Preeclampsia - What is to blame? The placenta, maternal cardiovascular system or both?

Table 1 A summary of the key differences observed in placental and cardiovascular parameters in early-onset vs late-onset preeclampsia

	Early onset PE	Late onset PE
Fetal growth restriction	↑↑↑	↑
Hormones - PlGF	↓	↔
Hormones - sFlt-1	↑	↔
Hormones - PAPP-A	↓	↔
Uterine artery Doppler resistance	↑↑↑	↑/↔
Molecular stress response	↑	↔
Histological evidence of hypoperfusion	↑↑	↑/↔
Haemodynamics - Cardiac index	↓	↔
Haemodynamics - TVR index	↑↑	↑
Left Ventricular geometry –	↑↑	↑↑
concentric remodelling
Left Ventricular geometry –	↑	↓
concentric hypertrophy
Chamber diastolic function	↓↓	↓
Chamber systolic function	↓	↔

PE: Preeclampsia; PlGF: Placental growth factor; sFlt-1: Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; PAPP-A: Pregnancy associated plasma protein A; TVR: Total vascular resistance.