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Hunter S, Chan H, Crawford H, Baker JF. Appropriate Antibiotic Duration in Pediatric Bone and Joint Infection: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF THE PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA 2023; 5:736. [PMID: 40432934 PMCID: PMC12088144 DOI: 10.55275/jposna-2023-736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Background: Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for childhood bone and joint infection (BJI) remains controversial, despite recent literature in support of shorter courses and early oral switch. We have reviewed the literature to summarize current evidence for reduced duration of antibiotic therapy with particular attention to regional variation in pathogen type and treatment success. Methods: Systematic review was undertaken of studies examining acute pediatric bone and joint infection over the period January 1980-December 2022 for children aged up to 18 years. Cohort studies, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and prospective studies were analyzed for data on treatment success rates and duration of therapy. Results: A total of 34 studies met inclusion criteria reporting treatment duration for 8337 cases of acute BJI. There were five prospective studies, 21 cohort studies, six randomized controlled trials, and three systematic reviews. The shortest duration of therapy tested prospectively was 10 days of combined IV and oral treatment. In the populations examined by this systematic review, there were no increased failure rates as a consequence of shorter therapy. Neonates and children with comorbid or complicated illness were routinely excluded from higher-level studies. Conclusions: There is moderate evidence for shortened duration of therapy with early switch to oral antibiotics in select patients. Studies reporting good success for reduced therapy included healthy patients with uncomplicated disease. Regional disease variation and study protocol heterogeneity limit widespread adoption of short-course treatment. Additionally, the experience of BJI is diverse. Although the majority of children respond well to treatment, there is a subset who demonstrate acute or chronically complicated disease. Further research is needed to define patient and disease factors that contribute to treatment failure. Level of Evidence: Systematic review Level III Key Concepts•In the populations examined in this systematic review, there was no evidence of increased failure rates as a consequence of shorter therapy.•It may be reasonable to recommend short course of IV therapy with early transition to oral medication in those >3 months of age without signs of complicated disease.•Clinicians need to be aware of regional disease variation and patient factors associated with treatment failure.•Pathogen and genetic variability likely contribute to the success of treatment in childhood BJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hunter
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heidi Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Joseph F. Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Wensley K, McClelland D, Grocott N, Manoharan G, Desai S. Case Report: Kingella kingae causing prosthetic joint infection in an adult. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000559.v3. [PMID: 37691837 PMCID: PMC10484313 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000559.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kingella kingae is a Gram-negative micro-organism that is rarely isolated as a pathogen in the adult population. Although widely reported to affect prosthetic heart valves, there have been no previously reported cases of K. kingae infecting prosthetic joints in adults. Case Presentation A 61-year-old patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presented with insidious onset of pain and swelling in her right shoulder, which had progressed to a discharging sinus. The patient had undergone a total shoulder replacement 11 years previously and had not developed any prior post-operative infections. She had been taking anti-TNF medication for 5 years prior to review for her rheumatoid disease. The patient underwent a two-stage revision replacement procedure, including implant removal, sinus excision and debridement. Deep tissue samples grew K. kingae post-operatively. The patient was commenced on intravenous ceftriaxone for 14 days, followed by a further 28 days of oral ciprofloxacin. A second-stage custom shoulder replacement was undertaken 10 months following the first stage and the patient made a good functional recovery. Conclusion The authors suggest that clinicians should be attuned to K. kingae as a potential pathogen for prosthetic joint infection, particularly in patients who are immunosuppressed. Two-stage revision procedures can ensure a favourable outcome and eradication of this pathogen from the joint. Beta lactams remain the principal antibiotic of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wensley
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK
| | - Damian McClelland
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK
| | - Natalie Grocott
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK
| | - Gopikanthan Manoharan
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK
| | - Seema Desai
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK
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Ortiz CD, Barsi J. Differentiating Between Septic Arthritis and Lyme Arthritis in the Pediatric Population. JOURNAL OF THE PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA 2023; 5:706. [PMID: 40433346 PMCID: PMC12088124 DOI: 10.55275/jposna-2023-706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Septic arthritis and Lyme arthritis are two conditions that can present with similar symptoms, making it challenging to differentiate between them in a clinical setting. While septic arthritis often requires immediate surgical intervention, Lyme arthritis can often be managed effectively with antibiotic therapy alone. However, given the dangerous nature of untreated septic arthritis, accurate diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial in managing the condition, especially in the pediatric population. Efforts to distinguish between the two conditions include the use of laboratory tests, history and physical exam findings, and MRI imaging. The authors aim to explore the causes, presentation, and treatment of septic versus Lyme arthritis as well as to provide a summary of the evolving research in this area and propose an algorithm that can aid in diagnosis. By synthesizing the proposed algorithm in diagnosis, clinicians will be better equipped to manage septic versus Lyme arthritis effectively while avoiding invasive procedures such as joint aspiration. Key Concepts •Septic arthritis is a medical urgency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to achieve positive clinical outcomes.•Arthritis is a late-stage symptom of Lyme disease that can be challenging to distinguish from septic arthritis.•Laboratory tests, a thorough history & physical exam, and MRI imaging can aid in diagnosis and help clinicians manage these conditions without resorting to invasive procedures like arthrocentesis.•While septic arthritis usually requires joint drainage, Lyme arthritis can be managed effectively with antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. Ortiz
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - James Barsi
- Stony Brook University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Stony Brook, NY
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Caldaci A, Testa G, Vaccalluzzo MS, Vescio A, Prestianni I, Lucenti L, de Cristo C, Sapienza M, Pavone V. Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes and Treatment Algorithm for Septic Arthritis in Children. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1097. [PMID: 37511710 PMCID: PMC10381621 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic arthritis (SA) in children is an acute inflammatory disease of the joints. If not treated promptly, it could become a surgical emergency. The incidence of the disease in children in Europe is approximately 2-7 per 100,000 children. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate which of these treatments-arthrocentesis, arthrotomy, and arthroscopy-provides better results in children and when to use them. METHODS Three independent authors conducted a systematic review of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE databases to assess studies with any level of evidence that reported the surgical outcome of SA. Two senior investigators evaluated and approved each stage's findings. RESULTS A total of 488 articles were found. After screening, we chose 24 articles that were suitable for full-text reading based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of our analysis showed that there are no numerically significant differences reported in the literature on clinical and radiographic outcomes by surgical technique. CONCLUSIONS We developed an algorithm that could be used if septic arthritis is suspected. Based on our results, the surgical technique to be used will depend on the operator who will perform it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vito Pavone
- Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthopaedics, A.O.U. Policlinico Rodolico-San Marco, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.T.); (M.S.V.); (A.V.); (I.P.); (L.L.); (C.d.C.); (M.S.)
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O’Donnell JM, Ekunseitan E, Swarup I. Factors associated with subsequent surgery after septic arthritis of the knee in children. World J Clin Pediatr 2023; 12:38-44. [PMID: 37034431 PMCID: PMC10075021 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic arthritis of the knee in children is a challenging problem. Surgical debridement is an established treatment, but there is a paucity of literature on long-term prognosis.
AIM To determine the rates and factors associated with return to surgery (RTS) and readmission after index surgical debridement for septic arthritis of the knee in children.
METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study that utilizes data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). We included patients between ages 0 to 18 years that underwent surgical debridement for septic arthritis of the knee between 2005 and 2017. Demographic data included age, gender, race, hospital type and insurance type. Clinical data including index admission length of stay (LOS) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were available from the HCUP database. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
RESULTS Nine-hundred thirty-two cases of pediatric septic knee were included. This cohort was 62.3% male, with mean age of 9.0 (± 6.1) years. Approximately 46% of patients were white and approximately half had Medicaid insurance. Thirty-six patients (3.6%) required RTS at a minimum of 2 year after index surgery, and 172 patients (18.5%) were readmitted at any point. The mean readmission LOS was 11.6(± 11.3) d. Higher CCI was associated with RTS (P = 0.041). There were no significant associations in age, gender, race, insurance type, or type of hospital to which patients presented. Multivariate analysis showed that both increased CCI (P = 0.008) and shorter LOS (P = 0.019) were predictive of RTS.
CONCLUSION Septic arthritis of the knee is an important condition in children. The CCI was associated with RTS at a minimum of 2 years after index procedure. No association was found with age, gender, race, insurance type, or hospital type. Shorter LOS and CCI were associated with RTS in multivariate analysis. Overall, risk of subsequent surgery and readmission after pediatric septic knee arthritis is low, and CCI and shorter LOS are predictive of RTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Marie O’Donnell
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Ernest Ekunseitan
- Medical School, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Ishaan Swarup
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, United States
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Uthraraj NS, Sahukar S, Hiriyur Prakash MP, Sriraam LM, Virani S, Guruprasad G, Relwani J. Septic Arthritis of Neonates: Descriptive Study of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nosocomial Outbreak. Cureus 2022; 14:e24543. [PMID: 35664399 PMCID: PMC9142763 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This is a retrospective descriptive study of a nosocomial outbreak of septic arthritis in a neonatal intensive care unit with a Pseudomonas species as the predominant organism. There have been no previous reports of the same. The risk factors for this disease were analysed. The different diagnostic modalities that we used are described and the short-term outcomes are reported after antibiotic therapy and surgery. Methods Fourteen patients and 16 joints were included in the study over a three-month period. The risk factors were analysed from the records and included prematurity, birth weight, sex and joint predilection. The causative organisms were also analysed from microbiological profiling. The outcomes after surgery and adjunctive antibiotic therapy were analysed in terms of clinical and laboratory parameters. Results Pseudomonasaeruginosa was found to be the predominant organism in this series. The hip joint was predominantly involved and the majority of the patients were found to be premature. All the neonates affected were found to have low birth weight. Conclusion Prematurity and low birth weight were found to have an association with risk for septic arthritis. In our setting of a nosocomial outbreak, a Pseudomonas species was more common than other organisms. A treatment regimen of arthrotomy surgery and adjunctive antibiotic therapy was found to be effective in all our patients.
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7
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Yagupsky P. Microbiological Diagnosis of Pediatric Septic Arthritis. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e1765. [PMID: 32118833 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Yagupsky
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Soroka University Medical Center Beer-Sheva, Israel
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8
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Yagupsky P. Kingella kingae Displaced Staphylococcus aureus as the Most Common Etiology of Septic Arthritis Only Below Six Years of Age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e286. [PMID: 33742611 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Yagupsky
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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9
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Current Concepts in Pediatric Septic Arthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2021; 29:196-206. [PMID: 33273402 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-20-00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis continues to present challenges regarding the clinical diagnosis, workup, and definitive management. Urgent management is essential, so treating surgeons must efficiently work through differential diagnoses, identify concomitant infections, and do a timely irrigation and débridement. The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is increasing, typically resulting in a more rapid progression of symptoms with more severe clinical presentation. The diagnostic utility of MRI has resulted in improved detection of concomitant septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, although MRI must not substantially delay definitive management. Early diagnosis followed by urgent irrigation and débridement and antibiotic therapy are essential for satisfactory long-term outcomes. Antibiotics should not be administered until blood cultures and arthrocentesis fluid are obtained, except in rare cases of a septic or toxic patient. Once cultures are obtained, empiric antibiotic therapy should commence and provide coverage for the most likely pathogens, given the patient's age. Laboratory markers, especially C-reactive protein, should be followed until normalization and correlate with resolution of clinical symptoms. Definitive antibiotic selection should be shared with a pediatric infectious disease specialist, who can help guide the duration of treatment.
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Safdieh G, Silberman J, Nguyen J, Doyle S, Blanco J, Scher D, Green D, Widmann R, Dodwell E. Reply to Letter to the Editor: Pediatric Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis in the USA: A National KID Database Analysis. HSS J 2020; 16:500-502. [PMID: 33380987 PMCID: PMC7749880 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-020-09768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Silberman
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Joseph Nguyen
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Shevaun Doyle
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - John Blanco
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - David Scher
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Daniel Green
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Roger Widmann
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Emily Dodwell
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
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Bréhin C, Claudet I, Dubois D, Sales de Gauzy J, Vial J, Chaix Y, Grouteau E. Assessing the management of pediatric bone and joint infections according to French guidelines. Med Mal Infect 2020; 50:515-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Roerdink RL, Huijbregts HJTAM, van Lieshout AWT, Dietvorst M, van der Zwaard BC. The difference between native septic arthritis and prosthetic joint infections: A review of literature. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 27:2309499019860468. [PMID: 31284831 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019860468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current literature occasionally considers septic arthritis in native joints and prosthetic joint infections as equal pathologies. However, significant differences can be identified. The aim of this review of literature is to describe these differences in definitions, pathology, diagnostic workups, treatment strategies, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Lucas Roerdink
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeroen Bosch General Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martijn Dietvorst
- 4 Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Máxima Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Babette Corine van der Zwaard
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jeroen Bosch General Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Diagnosis and treatment of mycoplasmal septic arthritis: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2019; 44:199-213. [PMID: 31792575 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-019-04451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Septic arthritis caused by Mycoplasma is rare. The diagnosis and effective treatment of mycoplasmal septic arthritis remains a serious problem for clinicians. The aim of this systematic review was to document the available evidence on the diagnosis and treatment methods for mycoplasmal septic arthritis and to provide guidance for clinicians. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched in December 2018.The searches were limited to the English language. Article screening and data extraction and compilation were conducted by two independent reviewers. All the included studies were assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) tool. RESULTS There was a total of 33 articles including 34 cases of mycoplasmal septic arthritis and eight of them were periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Twenty-four patients (70.6%) were immunocompromised, and the synovial fluid white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly lower in the immunocompromised group than in the immunocompetent group (48,527 × 106/L vs. 100,640 × 106/L; P = 0.009). The traditional culture method took longer, and the positivity rate was lower than that of nucleic acid testing (50% vs. 100%; P = 0.016). Only 19.2% (5/26) of patients treated with empiric antibiotics were relieved of symptoms, while 82.4% (28/34) of patients achieved satisfactory results after being treated with antibiotics against Mycoplasma. CONCLUSION The possibility of mycoplasmal septic arthritis should be considered if patients with joint infections have a history of immunocompromised, repeated negative cultures, and poor empiric antibiotic treatment results. The rational use of nucleic acid testing technologies can help in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of mycoplasmal septic arthritis.
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Abstract
Septic arthritis in children is a surgical emergency, and prompt diagnosis and treatment are mandatory. If diagnosed quickly and treated correctly, the outcomes can be good. With delay in diagnosis and without proper treatment, outcomes often are quite devastating, with growth disturbance and joint destruction.
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Pediatric Septic Arthritis and Osteomyelitis in the USA: A National KID Database Analysis. HSS J 2019; 15:159-166. [PMID: 31327948 PMCID: PMC6609663 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-018-9644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior reports suggest that osteoarticular infections may be increasing over time. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We sought to determine if incidence rates, median in-hospital costs, and length of stay (LOS) of osteomyelitis, septic arthritis (SA), and combined infections have changed over time for pediatric patients, and how they compare to previously reported rates. METHODS The Kids' Inpatient Database (KID), a US national sample of pediatric hospital discharge records from 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012, was used to determine yearly estimated counts of infections in children 20 years of age or younger. US census data was used to calculate yearly incidence rates. Trend tests using linear contrast analysis were used to compare estimated median LOS and inflation-adjusted median costs over time for each type of infection. RESULTS From 1997 through 2012, the incidence rate of osteomyelitis increased from 7.9 to 10.5 per 100,000, SA was unchanged from 5.3 to 5.2 per 100, and combined infections increased from 0.8 to 1.3 per 100,000. Median LOS from 1997 to 2012 showed no significant change for osteomyelitis (5.0 to 4.9 days), SA (4.4 to 4.1 days), or combined infections (6.5 to 6.8 days). Median in-hospital costs from 1997 to 2012 increased for osteomyelitis ($7735 to $11,823), SA ($5041 to $10,574), and combined infections ($12,691 to $16,260). CONCLUSION In pediatric patients, the estimated incidence rate of SA appeared stable, while rates of osteomyelitis and combined infections increased. These estimated rates fall within previously reported ranges. Despite stable LOS, costs have increased over time.
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Ben-Zvi L, Sebag D, Izhaki G, Katz E, Bernfeld B. Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Arthritis in Children. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:23. [PMID: 31144135 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Septic arthritis is limb and life-threatening condition which necessitates rapid diagnosis and treatment. It is important for a medical practitioner to be familiar with this condition. This review summarizes the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, complications, as well as treatment and the following-up of this condition. RECENT FINDINGS Different causative organisms require unique diagnostic and treatment approaches. Establishing the diagnosis often requires multiple diagnostic modalities, some of which are new and innovative. Differential diagnosis requires excluding non-infectious inflammatory causes, such as reactive arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, transient synovitis, and pericapsular pyomyositis. There is no consensus regarding the nature or duration of pharmacological or surgical treatment. Treatment includes administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and including the use of steroids and drainage. The most common complications are osteonecrosis of the femoral head and chronic osteomyelitis. Complications of septic arthritis are mostly due to a missed diagnosis. Further studies are required to better evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Ben-Zvi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, 7 Michal Street, 34362, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Diklah Sebag
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Izhaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, 7 Michal Street, 34362, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eldad Katz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, 7 Michal Street, 34362, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Bernfeld
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, 7 Michal Street, 34362, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute septic arthritis of the knee in children may be treated by arthroscopic or open methods; however, pediatric data comparing these methods is limited regarding both short- and long-term outcomes. This study aimed to compare outcomes after arthroscopic versus open surgery for acute pediatric septic knee arthritis. METHODS Pediatric patients with acute knee septic arthritis treated at our institution from 1996 to 2016 were retrospectively assessed. The clinical presentations, operations, microorganisms, laboratory results, knee radiologic findings and antibiotics administered were compared. Patients' long-term outcomes were assessed at mean 6.9 (range 1.1-20.3) years. RESULTS Twenty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Eleven patients received arthroscopic irrigation and 13 had open irrigation. Five patients in the open group (38.5%) required a second irrigation compared with none in the arthroscopic group [95% confidence interval (CI): 12%-65%; P = 0.041]. Time to range the knee occurred earlier in the arthroscopic group (5.0 days; arthroscopic vs. 10.6 days; open, difference 5.6 days: 95% CI: 0.84-10.3, P = 0.023), as well as weight-bearing (2.7 days; arthroscopic vs. 10.3 days; open, difference 7.6 days: 95% CI: 2.3-12.9, P = 0.008). Eighty-three percent of patients attended follow-up. No infections recurred. No significant differences were found in Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores for children, Lysholm scores, range-of-motion, leg length, gait and radiologic findings. CONCLUSIONS For acute pediatric septic knee arthritis, arthroscopic irrigation is associated with less repeat surgical irrigations and allows earlier knee ranging and weight-bearing compared with open irrigation. At long-term follow-up, no significant difference was found between groups.
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Welling BD, Haruno LS, Rosenfeld SB. Validating an Algorithm to Predict Adjacent Musculoskeletal Infections in Pediatric Patients With Septic Arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2018; 476:153-159. [PMID: 29389760 PMCID: PMC5919251 DOI: 10.1007/s11999.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic arthritis is frequently associated with adjacent infections including osteomyelitis and subperiosteal and intramuscular abscesses. While often clinically indiscernible from isolated septic arthritis, the diagnosis of adjacent infections is important in determining the need for additional surgical intervention. MRI has been used as the diagnostic gold standard for assessing adjacent infection. Routine MRI, however, can be resource-intensive and delay surgical treatment. In this context, there is need for additional diagnostic tools to assist clinicians in determining when to obtain preoperative MRI in children with septic arthritis. In a previous investigation by Rosenfeld et al., an algorithm, based on presenting laboratory values and symptoms, was derived to predict adjacent infections in septic arthritis. The clinical applicability of the algorithm was limited, however, in that it was built from and applied on the same population. The current study was done to address this criticism by evaluating the predictive power of the algorithm on a new patient population. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Can a previously created algorithm used for predicting adjacent infection in septic arthritis among pediatric patients be validated in a separate population? METHODS Records for all pediatric patients (1-18 years old) surgically treated for suspected septic arthritis during a 3-year period were retrospectively reviewed (109 patients). Of these patients, only those with a diagnosis of septic arthritis confirmed by synovial fluid analysis were included in the study population. Patients without confirmation of septic arthritis via synovial fluid analysis, Gram stain, or culture were excluded (34 patients). Patients with absence of MRI, younger than 1 year, insufficient laboratory tests, or confounding concurrent illnesses also were excluded (18 patients), resulting in a total of 57 patients in the study population. Five variables which previously were shown to be associated with risk of adjacent infection were collected: patient age (older than 4 years), duration of symptoms (> 3 days), C-reactive protein (> 8.9 mg/L), platelet count (< 310 x 10 cells/µL), and absolute neutrophil count (> 7.2 x 10 cells/µL). Adjacent infections were determined exclusively by preoperative MRI, with all patients in this study undergoing preoperative MRI. MR images were read by pediatric musculoskeletal radiologists and reviewed by the senior author. According to the algorithm we considered the presence of three or more threshold-level variables as a "positive" result, meaning the patient was predicted to have an adjacent infection. Comparing against the gold standard of MRI, the algorithm's accuracy was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. RESULTS In the new population, the sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm were 86% (95% CI, 0.70-0.95) and 85% (95% CI, 0.64-0.97), respectively. The positive predictive value was determined to be 91% (95% CI, 0.78-0.97), with a negative predictive value of 77% (95% CI, 0.61-0.89). All patients meeting four or more algorithm criteria were found to have septic arthritis with adjacent infection on MRI. CONCLUSIONS Critical to the clinical applicability of the above-mentioned algorithm was its validation on a separate population different from the one from which it was built. In this study, the algorithm showed reproducible predictive power when tested on a new population. This model potentially can serve as a useful tool to guide patient risk stratification when determining the likelihood of adjacent infection and need of MRI. This better-informed clinical judgement regarding the need for MRI may yield improvements in patient outcomes, resource allocation, and cost. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, diagnostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Welling
- B. D. WellingBaylor College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Houston, TX, USA L. S. Haruno, S. B. RosenfeldTexas Children's Hospital, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Septic arthritis is a rheumatologic emergency that may lead to disability or death. Prompt evacuation of the joint, either by arthrocentesis at the bedside, open or arthroscopic drainage in the operating room, or imaging-guided drainage in the radiology suite, is mandatory. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major cause of septic arthritis in the United States. MRSA joint infection seems to be associated with worse outcomes. Antibiotic courses of 3 to 4 weeks in duration are usually adequate for uncomplicated bacterial arthritis. Treatment duration should be extended to 6 weeks if there is imaging evidence of accompanying osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Ross
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Francis Street, PBB-B420, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Update on the Management of Pediatric Acute Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060855. [PMID: 27258258 PMCID: PMC4926389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are two infections whose frequencies are increasing in pediatric patients. Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis need to be carefully assessed, diagnosed, and treated to avoid devastating sequelae. Traditionally, the treatment of acute osteoarticular infection in pediatrics was based on prolonged intravenous anti-infective therapy. However, results from clinical trials have suggested that in uncomplicated cases, a short course of a few days of parenteral antibiotics followed by oral therapy is safe and effective. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians an update on recent controversies and advances regarding the management of acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. In recent years, the emergence of bacterial species resistant to commonly used antibiotics that are particularly aggressive highlights the necessity for further research to optimize treatment approaches and to develop new molecules able to fight the war against acute osteoarticular infection in pediatric patients.
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Septic arthritis in children: frequency of coexisting unsuspected osteomyelitis and implications on imaging work-up and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 204:1289-95. [PMID: 26001240 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis clinically present at any age with overlapping signs and symptoms. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the demographic distribution of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in children and to explore optimal imaging guidelines for these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective study of children up to 18 years old who were treated for osteomyelitis or septic arthritis between January 2011 and September 2013. All patients underwent MRI without previous intervention. Studies were reviewed to determine the incidence of septic arthritis or superimposed osteomyelitis. The reference diagnosis was based on the combined review by the orthopedic surgeon and infectious disease notes, discharge summary, operative report, and MRI examination. RESULTS One hundred sixty-two children who underwent 177 MRI examinations were diagnosed with acute musculoskeletal infection. One hundred three patients were included in the septic arthritis category, of whom 70 (68%) had septic arthritis with osteomyelitis. Seventy-four (42.1%) patients had isolated osteomyelitis without septic arthritis. Children under 2 years old were more likely to have septic arthritis (either isolated or with osteomyelitis) than isolated osteomyelitis compared with older children (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSION In children who underwent MRI for suspected musculoskeletal infection, septic arthritis was more prevalent in children under the age of 2 years than in older children. However, both septic arthritis and osteomyelitis were found frequently in older children. Musculoskeletal infection imaging workup guidelines for children of all ages should address the frequent association of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. We recommend that MRI should be used in the evaluation of suspected musculoskeletal infections in children, and the nearest joint should always be included to evaluate the extent of articular disease.
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Metaphyseal osteomyelitis in children: how often does MRI-documented joint effusion or epiphyseal extension of edema indicate coexisting septic arthritis? Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:1174-81. [PMID: 25698366 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint effusions identified by MRI may accompany osteomyelitis and determining whether the joint effusion is septic or reactive has important implications on patient care. OBJECTIVE Determine the incidence of epiphyseal marrow edema, joint effusions, perisynovial edema and epiphyseal non-enhancement in the setting of pediatric metaphyseal osteomyelitis and whether this may be used to predict coexisting septic arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following IRB approval, we retrospectively evaluated children who underwent MRI and orthopedic surgical consultation for suspected musculoskeletal infection between January 2011 and September 2013. Criteria for inclusion in the study were microbiologically/pathologically proven infection, MRI prior to surgical intervention, long bone involvement and age 0-18 years. MRI exams were independently reviewed by two faculty pediatric radiologists to confirm the presence of appendicular metaphyseal osteomyelitis, to evaluate extent of edema, to determine subjective presence of a joint effusion and to assess perisynovial edema and epiphyseal non-enhancement. Any discrepant readings were reviewed in consensus. Charts and operative notes were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. RESULTS One hundred and three joints with metaphyseal osteomyelitis were identified (mean age: 7.1 years; M:F 1.3:1), of whom 53% (55/103) had joint effusions, and of those, 75% (41/55) had surgically confirmed septic arthritis. The incidence of coexisting septic arthritis was 40% in the setting of epiphyseal edema, 74% in epiphyseal edema and effusion, 75% with perisynovial edema, 76% with epiphyseal non-enhancement and 77% when all four variables were present. Of these, the only statistically significant variable, however, was the presence of a joint effusion with a P-value of <0.0001 via Fisher exact test. Statistical significance for coexisting septic arthritis was also encountered when cases were subdivided into intra-articular vs. extra-articular metaphyses (P-value = 0.0499). No statistically significant difference was found between patients younger than 24 months and those older than 24 months. CONCLUSION Patients with joint effusions identified by MRI, in the setting of metaphyseal osteomyelitis, should be presumed to have septic arthritis until proven otherwise. Epiphyseal extension of edema, perisynovial edema and epiphyseal non-enhancement in the setting of metaphyseal osteomyelitis are not helpful predictors in differentiating reactive and pyogenic joint effusions. Osteomyelitis at a site with an intra-articular metaphyses, however, is more likely to have concurrent septic arthritis.
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Septic arthritis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015; 29:275-89. [PMID: 26362744 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Septic arthritis has long been considered an orthopedic emergency. Historically, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus have been the most common causes of septic arthritis worldwide but in the modern era of biological therapy and extensive use of prosthetic joint replacements, the spectrum of microbiological causes of septic arthritis has widened considerably. There are also new approaches to diagnosis but therapy remains a challenge, with a need for careful consideration of a combined medical and surgical approach in most cases.
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Abstract
Kingella kingae is a common etiology of pediatric bacteremia and the leading agent of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children aged 6 to 36 months. This Gram-negative bacterium is carried asymptomatically in the oropharynx and disseminates by close interpersonal contact. The colonized epithelium is the source of bloodstream invasion and dissemination to distant sites, and certain clones show significant association with bacteremia, osteoarthritis, or endocarditis. Kingella kingae produces an RTX (repeat-in-toxin) toxin with broad-spectrum cytotoxicity that probably facilitates mucosal colonization and persistence of the organism in the bloodstream and deep body tissues. With the exception of patients with endocardial involvement, children with K. kingae diseases often show only mild symptoms and signs, necessitating clinical acumen. The isolation of K. kingae on routine solid media is suboptimal, and detection of the bacterium is significantly improved by inoculating exudates into blood culture bottles and the use of PCR-based assays. The organism is generally susceptible to antibiotics that are administered to young patients with joint and bone infections. β-Lactamase production is clonal, and the local prevalence of β-lactamase-producing strains is variable. If adequately and promptly treated, invasive K. kingae infections with no endocardial involvement usually run a benign clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Yagupsky
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Desrochers A, Francoz D. Clinical management of septic arthritis in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30:177-203, vii. [PMID: 24534665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial fluid, ultrasound, and radiographic imaging are common diagnostic tools for septic arthritis. Mycoplasma septic arthritis is suspected in calves with clinical signs of otitis and pneumonia. Commonly affected joints are carpus, stifle, and tarsus. Treatment strategy must include long-term antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Knowledge of communication and boundaries for commonly affected joints is essential to perform joint lavage and arthrotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Desrochers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada.
| | - David Francoz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUNDS With the development of molecular biology and specific polymerase chain reaction, Kingella kingae has become the primary diagnosis of osteoarticular infections in young children. Clinical features of these osteoarticular infections are typically mild, and outcome is almost always favorable. We report a series of unusually severe cases of K. kingae osteoarticular infections. METHODS All patients with severe osteoarticular infections at presentation were reviewed retrospectively in 2 European pediatric centers. K. kingae was identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction in blood, fluid joint or osseous samples. Clinical, laboratory tests and radiographic data during hospitalization and follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS Ten children (mean age 21 ± 12 months) with severe osteoarticular infections caused by K. kingae were identified between 2008 and 2011. Diagnostic delay averaged 13.2 ± 8 days. Only 1 patient was febrile at admission, and 50% children had normal C-reactive protein values (≤10 mg/dL) at presentation. Surgical treatment was performed in all cases. Intravenous antibiotic therapy by cephalosporins for an average of 8 ± 6 days was followed by oral treatment for 27 ± 6 days. Mean follow-up was 24.8 ± 9 months, and satisfactory outcomes were reported in all cases. Two patients (20%) developed a central epiphysiodesis of the proximal humerus during follow-up, but without significant clinical consequence for the moment. CONCLUSIONS Because of their mild clinical features at onset, diagnosis of K. kingae osteoarticular infections can be delayed. Care should be taken for early detection and treatment of these infections because bony lytic lesions and potentially definitive growth cartilage damage can occur.
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