chemical composition of CM.

The camel milk (CM) industry has witnessed a notable expansion in recent years. This expansion is primarily driven by the rising demand for CM and its fermented products. The perceived health and nutritional benefits of these products are mainly responsible for their increasing popularity. The composition of CM can vary significantly due to various factors, including the breed of the camel, its age, the stage of lactation, region, and season. CM contains several beneficial substances, including antimicrobial agents, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin G, lactoperoxidase, and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, which protect it from contamination by spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, and contribute to its longer shelf life compared to bovine milk (BM). Nevertheless, certain harmful bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli, have been detected in CM, which is a significant public health concern. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and monitor the microbial profile of CM and follow good manufacturing practices to guarantee its safety and quality. This review article explores various aspects of CM, including the types of beneficial and harmful bacteria present in it, the composition of the milk, its antimicrobial properties, its shelf life, and the production of fermented CM products.

The effects of camel milk (CM) intake on lipid profile among patients with diabetes remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to calculate the effect size of CM intake on blood lipids among patients with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. We searched nine databases from inception until December 31, 2022, to identify relevant RCTs. Effect sizes for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were calculated and expressed using mean differences (MD) and confidence intervals (CI). Of 4,054 retrieved articles, 10 RCTs (a total of 347 participants aged 8-70 years, 60.5% male) were eligible for inclusion. The pooled results from a random-effects model showed statistically significant decreases in TC (MD - 21.69, 95% CI: 41.05, - 2.33; p = 0.03; I2=99%), TG (MD - 19.79, 95% CI: -36.16, - 3.42; p=0.02, I2=99%), and LDL (MD -11.92, CI: -20.57, -3.26; p = 0.007, I2=88%), and a significant increase in HDL (MD 10.37, 95% CI, 1.90, 18.84; p=0.02, I2=95%) in patients with diabetes supplemented with CM compared with usual care alone. Subgroup analysis revealed that only long-term interventions (> 6 months) elicited a significant reduction in TC levels and TG levels. Consumption of fresh CM by patients with diabetes resulted in significant reductions in TC, TG, and LDL levels, while showing a significant increase in HDL levels. Patients with T1D elicited a more beneficial effect in lowering TC, LDL, and TG levels and in increasing HDL levels than their corresponding partners with T2D. In conclusion, long-term consumption of CM for patients with diabetes, especially those with T1D, could be a useful adjuvant therapy to improve lipid profile alongside prescribed medications. However, the high heterogeneity in the included studies suggests that more RCTs with larger sample sizes and longer intervention durations are required to improve the robustness of the available evidence.

In view of the severe reduction in Bactrian camel germplasm resources, scientific evaluation, protection, and utilization is particularly important. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic structure of this species, and identify the genes that have played important roles in its evolution. In this study, 21,971 SNPs were identified in 118 domestic Bactrian camels from the Tarim (n = 60) and Junggar (n = 58) populations using simplified GBS genome sequencing. The results show that Tarim and Junggar Bactrian camels have high nucleotide diversity. A phylogenetic tree constructed using structural analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and the adjacency method (NJ) showed that Tarim and Junggar Bactrian camels were clustered together. The selection signals revealed that the Tarim and Junggar Bactrian camels shared 108 genes under positive selection, including WNT1, WNT10B, CD14, SEC61A2, DPAGT1, FOXO6, etc. These selected genes were widely involved in the immune system, embryonic development, lipid metabolism, and other processes. From a genomic analysis perspective, the genetic relationship between TLM and ZGE camels is close, with an average Fst of 0.048 and a relatively low average differentiation coefficient between the two populations. In addition, shared selected genes in the long-term depression pathway were significantly enriched in Tarim and Junggar. These findings will offer support and assistance for the exploration of genetic resource preservation, economically significant traits, and the mechanisms underlying biological characteristics, molecular breeding, and disease.

Lysozyme is used as a food preservative, biological medicine, and infant food additive as a natural anti-infective chemical having bactericidal activity and abundantly secreted in mammals' milk, saliva, etc. We systematically analyzed the 16 coding LYZ genes (C and G-type) in buffalo and cattle to elucidate their evolutionary perspective thoroughly by evaluating an evolutionary relationship, motif patterning, physicochemical attributes, gene, and protein structure, as well as the functional role of the mammary gland-specific expressed buffalo and cattle LYZ genes precisely while considering expression levels difference and the interaction sites variation with bacteria envisaged the potential ability of buffalo LYZ protein with enhanced antibacterial effect. Thus, we speculated that the buffalo mammary glands expressed lysozyme has good antibacterial activity. This study on the buffalo lysozyme gene family not only provides comprehensive insights into the genetic architecture and their antibacterial effect but also offers a theoretical basis for the development of new veterinary drugs and animal health care for mastitis, as well as a new molecular genetic basis to study food or medical lysozyme.

With over 6 million coronavirus pandemic deaths, the African continent reported the lowest death rate despite having a high disease burden. The African community's resilience to the pandemic has been attributed to climate and weather conditions, herd immunity, repeated exposure to infectious organisms that help stimulate the immune system, and a disproportionately large youth population. In addition, functional foods, herbal remedies, and dietary supplements contain micronutrients and bioactive compounds that can help boost the immune system. This review identified significant traditional fermented foods and herbal remedies available within the African continent with the potential to boost the immune system in epidemics and pandemics. Methodology: Databases, such as PubMed, the Web of Science, and Scopus, were searched using relevant search terms to identify traditional African fermented foods and medicinal plants with immune-boosting or antiviral capabilities. Cereal-based fermented foods, meat-, and fish-based fermented foods, and dairy-based fermented foods containing antioxidants, immunomodulatory effects, probiotics, vitamins, and peptides were identified and discussed. In addition, nine herbal remedies and spices belonging to eight plant families have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and antiviral properties. Peptides, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, ascorbic acid, minerals, vitamins, and saponins are some of the bioactive compounds in the remedies. Bioactive compounds in food and plants significantly support the immune system and help increase resistance against infectious diseases. The variety of food and medicinal plants found on the African continent could play an essential role in providing community resilience against infectious diseases during epidemics and pandemics. The African continent should investigate nutritional, herbal, and environmental factors that support healthy living and longevity.

Currently there are no specific recommendations for the use of any particular infant formula in the prevention of cow's milk allergy (CMA). Recently, there has been an increasing interest in alternative infant formulas based on milk proteins from other sources than the cow, including milk from other mammalians such as goat, sheep, donkey, horse, and camel. Whereas these have been studied for their usability in CMA management, there are no studies of their CMA preventive capacity. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate whether camel milk can prevent CMA and vice versa.

The capacity of camel milk in preventing CMA and vice versa is evaluated in a well-established prophylactic Brown Norway rat model. IgG1, IgE, and IgA responses, allergy elicitation, intestinal and mLN gene expression, and protein uptake are analyzed. The study demonstrates that camel and cow's milk in general has an insignificant cross-preventive capacity. Yet, whereas cow's milk is shown to have a low transient capacity to prevent sensitization and clinically active camel milk allergy, camel milk does not show this effect for CMA.

This study suggests that due to lack of cross-tolerance camel milk cannot be used for CMA prevention.

Camel milk (CM) constitutes an important dietary source in the hot and arid regions of the world. CM is a colloidal mixture of nutritional components (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, and minerals) and non-nutritional components (hormones, growth factors, cytokines, immunoglobulins, and exosomes). Although the majority of previous research has been focused on the nutritional components of CM; there has been immense interest in the non-nutritional components in the recent past. Reckoning with these, in this review, we have provided a glimpse of the recent trends in CM research endeavors and attempted to provide our perspective on the therapeutic efficacy of the nutritional and non-nutritional components of CM. Interestingly, with concerted efforts from the research fraternities, convincing evidence for the better understanding of the claimed traditional health benefits of CM can be foreseen with great enthusiasm and is indeed eagerly anticipated.