Endodontic treatment aims to eliminate pulp tissue, microorganisms, and toxins while creating an environment conducive to tissue revitalization and regeneration. Sodium hypochlorite, the gold-standard irrigant, is effective but has significant cytotoxic effects, prompting the need for safer alternatives. This study investigates the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, adhesion to dentin, and osteogenic differentiation of cells exposed to Dual Rinse HEDP, curcumin, and sodium hypochlorite (2.5%) for 1, 5, and 15 min, focusing on their potential application in revitalization and regenerative endodontic protocols.

Samples were assigned to groups based on the irrigant used: control, HEDP, curcumin, or sodium hypochlorite (2.5%) for exposure durations of 1, 5, and 15 min. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay, with optical density measured at the specified times. Cell proliferation was evaluated via the Trypan blue exclusion test, with viable cells counted using a hemocytometer. Data were presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) values and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for all tests. Cell adherence to dentin discs was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 5-min irrigant exposure. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed through alizarin red staining for calcium deposition and quantitative PCR analysis of BMP-2, TGF-β1, VEGF, and DSPP gene expression.

Cell cytotoxicity differed significantly across groups (p < 0.05), with HEDP showing the best results at 1 and 5 min. After 15 min, Group II had the highest value, followed by Group I. HEDP also recorded the highest cell proliferation, followed by curcumin. HEDP exhibited substantial calcium deposition and significantly upregulated BMP-2, TGF-β1, VEGF, and DSPP gene expression, surpassing other materials. Curcumin moderately promoted calcified nodule formation. Osteogenic media also induced significant gene upregulation.

Dual Rinse HEDP and curcumin are tissue-friendly. Dual rinse HEDP efficiently increases stem cell adherence to dentin discs and their osteogenic differentiation. So, this irrigant has the potential to be used in regeneration protocols.

This study aimed to compare the potential of two regenerative endodontic procedures, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and concentrated growth factor (CGF), in the treatment of mature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps and periapical radiolucency.

This randomized clinical trial was written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Randomized Trials in Endodontics 2020 guidelines. The study was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry ( ClinicalTrials.gov ) with identifier number NCT06227533. Eighteen patients with mature necrotic maxillary incisors with periapical lesions were randomly divided into two groups, one group received treatment with PRF (n = 9), while the other received CGF (n = 9). Radiographs were taken at the beginning, 6 and 12 months after treatment, and confirmed with CBCT to assess periradicular healing. An electric pulp tester and cold test were used to determine whether pulp sensibility had been regained during the follow-up period. The statistical analysis used an independent t-test to compare different groups. Repeated measures ANOVA to compare pre-operative, after 6 months, and after 1 year in the same group.

Both groups experienced a considerable increase in healing at 6 and 12 months compared to baseline, with no significant differences seen regarding lesion size (p-value was 0.34) and relative bone density (p-value was 0.27). There was no substantial change in the tooth sensibility reading between both groups at 6 months (p-value = 0.34), After 1 year, both groups exhibited identical patterns.

Revascularization using PRF or CGF successfully preserved mature teeth with necrotic pulps.

To evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rate of blood clot and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) as a scaffold system in regenerative endodontic procedure in immature traumatized necrotic teeth..

This retrospective study examined the records of 28 subjects with necrotic immature open apex due to trauma treated with blood clot or PRF as a scaffold in regenerative endodontic procedure. The disinfection was carried out with calcium hydroxide as an intra-canal medicament. The clinical outcome was recorded using a binary variable of presence or absence of pain and intra-oral swelling. The radiographic outcome was recorded for periapical healing using Ørstavik's Periapical Index and apical response using Chen and Chen index. Comparison of frequencies of categories of variables with groups was done using the chi-square test. The pairwise comparison of time intervals was done using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.

Intra-group comparison of pain and intra-oral swelling had highly significant (p = 0.000) results for both groups over a period of 12 months. Inter-group comparison for clinical outcomes was insignificant. For the radiographic outcome, there was a statistically non-significant difference for periapical healing and apical response for both intra-group and inter-group comparisons.

Both PRF and blood clot have a favourable outcome for a regenerative endodontic procedure with a disinfectant protocol using calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament. Considering the cumbersome procedure involved in procuring PRF scaffold, especially in children, inducing bleeding can be considered a recommended method for a regenerative endodontic procedure.

To evaluate and compare clinically and radiographically the effect of using two different coronal plug materials (NeoMTA versus Conventional White mineral trioxide aggregate) in revascularization of non-vital immature permanent anterior teeth, with special reference to the assessment and evaluation of discoloration potential over a period of one year.

Revascularization procedure was performed in (30) immature permanent non-vital anterior teeth which were randomly allocated to two equal groups (n = 15). NeoMTA was used as coronal plug material in the Experimental Group (N), while conventional White mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) was used as a coronal plug material in the Control Group (W). All treated teeth were evaluated clinically at 1 week, 1, 3, and 12 months and radiographically at 12 months.

The overall clinical and radiographic success rate of Groups (N) and (W) at the end of the 12-month follow-up period was 100%. The discoloration was detected in a single tooth (9.1%) in Group (N) and three teeth (27.3%) in Group (W) but the difference between groups was not statistically significant.

Both NeoMTA and conventional WMTA were successful coronal plug materials in the revascularization of non-vital immature permanent teeth achieving a high level of clinical and radiographic success. NeoMTA is a promising coronal plug material that can be used for revascularization procedures in the esthetic zone as it showed less discoloration potential compared with conventional WMTA, however, there was no statistically significant difference between both materials.

Tissue engineering as an important field in regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic approach to replace or regenerate injured tissues. It consists of three vital steps including the selection of suitable cells, formation of 3d scaffolds, and adding growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are mentioned as two main sources for this approach that have been used for the treatment of various types of disorders. However, the main focus of literature in the field of dental tissue engineering is on utilizing MSCs. On the other hand, biocompatible scaffolds play a notable role in this regenerative process which is mentioned to be harmless with acceptable osteoinductivity. Their ability in inhibiting inflammatory responses also makes them powerful tools. Indeed, stem cell functions should be supported by biomaterials acting as scaffolds incorporated with biological signals. Naturally derived polymeric scaffolds and synthetically engineered polymeric/ceramic scaffolds are two main types of scaffolds regarding their materials that are defined further in this review. Various strategies of tissue bioengineering can affect the regeneration of dentin-pulp complex, periodontium regeneration, and whole teeth bioengineering. In this regard, in vivo/ex vivo experimental models have been developed recently in order to perform preclinical studies of dental tissue engineering which make it more transferable to be used for clinic uses. This review summarizes dental tissue engineering through its different components. Also, strategies of tissue bioengineering and experimental models are introduced in order to provide a perspective of the potential roles of dental tissue engineering to be used for clinical aims.