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Tang VFY, Jiang D, Kahlon M, Chow EOW, Yeung DYL, Aubrey R, Chou KL. A three-arm randomized controlled trial protocol: Effects of telephone-based, layperson-delivered wisdom-enhancement narrative therapy and empathy-focused interventions on loneliness, social, and mental health in older adults. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2025; 45:101479. [PMID: 40235625 PMCID: PMC11999345 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2025.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Loneliness is an increasingly widespread issue among older adults globally, with significant implications on physical, social, and mental health. While various interventions exist to address this challenge, their long-term effects remain unclear. Using a 3-arm randomized controlled trial, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a telephone-based and layperson-delivered wisdom-enhancement narrative therapy (Tele-NT) and empathy-focused program (Tele-EP) against an active control group (ACG) in reducing loneliness. Methods 282 community-dwelling lonely older adults will be recruited and randomly allocated into 1 of the 3 interventions. Older adults will receive two 30-min intervention per week, over the course of 4 weeks, delivered over the phone by a layperson. Assessments will be conducted in-person at baseline (T0), 1-month (T1), 6-month (T2), and 12-month (T3) post-intervention. The primary outcome will be assessed using the Chinese validated 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. The secondary outcomes will include sleep quality, perceived social support, and depressive symptoms. Potential mediators and moderators will also be explored. The data will be analysed using linear mixed models on an intention-to-treat basis. Discussion This RCT is effective, Tele-NT and/or Tele-EP could serve as a model for broader implementation in the community, offering practical solutions to mitigate loneliness and its associated health burdens in the aging populations. Trial registration This trial is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; ChiCTR2300070179 on April 4, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da Jiang
- The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | - Kee-Lee Chou
- The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Jeste DV, Alexopoulos GS, Blazer DG, Lavretsky H, Sachdev PS, Reynolds CF. Wisdom, Resilience, and Well-Being in Later Life. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2025; 21:33-59. [PMID: 39621412 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-031855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
As the numbers of older adults continue to increase globally, the need for facilitating healthy aging has become critical. While a physically healthy lifestyle, including exercise and diet, is important, recent research has highlighted a major impact of psychosocial determinants of health, such as resilience, wisdom, positive social connections, and mental well-being, on whole health. This article focuses on keeping the mind and brain healthy with psychosocially active aging. It has six sections: Philosophy Concepts of Wisdom, Resilience, and Well-Being; Wisdom: Clinical, Neurobiological, and Evolutionary Perspectives; Resilience, Adaptation, and Augmentation; Psychological Resilience, Brain Health, and Whole Person Health; Preventing Depression and Promoting Resilience and Well-Being in Old Age; and The Centenarian as a Model of Resilience and Well-Being. We discuss the biopsychosocial mechanisms and effectiveness of healthy lifestyle strategies and propose a framework for future research and its practical implications for promoting wisdom, resilience, and well-being at the individual, societal, and policy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Social Determinants of Health Network, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | | | - Dan G Blazer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helen Lavretsky
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles F Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nusbaum H. Understanding the Psychology of Practical Wisdom. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 2025; 50:104-116. [PMID: 39841581 DOI: 10.1093/jmp/jhae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2025] Open
Abstract
The longstanding view of doctors as scientists has been an emphasis in the MCAT and medical school training. However, the AAMC recommended recognizing the importance of social and behavioral science for medicine. There is also a growing realization that being a smart problem solver and the physician as scientist model emphasizes a cold cognitive problem-solving paradigm that overlooks other human capacities that may be critical to medical reasoning and decision-making. Considering a smart physician versus a wise physician, intelligence and problem-solving are important, but a wise physician can use other important capacities beyond intelligence and rationality. This could benefit patients by introducing patient and family perspective taking, as well as compassion in doctor-patient interaction. By reconceptualizing professions from the perspective of practical wisdom, this may increase resilience to problems such as burnout. I outline some psychological capacities viewed as important in wise reasoning that are not about traditional views of intelligence. I argue that wise reasoning is not a native talent but a skill that can be developed. I argue that different kinds of experiences can increase aspects of empathy, epistemic humility, perspective taking, and wise reasoning and I examine evidence that wise reasoning may increase resilience.
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Zhang J, Chen YC, Shi C, Wang JSH. Developing an Operationalized Framework for Comparing Consumer-Directed Care for Older Adults: Evidence from Expert Survey and Cross-National Comparison. J Aging Soc Policy 2025; 37:71-91. [PMID: 38151708 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2023.2297594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Consumer-directed care (CDC) programs for older people aim to optimize health outcomes by offering clients control and flexibility regarding service arrangements. However, policy design features may differ due to heterogenous sociostructural systems. By operationalizing a framework with three dimensions of CDC, i.e. control and direct services, variety of service options, and information and support, we analyzed how countries vary in their policy designs to achieve consumer direction. Using an expert survey (n = 20) and cross-national document analysis, we analyzed 12 CDC programs from seven selected countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, China, Australia, and Spain. Among the three dimensions, CDC programs placed more emphasis on and displayed more homogenous performance of policy designs that achieve consumer direction in the dimension of control and direct services, while less emphasis was placed on and more heterogenous performance displayed in the dimensions of variety of service options and information and support. We offer a systematically operationalized framework to investigate CDC policy designs. Findings advance our understanding of CDC policy features from a cross-national perspective. Policymakers could incorporate these findings to empower older people in their respective societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Zhang
- Personal Social Service Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Social Work & Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Shi
- School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
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Jiang D, Tang VFY, Kahlon M, Chow EOW, Yeung DYL, Aubrey R, Chou KL. Effects of Wisdom-Enhancement Narrative-Therapy and Empathy-Focused interventions on loneliness over 4 weeks among older adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2025; 33:18-30. [PMID: 39138085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this three-armed RCT, we tested the effects of a telephone-delivered wisdom enhancement narrative therapy-based intervention (Tele-NT) and a telephone-delivered empathy-focused intervention (Tele-EP) in reducing loneliness against an active control group that received regular call (ACG) at the 4-week follow-up assessment. DESIGN, SETTING, INTERVENTION, AND PARTICIPANTS To evaluate the effects of the interventions on loneliness, we randomized 287 older adults based in Hong Kong, ages 65 to 90, into Tele-NT (N = 97), Tele-EP (N = 95), or ACG (N = 95). MEASUREMENT The primary outcome was loneliness, calculated using the De Jong Gierveld Scale and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Secondary outcomes were sleep quality, depressive symptoms, social network engagement, and perceived social support. Assessments were done before training and 4 weeks after the intervention period. RESULTS Results from linear mixed models showed significant positive effects of Tele-NT on loneliness measured by the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale compared to ACG. Compared to the ACG, the Tele-NT group significantly reduced loneliness at the 4-week follow-up (mean difference = -0.51, p = 0.019, Cohen's d = 0.60). However, the difference between Tele-EP and the ACG at the 4-week follow-up was not significant (MD = -0.34, p = 0.179, Cohen's d = 0.49). Tele-NT and Tele-EP did not show significant effects on the secondary outcomes, compared to the ACG. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized clinical trial, we found that a 4-week wisdom enhancement narrative therapy program significantly reduced feelings of loneliness. This effective telephone-based, lay-therapist-delivered program is scalable for broader implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jiang
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong (DJ), Taipo, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Vivien Foong Yee Tang
- Department of Social Sciences and Policy Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong (VFYT, KLC), Taipo, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maninder Kahlon
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin (MK, RA), Texas, USA
| | - Esther Oi-Wah Chow
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Shue Yan University (EOWC), North Point, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dannii Yuen-Lan Yeung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong (DYLY), Hong Kong, China
| | - Rhonda Aubrey
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin (MK, RA), Texas, USA
| | - Kee-Lee Chou
- Department of Social Sciences and Policy Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong (VFYT, KLC), Taipo, Hong Kong, China
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Rudnev M, Barrett HC, Buckwalter W, Machery E, Stich S, Barr K, Bencherifa A, Clancy RF, Crone DL, Deguchi Y, Fabiano E, Fodeman AD, Guennoun B, Halamová J, Hashimoto T, Homan J, Kanovský M, Karasawa K, Kim H, Kiper J, Lee M, Liu X, Mitova V, Nair RB, Pantovic L, Porter B, Quintanilla P, Reijer J, Romero PP, Singh P, Tber S, Wilkenfeld DA, Yi L, Grossmann I. Dimensions of wisdom perception across twelve countries on five continents. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6375. [PMID: 39143069 PMCID: PMC11324649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wisdom is the hallmark of social judgment, but how people across cultures recognize wisdom remains unclear-distinct philosophical traditions suggest different views of wisdom's cardinal features. We explore perception of wise minds across 16 socio-economically and culturally diverse convenience samples from 12 countries. Participants assessed wisdom exemplars, non-exemplars, and themselves on 19 socio-cognitive characteristics, subsequently rating targets' wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. Analyses reveal two positively related dimensions-Reflective Orientation and Socio-Emotional Awareness. These dimensions are consistent across the studied cultural regions and interact when informing wisdom ratings: wisest targets-as perceived by participants-score high on both dimensions, whereas the least wise are not reflective but moderately socio-emotional. Additionally, individuals view themselves as less reflective but more socio-emotionally aware than most wisdom exemplars. Our findings expand folk psychology and social judgment research beyond the Global North, showing how individuals perceive desirable cognitive and socio-emotional qualities, and contribute to an understanding of mind perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rudnev
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | - E Machery
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Stich
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - K Barr
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Bencherifa
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - D L Crone
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - E Fabiano
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru
| | - A D Fodeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - J Halamová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - J Homan
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Kanovský
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - H Kim
- Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Kiper
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - X Liu
- Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - V Mitova
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R B Nair
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - L Pantovic
- University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Porter
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Quintanilla
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - J Reijer
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P P Romero
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - P Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - S Tber
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - L Yi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - I Grossmann
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Grossmann I, Peetz J, Dorfman A, Rotella A, Buehler R. The Wise Mind Balances the Abstract and the Concrete. Open Mind (Camb) 2024; 8:826-858. [PMID: 38974582 PMCID: PMC11226238 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We explored how individuals' mental representations of complex and uncertain situations impact their ability to reason wisely. To this end, we introduce situated methods to capture abstract and concrete mental representations and the switching between them when reflecting on social challenges. Using these methods, we evaluated the alignment of abstractness and concreteness with four integral facets of wisdom: intellectual humility, open-mindedness, perspective-taking, and compromise-seeking. Data from North American and UK participants (N = 1,151) revealed that both abstract and concrete construals significantly contribute to wise reasoning, even when controlling for a host of relevant covariates and potential response bias. Natural language processing of unstructured texts among high (top 25%) and low (bottom 25%) wisdom participants corroborated these results: semantic networks of the high wisdom group reveal greater use of both abstract and concrete themes compared to the low wisdom group. Finally, employing a repeated strategy-choice method as an additional measure, our findings demonstrated that individuals who showed a greater balance and switching between these construal types exhibited higher wisdom. Our findings advance understanding of individual differences in mental representations and how construals shape reasoning across contexts in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Johanna Peetz
- Psychology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amanda Rotella
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Buehler
- Psychology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Glück J. Wisdom and aging. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101742. [PMID: 38071786 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
How is wisdom related to aging? While many people associate wisdom with advanced age, becoming wise clearly requires more than "just" growing old - accumulated life experience is an important foundation for wisdom, but not all highly wise individuals are old and many old individuals are not particularly wise. This article first reviews how wisdom is defined in psychological research, with an emphasis on models of how wisdom develops. Then, recent research is reviewed that looks into (a) the relationship between wisdom and chronological age and (b) wisdom as a resource for coping with age-related challenges. Finally, some general conclusions are drawn and important research gaps are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Glück
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Austria.
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Kauppi K, Roos E, Borg P, Torkki P. Building Consensus on Domains of Wellness Using Finnish and International Expert Panels: A Delphi-Method Study. Am J Health Promot 2024; 38:228-237. [PMID: 37770022 PMCID: PMC10802088 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231204147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The paper investigates whether we can build consensus on wellness domains and create a more universal conceptual framework for wellness. DESIGN A modified ranking type of Delphi method. PARTICIPANTS Two separate panels consisting of 23 Finnish and 11 international experts. METHODS Panels were asked to rate the importance of 61 systematic review-based wellness domains and to eventually form a wellness model in both panels. The similarities between the resulting models were investigated and a new conceptual framework for wellness was created. RESULTS The Finnish model included 8 themes and 20 domains, and the international model 5 themes and eleven domains. Eight of the eleven domains were an exact match for the Finnish model (namely mental health, cognitive health, exercise, nutrition, community, life satisfaction, meaningfulness, work-life balance). There were also 2 similar domains that could be found in both models (namely self-care and lifestyle habits, social networks). A new conceptual framework for wellness was created based on these ten domains. CONCLUSION The lack of consensus on the wellness construct has made it difficult to find comparable measures that could assess and improve the level of wellness of individuals, organizations, and society. This study offers a conceptual framework that can be further validated and turned into a more universal measurement instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Kauppi
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Aisti Health Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eira Roos
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medical Center Aava, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paulus Torkki
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Brudek P, Steuden S, Kaleta K. Wisdom and wellbeing in polish older adults: the mediating role of forgiveness. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1163113. [PMID: 37780158 PMCID: PMC10538630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1163113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Possible correlations between wisdom and wellbeing among older people have been extensively debated in psychology. At the same time, researchers emphasize that the effect of older adults' wisdom on their wellbeing depends on numerous mediators. A review of the literature suggests that forgiveness might be one such variable. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether forgiveness mediated the relationship between wisdom and wellbeing in late adulthood. Method In total, 481 participants aged from 60 to 92 years (M = 68.84; SD = 6.31) were involved in the study. All older people participating in the study lived independently in their households. Four psychological instruments were used: (1) the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale; (2) the Heartland Forgiveness Scale; (3) the Psychological Wellbeing Scale; and (4) the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Therefore, the measurement of the analyzed variables was self-reported. Results The results showed that forgiveness mediated the relationships between wisdom and wellbeing in the older population. The indirect effects demonstrated that forgiveness mediated the relationships between wisdom and wellbeing. Wisdom related to higher forgiveness (β = 0.21; p < 0.01), which, in turn, was related to a higher level of psychological (β = 0.48; p < 0.01) and subjective (β = 0.36; p < 0.01) wellbeing. Conclusion These findings suggest that forgiveness is an important element of wisdom and wellbeing. The greater the wisdom the participants showed, the stronger the tendency to forgive and the better wellbeing they reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Brudek
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisława Steuden
- Department of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Kaleta
- Department of Psychology, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Kielce, Poland
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Dong M, Weststrate NM, Fournier MA. Thirty Years of Psychological Wisdom Research: What We Know About the Correlates of an Ancient Concept. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:778-811. [PMID: 36322834 PMCID: PMC10336627 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Psychologists have studied the ancient concept of wisdom for 3 decades. Nevertheless, apparent discrepancies in theories and empirical findings have left the nomological network of the construct unclear. Using multilevel meta-analyses, we summarized wisdom's correlations with age, intelligence, the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, social desirability, and well-being. We furthermore examined whether these correlations were moderated by the general approach to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom (i.e., phenomenological wisdom as indexed by self-report vs. performative wisdom as indexed by performance ratings), by specific wisdom measures, and by variable-specific factors (e.g., age range, type of intelligence measures, and well-being type). Although phenomenological and performative approaches to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom had some unique correlates, both were correlated with openness, hedonic well-being, and eudaimonic well-being, especially the growth aspect of eudaimonic well-being. Differences between phenomenological and performative wisdom are discussed in terms of the differences between typical and maximal performance, self-ratings and observer ratings, and global and state wisdom. This article will help move the scientific study of wisdom forward by elucidating reliable wisdom correlates and by offering concrete suggestions for future empirical research based on the meta-analytic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Dong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago
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Yamada Y, Shinkawa K, Shimmei K, Kim HC, Daly R, Depp C, Jeste DV, Lee EE. Latent subgroups with distinct patterns of factors associated with self-rated successful aging among 1,510 community-dwelling Americans: potential role of wisdom as an implicit promoter. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:1127-1134. [PMID: 35735096 PMCID: PMC9780403 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2087207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether latent subgroups with distinct patterns of factors associated with self-rated successful aging can be identified in community-dwelling adults, and how such patterns obtained from analysis of quantitative data are associated with lay perspectives on successful aging obtained from qualitative responses. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected from 1,510 community-dwelling Americans aged 21-99 years. Latent class regression was used to identify subgroups that explained the associations of self-rated successful aging with measures of physical, cognitive, and mental health as well as psychological measures related to resilience and wisdom. Natural language processing was used to extract important themes from qualitative responses to open-ended questions, including the participants' definitions of successful aging. RESULTS Two latent subgroups were identified, and their main difference was that the wisdom scale was positively associated with self-rated successful aging in only one subgroup. This subgroup had significantly lower self-rated successful aging and worse scores for all health and psychological measures. In the subgroup's qualitative responses, the theme of wisdom was only mentioned by 10.6%; this proportion was not statistically different from the other subgroup, for which the wisdom scale was not statistically associated with the self-rated successful aging. CONCLUSION Our results showed heterogeneous patterns in the factors underpinning successful aging even in community-dwelling adults. We found the existence of a latent subgroup with lower self-rated successful aging as well as worse health and psychological scores, and we suggest a potential role of wisdom in promoting successful aging for this subgroup, even though individuals may not explicitly recognize wisdom as important for successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, US
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
| | - Colin Depp
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, US
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, US
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Wang H, Yu X. Strengthening implementation research on social prescribing in mental healthcare for older adults in Western Pacific Region. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - WESTERN PACIFIC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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Ritmak N, Rattanawong W, Vongmanee V. A New Dimension of Health Sustainability Model after Pandemic Crisis Using Structural Equation Model. SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 15:1616. [DOI: 10.3390/su15021616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, it has been clear that the health dimension (HEDm) has a severe impact on sustainability, which was originally considered from the pillars of society, environment and economy. Hence, the integration of the health dimension into the other three pillars is plausible to define guidelines and criteria for progress monitoring and policy assessment towards a health-sustainable city. The objective of this study aims to present The Health Sustainability Model (HSM), a four-dimensional model for health sustainability (health, economy, environment, and society), using the Del-phi method to determine potential indicators agreed by eighteen experts, including physicians who deeply understand issues on health sustainability, and assess complex dimensions of health in the context of sustainability. The researchers have found that 45 indicators, later grouped into 15 elements and 4 dimensions, have a high level of agreement with Kendall’s W (KW) at 0.36. The HSM was then examined by the structural equation model (SEM) with reliability and validity shown as follows: the absolute fit with CMIN/DF = 1.44, RMSEA = 0.033, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.94, RMR = 0.025, and the incremental fit with NFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.97, and IFI = 0.98. Based on the results, the model is valid, in line with the empirical data. For further application, the HSM is expected to support city planners and decision makers by identifying room for improvement in each dimension through the indicators employed in the model. In contrast to existing studies that mainly use qualitative data, by conducting quantitative assessment, the model enables policy makers to objectively evaluate conditions and appropriately design policies to improve residents’ well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthawut Ritmak
- Graduate School, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 126/1 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Din Daeng, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Rattanawong
- School of Engineering, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 126/1 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Din Daeng, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Varin Vongmanee
- School of Engineering, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 126/1 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Din Daeng, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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15
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Glück J, Weststrate NM. The Wisdom Researchers and the Elephant: An Integrative Model of Wise Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 26:342-374. [PMID: 35652684 PMCID: PMC9548664 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221094650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes an integrative model of wise behavior in real life. While current research findings depend considerably on how wisdom is conceptualized and measured, there are strong conceptual commonalities across psychological wisdom models. The proposed model integrates the components of several existing models into a dynamic framework explaining wise behavior. The article first specifies which real-life situations require wisdom and discusses characteristics of wise behavior. The core proposition of the model is that in challenging real-life situations, noncognitive wisdom components (an exploratory orientation, concern for others, and emotion regulation) moderate the effect of cognitive components (knowledge, metacognitive capacities, and self-reflection) on wise behavior. The model can explain the situation specificity of wisdom and the commonalities and differences between personal and general wisdom. Empirically, it accounts for the considerable variation in correlations among wisdom measures and between wisdom measures and other variables. The model has implications for the design of wisdom-fostering interventions and new wisdom measures.
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Ruan W, Liu C, Liao X, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Lei Y, Chen H. Development of a performance measurement system for general practitioners' office in China's primary healthcare. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1181. [PMID: 36131302 PMCID: PMC9491001 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General practitioners are the main providers of primary care services. To better strengthen the important role of general practitioners in primary healthcare services, China is promoting the general practitioners' office system. There is a lack of well-accepted methods to measure the performance of general practitioner offices in China. We thus aim to develop a systematic and operable performance measurement system for evaluating the general practitioner's office. METHODS We establish an index pool of the performance measurement system of general practitioners' offices by a cross-sectional study and the literature research method and adopt the focus group method to establish the preliminary system. The Delphi method is then used to conduct three rounds of consultation to modify indices, which aims to form the final indicator system. We determine the weight of each index by the analytic hierarchy process method, which together with the final indicator system constitutes the final performance measurement system. Finally, we select three offices from three different cities in Sichuan Province, China, as case offices to conduct the case study, aiming to assess its credibility. RESULTS Our results show that the first office scored 958.5 points, the second scored 768.1 points, and the third scored 947.7 points, which corresponds to the reality of these three offices, meaning that the performance measurement system is effective and manoeuvrable. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides support for standardizing the functions of China's general practitioner's office, improving the health service quality of generalists, and providing a theoretical basis for the standardization of the general practitioner's office.
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Grants
- TJZ201909 Project of Family Doctor Demonstration Studio, Health Commission of Sichuan Province
- TJZ201909 Project of Family Doctor Demonstration Studio, Health Commission of Sichuan Province
- TJZ201909 Project of Family Doctor Demonstration Studio, Health Commission of Sichuan Province
- TJZ201909 Project of Family Doctor Demonstration Studio, Health Commission of Sichuan Province
- TJZ201909 Project of Family Doctor Demonstration Studio, Health Commission of Sichuan Province
- 2017YFC0907303 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2017YFC0907303 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2017YFC0907303 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2017YFC0907303 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2017YFC0907303 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 18HXFH005 135 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- 18HXFH005 135 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- 18HXFH005 135 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- 18HXFH005 135 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
- 18HXFH005 135 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ruan
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changming Liu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liao
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoxia Guo
- Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Lei
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huadong Chen
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lee HR, Riek LD. Designing Robots for Aging: Wisdom as a Critical Lens. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3549531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the concept of wisdom is ancient, empirical research on it has only recently received attention in gerontology. This coincides with a critical turn away from a deficit model of aging, viewing aging as a series of losses, toward a more supportive and developmental model. This paper draws on this recent work to consider how wisdom can be a critical lens for HRI researchers and other technology design researchers to pay more attention to the coping strategies that older adults accumulated throughout their lives. We engaged in a six-month collaborative design process with community-dwelling older adults. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, we found that wisdom as a design concept helps researchers to critically examine how they define knowledge. Wisdom as an accumulation of experiential knowledge of older adults helps researchers rethink the definition of knowledge—valuing computational and technological knowledge—in the field of HRI. Second, wisdom leads researchers to the past experiences of older adults. Although past experiences are as important as current experiences, they are not actively considered in robot design studies for older adults. We hope wisdom as a critical lens could allow researchers to integrate the invisible aspects of older adults’ aging experiences into the existing practices of designing robots for aging users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Rin Lee
- Media and Information, Michigan State University
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Wang
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for the Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, China
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19
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Leeman TM, Knight BG, Fein EC. The relationship among openness, wisdom, and humor: a preliminary mediation model. Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:627-636. [PMID: 35548875 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610222000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wisdom researchers acknowledge the complex nature of this ancient construct, although they are yet to agree on its core components. A key question in the literature is whether Openness and Humour are aspects of wisdom or whether Openness is an antecedent of wisdom with Humour as a consequence. METHODS Using structural equation modelling, we evaluated data from 457 online respondents aged 16-87 years (Mage = 35.19, SD = 17.45). We analyzed a model with Openness as a precursor to Wisdom (conceptualised as a latent mediator variable using parcels of the SAWS Experience, Reminiscence/Reflection, and Emotional Regulation items), with Humor as outcome. We compared this model with a model using Wisdom as a latent mediator variable using parcels of the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale-12 (3D-WS-12). RESULTS A model using Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS)-9 latent mediator variable with Openness as precursor to wisdom and Humour as a consequence was good fit for the data and displayed full mediation. Similarly, a model using the 3D-WS-12 as latent mediator variable to measure wisdom and with Openness as a precursor to wisdom and Humour as a consequence also fits the data with full mediation. DISCUSSION These findings provide empirical support for theoretical suggestions in the literature that Openness is a precursor to wisdom and that Humour is a consequence of wisdom using two of the most common self-report measures of wisdom. An improved understanding of the nature of wisdom and especially of its potential precursors can also be of use in future efforts to facilitate the development of wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bob G Knight
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Erich C Fein
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
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20
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Core Entrepreneurial Competences of Chinese College Students: Expert Conceptualisation Versus Real-Life Cases. THE ASIA-PACIFIC EDUCATION RESEARCHER 2022. [PMCID: PMC8964245 DOI: 10.1007/s40299-022-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Core entrepreneurial competence (CEC) is an important prerequisite for the success of college student entrepreneurs. Although there are plenty of studies on student entrepreneurs’ competences, most of these have been conducted in Western developed countries. Thus, their findings may not be generalisable to other cultural contexts, such as Asian emerging economies such as China. The present study fills this gap by investigating the CECs of Chinese college students using a mix of the Delphi method and case studies. Two research questions are addressed: How do key stakeholder groups in China understand the CECs of college students? And what are the discrepancies between conceptualised CECs and the actual practices of Chinese student entrepreneurs? The findings suggest that the CECs of college students extracted from Chinese experts’ opinions overlapped but were not completely consistent with the competence frameworks found in the literature. Such an inconsistency might be attributed to China’s distinct sociocultural context and developmental stage. These conceptualised competences were also at odds with the real-life practices of student entrepreneurs. Three conflicts were identified: (1) innovation vs. transformation of ideas, (2) winning entrepreneurial competitions vs. starting/running an actual business and (3) establishing vs. sustaining teams. The findings suggest that the understanding of CECs should be enriched and sharpened to help entrepreneurs address real-life challenges.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Wang
- Dementia Care and Research Center, Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for the Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, China
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22
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Lindbergh CA, Romero-Kornblum H, Weiner-Light S, Young JC, Fonseca C, You M, Wolf A, Staffaroni AM, Daly R, Jeste DV, Kramer JH, Chiong W, Hillblom Aging Network. Wisdom and fluid intelligence are dissociable in healthy older adults. Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:229-239. [PMID: 33966673 PMCID: PMC8578582 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610221000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between wisdom and fluid intelligence (Gf) is poorly understood, particularly in older adults. We empirically tested the magnitude of the correlation between wisdom and Gf to help determine the extent of overlap between these two constructs. DESIGN Cross-sectional study with preregistered hypotheses and well-powered analytic plan (https://osf.io/h3pjx). SETTING Memory and Aging Center at the University of California San Francisco, located in the USA. PARTICIPANTS 141 healthy older adults (mean age = 76 years; 56% female). MEASUREMENTS Wisdom was quantified using a well-validated self-report-based scale (San Diego Wisdom Scale or SD-WISE). Gf was assessed via composite measures of processing speed (Gf-PS) and executive functioning (Gf-EF). The relationships of SD-WISE scores to Gf-PS and Gf-EF were tested in bivariate correlational analyses and multiple regression models adjusted for demographics (age, sex, and education). Exploratory analyses evaluated the relationships between SD-WISE and age, episodic memory performance, and dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortical volumes on magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Wisdom showed a small, positive association with Gf-EF (r = 0.181 [95% CI 0.016, 0.336], p = .031), which was reduced to nonsignificance upon controlling for demographics, and no association with Gf-PS (r = 0.019 [95% CI -0.179, 0.216], p = .854). Wisdom demonstrated a small, negative correlation with age (r = -0.197 [95% CI -0.351, -0.033], p = .019), but was not significantly related to episodic memory or prefrontal volumes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that most of the variance in wisdom (>95%) is unaccounted for by Gf. The independence of wisdom from cognitive functions that reliably show age-associated declines suggests that it may hold unique potential to bolster decision-making, interpersonal functioning, and other everyday activities in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutter A. Lindbergh
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Heather Romero-Kornblum
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophia Weiner-Light
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J. Clayton Young
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Corrina Fonseca
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michelle You
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adam M. Staffaroni
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Winston Chiong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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The Role of Wisdom and Self-management Skills for Coping with Fear of Progression among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis with moderate disability: Results from a Cross-sectional Study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Application of a Program to Improve Personal Development in Future Physical Education Teachers of the Degree in Education and Its Relationship with Wisdom. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to apply an intervention program based on emotional education and self-knowledge in students of the degree in Education to verify changes in wisdom to improve their psychological health and emotional well-being. For this, Three-dimensional Wisdom Scale (3S-WS) was administered before and after the intervention, analyzing aspects related to affective, cognitive and reflective wisdom. The sample consisted of 100 students (40 men and 60 women, aged between 20 and 29 years). After the intervention program, students improved reflective wisdom without an identifiable difference between sexes. On the other hand, men had higher values in all variables than women. In conclusion, the program to improve personal development and self-awareness could be useful to improve wisdom (especially reflective wisdom) in third and fourth year students of the degree in Education specializing in Physical Education. At the same time, it is intended that these students understand the foundations of the intervention so that in the future it can be replicated in their classrooms and contribute to the sustainable development of the 2030 Agenda.
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Hillman JG, Hauser DJ. Master Narratives, Expectations of Change, and Their Effect on Temporal Appraisals. SOCIAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.6.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
People hold narrative expectations for how humans generally change over the course of their lives. In some areas, people expect growth (e.g., wisdom), while in others, people expect stability (e.g., extroversion). However, do people apply those same expectations to the self? In five studies (total N = 1,372), participants rated selves as improving modestly over time in domains where stability should be expected (e.g., extroversion, quick-wittedness). Reported improvement was significantly larger in domains where growth should be expected (e.g., wisdom, rationality) than domains where stability should be expected. Further, in domains where growth should be expected participants reported improvement for selves and others. However, in domains where stability should be expected, participants reported improvement for selves but not others. Hence, participants used narrative expectations to inform projections of change. We discuss implications for future temporal self-appraisal research, heterogeneity of effect sizes in self-appraisal research, and between-culture differences in narratives.
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Jeste DV, Di Somma S, Lee EE, Nguyen TT, Scalcione M, Biaggi A, Daly R, Liu J, Tu X, Ziedonis D, Glorioso D, Antonini P, Brenner D. Study of loneliness and wisdom in 482 middle-aged and oldest-old adults: a comparison between people in Cilento, Italy and San Diego, USA. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:2149-2159. [PMID: 33000647 PMCID: PMC8012404 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1821170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been growing research interest in loneliness and wisdom in recent decades, but no cross-cultural comparisons of these constructs using standardized rating measures in older adults, especially the oldest-old. This was a cross-sectional study of loneliness and wisdom comparing middle-aged and oldest-old adults in Cilento, Italy and San Diego, United States. METHOD We examined loneliness and wisdom, using the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (UCLA-3) and San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), respectively, in four subject groups: adults aged 50-65 and those ≥90 years from Cilento, Italy (N = 212 and 47, respectively) and San Diego, California, USA (N = 138 and 85, respectively). RESULTS After controlling for education, there were no significant group differences in levels of loneliness, while on SD-WISE the Cilento ≥90 group had lower scores compared to the other three groups. There was a strong inverse correlation between loneliness and wisdom in each of the four subject groups. Loneliness was negatively associated while wisdom was positively associated with general health, sleep quality, and happiness in most groups, with varying levels of significance. CONCLUSION These results largely support cross-cultural validity of the constructs of loneliness and wisdom, and extend previous findings of strong inverse correlations between these two entities. Loneliness has become a growing public health problem, and the results of our study suggest that wisdom could be a protective factor against loneliness, although alternative explanations are also possible. Research on interventions to reduce loneliness by enhancing wisdom in older adults is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Salvatore Di Somma
- Department of Medical-Surgery Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy,Great Network, Italy
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tanya T. Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Mara Scalcione
- Great Network, Italy,University of Rome La Sapienza School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Biaggi
- Great Network, Italy,University of Rome La Sapienza School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Douglas Ziedonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Danielle Glorioso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, USA
| | | | - David Brenner
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
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Cheraghi F, Webster J, Kadivar P, Asgari A, Mazlum F. Validating the Self-assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) in an Iranian Sample: Psychometric and Developmental Findings. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2021; 36:407-429. [PMID: 34665386 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-021-09442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the validity and factor structure of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS; Webster in J Adult Dev 10:13-22, 2003) in an Iranian population. Participants (235 male, 340 female) were recruited in Tehran, Iran and ranged in age from 17 to 88 years. Cronbach alpha's for the subscales ranged from .63 to .81, and their inter-correlations ranged from .42 to .53. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 5 factors that were similar with the original structure. Confirmatory factor analysis supported 5-factor model of the SAWS. The SAWS's total and subscale scores positively correlated with two other measures of wisdom (indicating convergent validity). The SAWS correlated weakly with age. Women scored higher in the SAWS subscales of emotional regulation, reminiscence/reflectiveness, and humor, which accounted for a significant gender difference in total wisdom. Although the age differences are consistent with prior research, the gender differences are relatively novel. Overall, results indicate that the SAWS has excellent psychometric properties and can be used in cross-cultural work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Asgari
- Psychometric Research Center of Hooshbahr, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Liu C, Chu HL, Li G, He JY, Ma YL, Du CC, Hai B, Zhu B. The 20 most important questions for novices of full-endoscopic spinal surgery in China: a mixed-method study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049902. [PMID: 34426467 PMCID: PMC8383874 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The full-endoscopic spinal surgery (FESS) procedure is widely accepted and welcomed in China. With the continuous development of minimally invasive surgery, the further expansion of indications and the greater diversity of techniques, spinal endoscopic surgery currently accounts for more than 10% of spinal surgery in China, ranking among the top in the world. However, the admission system and standardised training system for spinal endoscopic surgery are not perfect, which presents a challenge and disadvantage for novices. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Exploratory mixed methods are applied for designing this study. First, we will collect questions from novices by allowing them to openly list their concerns to those who have completed FESS. These qualitative questions will be categorised using NVivo software. To produce the qualitative results, a questionnaire for the sequential two-round Delphi approach will be developed to identify the 20 most important questions from novices. This study is planned to be started at April 2021, and completed at March 2022. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Research Ethics Committee of Peking University Third Hospital provided a waiver for this Delphi protocol. We expect that the findings will be published in a clinical journal and presented at conferences. Furthermore, we hope that the results can contribute to answering the questions raised by novices of spinal endoscopy in the form of books and to improving the training system for spinal endoscopy surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ling Chu
- The Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Li
- The Center for Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yang He
- The Center for Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Long Ma
- The Center for Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Chao Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Hai
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Chow EOW, Fung SF. Narrative Group Intervention to Rediscover Life Wisdom Among Hong Kong Chinese Older Adults: A Single-Blind Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial. Innov Aging 2021; 5:igab027. [PMID: 34616957 PMCID: PMC8489428 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We developed a new group practice using strength- and meaning-based narrative therapy (NT) for older Chinese living in Hong Kong (HK), to enhance their life wisdom. This paper reports on the intervention and its short- and longer-term effectiveness. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A randomized waitlist-controlled trial was conducted. A total of 157 older adults were randomly recruited, of whom 75 were randomly assigned to the intervention group which received four 2-hr biweekly NT sessions using the "Tree of Life" metaphor. The others were placed on a waitlist. Perceived wisdom was assessed using the Brief Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale. Assessment occurred at baseline (T0), end of treatment (T1), and 4 (T2) and 8 months later (T3). Overtime effects of NT on wisdom scores were assessed using latent growth curve models with time-invariant covariates for impact. RESULTS The intervention (NT) group showed significant, sustainable overtime within-group improvement in perceived wisdom. Furthermore, when compared to the control group, the NT group showed significant immediate improvements in perceived wisdom [F(2.726, p = .041)], which were maintained at all follow-up points. This effect remained after controlling for age, gender, and educational level (T ML(11) = 17.306, p = .098, root mean square error of approximation = 0.079, comparative fit index = 0.960). No adverse reaction was recorded. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS NT underpinned by a ToL methodology offers a new theory to understand, promote, and appreciate perceived wisdom in older Chinese living in HK. It contributes to psychotherapy and professional social work practice for older Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Oi Wah Chow
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sai-Fu Fung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Searching for Practical Wisdom in Higher Education with Logos, Pathos and Ethos. Case: Finnish Universities of Sciences. PHILOSOPHIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/philosophies6030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In our complex and highly connected world, educating for life—that is, educating students with knowledge, skills, and competences infused with practical wisdom (PW) and ethical and moral values—is essential. The paper seeks to answer the question: how could university education facilitate the progress to a wiser and better world? The methodology involves case study research (CSR) based on both secondary and primary data. The missions, visions, and values of fourteen public Finnish universities are analyzed for PW. The findings demonstrate that universities, by becoming more open, unbounded, and enacting organizations, and by enhancing collaboration with businesses, could foster the cultivation of PW in higher education (HE). The novelty of this paper is the creative communication of the case study, where kairos, logos, pathos, and ethos are used to explore a new reality for HE. The article contributes to the contemporary discourses in the literature on the future of HE. Educators in HE need to transform from knowledge workers to wise leaders, wisdom workers, creators, empathizers, pattern recognizers, and meaning makers. The context of the case study research makes it difficult to generalize. Therefore, international, comparative research is used to complement the findings. The eight-stage change process applied to universities and HE could help in solving the urgent problems of society and facilitating progress to a wiser and better world.
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Dorfman A, Moscovitch DA, Chopik WJ, Grossmann I. None the wiser: Year-long longitudinal study on effects of adversity on wisdom. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211014057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on consequences of adversity appears inconclusive. Adversity can be detriment to mental health, promoting maladaptive patterns of thoughts. At the same time, posttraumatic growth studies suggest that overcoming major adversity facilitates growth in wisdom-related patterns of thoughts. We address this puzzle by examining how distinct types of adversity impact wisdom over time and how individual differences in self-distanced (rather than self-immersed) reflection on adversity relate to different wisdom trajectories. In a four-wave prospective year-long study, participants ( N = 499) recalled and reflected every three months on the most significant recent adverse event in their life. They reported how much they engaged in wise reasoning—intellectual humility, open-mindedness to diverse perspectives and change, search for compromises and resolution—as well as self-distancing during reflections. Independent raters identified seven distinct adversity types (e.g. social conflict, economic hardship, major trauma) in open-ended descriptions. Growth curve analyses revealed little evidence of positive change in wise-reasoning over the course of a year, and some evidence of negative change for health-related adversity. Although self-distancing was associated with stability in wisdom, self-immersing was associated with negative change in wisdom in reflections on social conflicts over time. We discuss implications these results have for adversity, change vs. resilience in character strengths, and self-distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | | | | - Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
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Chen Z, Zhu M, Zheng L, Xie X. Personal wisdom and quality of life among Chinese older adults. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:1646-1658. [PMID: 33752460 DOI: 10.1177/1359105321999093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study found that personal wisdom was correlated positively with Chinese older adults' quality of life regardless of their place of residence (rural vs urban). Both self-esteem and depression were found to account directly for the relation between personal wisdom and quality of life among the urban, but not the rural residents. The findings overall highlighted the importance of considering personal wisdom as a beneficial psychological resource that helps older adults maintain a high quality of life in old age. Further, the rural-urban difference indicates the need for future personal wisdom studies on low-income and less educated older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Minfan Zhu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Likangjin Zheng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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33
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Mbao M, Collins-Pisano C, Fortuna K. Older Adult Peer Support Specialists' Age-Related Contributions to an Integrated Medical and Psychiatric Self-Management Intervention: Qualitative Study of Text Message Exchanges. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e22950. [PMID: 33650979 PMCID: PMC7967217 DOI: 10.2196/22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle-aged and older adults with mental health conditions have a high likelihood of experiencing comorbid physical health conditions, premature nursing home admissions, and early death compared with the general population of adults aged 50 years or above. An emerging workforce of peer support specialists aged 50 years or above or "older adult peer support specialists" is increasingly using technology to deliver peer support services to address both the mental health and physical health needs of middle-aged and older adults with a diagnosis of a serious mental illness. OBJECTIVE This exploratory qualitative study examined older adult peer support specialists' text message exchanges with middle-aged and older adults with a diagnosis of a serious mental illness and their nonmanualized age-related contributions to a standardized integrated medical and psychiatric self-management intervention. METHODS Older adult peer support specialists exchanged text messages with middle-aged and older adults with a diagnosis of a serious mental illness as part of a 12-week standardized integrated medical and psychiatric self-management smartphone intervention. Text message exchanges between older adult peer support specialists (n=3) and people with serious mental illnesses (n=8) were examined (mean age 68.8 years, SD 4.9 years). A total of 356 text messages were sent between older adult peer support specialists and service users with a diagnosis of a serious mental illness. Older adult peer support specialists sent text messages to older participants' smartphones between 8 AM and 10 PM on weekdays and weekends. RESULTS Five themes emerged from text message exchanges related to older adult peer support specialists' age-related contributions to integrated self-management, including (1) using technology to simultaneously manage mental health and physical health issues; (2) realizing new coping skills in late life; (3) sharing roles as parents and grandparents; (4) wisdom; and (5) sharing lived experience of difficulties with normal age-related changes (emerging). CONCLUSIONS Older adult peer support specialists' lived experience of aging successfully with a mental health challenge may offer an age-related form of peer support that may have implications for promoting successful aging in older adults with a serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbita Mbao
- Simmons University, School of Social Work, Boston, MA, United States
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34
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Koedijk M, Renden PG, Oudejans RRD, Kleygrewe L, Hutter RIV. Observational Behavior Assessment for Psychological Competencies in Police Officers: A Proposed Methodology for Instrument Development. Front Psychol 2021; 12:589258. [PMID: 33732178 PMCID: PMC7959728 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes and showcases a methodology to develop an observational behavior assessment instrument to assess psychological competencies of police officers. We outline a step-by-step methodology for police organizations to measure and evaluate behavior in a meaningful way to assess these competencies. We illustrate the proposed methodology with a practical example. We posit that direct behavioral observation can be key in measuring the expression of psychological competence in practice, and that psychological competence in practice is what police organizations should care about. We hope this paper offers police organizations a methodology to perform scientifically informed observational behavior assessment of their police officers’ psychological competencies and inspires additional research efforts into this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Koedijk
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter G Renden
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Faculty of Health, Nutrition and Sport, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Raôul R D Oudejans
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Kleygrewe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R I Vana Hutter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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35
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Jeste DV, Thomas ML, Liu J, Daly RE, Tu XM, Treichler EBH, Palmer BW, Lee EE. Is spirituality a component of wisdom? Study of 1,786 adults using expanded San Diego Wisdom Scale (Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index). J Psychiatr Res 2021; 132:174-181. [PMID: 33126011 PMCID: PMC7736537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wisdom has gained increasing interest among researchers as a personality trait relevant to well-being and mental health. We previously reported development of a new 24-item San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), with good to excellent psychometric properties, comprised of six subscales: pro-social behaviors, emotional regulation, self-reflection (insight), tolerance for divergent values (acceptance of uncertainty), decisiveness, and social advising. There is controversy about whether spirituality is a marker of wisdom. The present cross-sectional study sought to address that question by developing a new SD-WISE subscale of spirituality and examining its associations with various relevant measures. METHODS Data were collected from a national-level sample of 1,786 community-dwelling adults age 20-82 years, as part of an Amazon M-Turk cohort. Participants completed the 24-item SD-WISE along with several subscales of a commonly used Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality, along with validated scales for well-being, resilience, happiness, depression, anxiety, loneliness, and social network. RESULTS Using latent variable models, we developed a Spirituality subscale, which demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties including a unidimensional factor structure and good reliability. Spirituality correlated positively with age and was higher in women than in men. The expanded 28-item, 7-subscale SD-WISE total score (called the Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index or JTWI) demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. The Spirituality subscale was positively correlated with good mental health and well-being, and negatively correlated with poor mental health. However, compared to other components of wisdom, the Spirituality factor showed weaker (i.e., small-to-medium vs. medium-to-large) association with the SD-WISE higher-order Wisdom factor (JTWI). CONCLUSION Similar to other components as well as overall wisdom, spirituality is significantly associated with better mental health and well-being, and may add to the predictive utility of the total wisdom score. Spirituality is, however, a weaker contributor to overall wisdom than components like pro-social behaviors and emotional regulation. Longitudinal studies of larger and more diverse samples are needed to explore mediation effects of these constructs on well-being and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca E Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily B H Treichler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barton W Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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36
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Lam J, Aftab A, Lee E, Jeste D. POSITIVE PSYCHIATRY INTERVENTIONS IN GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY 2020; 7:471-488. [PMID: 33643770 PMCID: PMC7904105 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-020-00228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Positive psychiatry shifts the focus of geriatric mental healthcare beyond studying disorders and psychopathology to studying factors that contribute to mental well-being and successful aging. An increasing number of interventional studies are using treatments that target modifiable positive psychosocial characteristics (PPCs) and study their impact on mental health. Here we provide an overview of the literature on positive psychiatry interventions using illustrative examples of interventions targeting social connectedness, meaning in life, wisdom, and resilience. RECENT FINDINGS There is growing evidence that PPCs are modifiable constructs that may be associated with improved well-being, physical health, and mental health outcomes. SUMMARY The preliminary evidence summarized in this narrative review indicates that positive psychiatry interventions targeting social connectedness, meaning in life, wisdom, and resilience can improve overall well-being and other positive health outcomes amongst older adults. The effect sizes of these interventions reported in RCTs and meta-analyses are typically small to medium, but occasionally large effect sizes are also reported. Current literature is restricted by heterogeneous methodology, limiting clinicians' abilities to extrapolate these principles of positive psychiatry into everyday practice. With the expanding body of evidence, positive psychiatry may have the potential to transform the landscape of geriatric mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Lam
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Awais Aftab
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH
- Northcoast Behavioral Healthcare (Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services), Northfield, OH
| | - Ellen Lee
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Dilip Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Vásquez E, Lee EE, Zhang W, Tu X, Moore DJ, Marquine MJ, Jeste DV. HIV and three dimensions of Wisdom: Association with cognitive function and physical and mental well-being: For: Psychiatry Research. Psychiatry Res 2020; 294:113510. [PMID: 33096437 PMCID: PMC7942181 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wisdom is a unique human personality trait with cognitive, affective or compassionate, and reflective dimensions. We evaluated relationships of three specific dimensions of wisdom with cognitive function and physical and mental well-being in people with HIV (PWH) and HIV-negative (HIV-) participants. Subjects included 138 adults (61 PWH, 77 HIV-) from the San Diego community. Validated measures were used to assess wisdom and well-being. Cognitive function was assessed via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. We conducted multivariate linear regressions to evaluate the associations of wisdom dimensions with cognitive function and physical and mental well-being. Compared to the HIV- group, PWH had lower mean scores on cognitive function, and physical and mental well-being, and cognitive and reflective dimensions of wisdom, but similar scores on affective or compassionate wisdom. Among PWH, higher total wisdom scores were associated with older age, lower likelihood of substance dependence, greater mental well-being, better cognitive function, higher resilience, social support, and optimism scores, as well as lower levels of perceived stress and nadir CD4 count. Our findings of an association of different dimensions of wisdom with physical and/or mental well-being in PWH would point to a possibility that enhancing these dimensions of wisdom might improve health outcomes in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vásquez
- School of Public Health, University at Albany State University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Weihui Zhang
- School of Public Health, University at Albany State University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xin Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Glück J. The Important Difference Between Psychologists' Labs and Real Life: Evaluating the Validity of Models of Wisdom. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020; 31:144-150. [PMID: 32939191 PMCID: PMC7448252 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Glück
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
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Lee EE, Bangen KJ, Avanzino JA, Hou B, Ramsey M, Eglit G, Liu J, Tu XM, Paulus M, Jeste DV. Outcomes of Randomized Clinical Trials of Interventions to Enhance Social, Emotional, and Spiritual Components of Wisdom: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:925-935. [PMID: 32401284 PMCID: PMC7221873 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Wisdom is a neurobiological personality trait made up of specific components, including prosocial behaviors, emotional regulation, and spirituality. It is associated with greater well-being and happiness. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to enhance individual components of wisdom. Data Sources MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles published through December 31, 2018. Study Eligibility Criteria Randomized clinical trials that sought to enhance a component of wisdom, used published measures to assess that component, were published in English, had a minimum sample size of 40 participants, and presented data that enabled computation of effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. Data Extraction and Synthesis Random-effect models were used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) for each wisdom component and random-effects meta-regression to assess heterogeneity of studies. Main Outcomes and Measures Improvement in wisdom component using published measures. Results Fifty-seven studies (N = 7096 participants) met review criteria: 29 for prosocial behaviors, 13 for emotional regulation, and 15 for spirituality. Study samples included people with psychiatric or physical illnesses and from the community. Of the studies, 27 (47%) reported significant improvement with medium to large effect sizes. Meta-analysis revealed significant pooled SMDs for prosocial behaviors (23 studies; pooled SMD, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.22-0.3]; P = .02), emotional regulation (12 studies; pooled SMD, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.21-1.12]; P = .004), and spirituality (12 studies; pooled SMD, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.41-1.60]; P = .001). Heterogeneity of studies was considerable for all wisdom components. Publication bias was present for prosocial behavior and emotional regulation studies; after adjusting for it, the pooled SMD for prosocial behavior remained significant (SMD, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.16-0.78]; P = .003). Meta-regression analysis found that effect sizes did not vary by wisdom component, although for trials on prosocial behaviors, large effect sizes were associated with older mean participant age (β, 0.08 [SE, 0.04]), and the reverse was true for spirituality trials (β, -0.13 [SE, 0.04]). For spirituality interventions, higher-quality trials had larger effect sizes (β, 4.17 [SE, 1.07]), although the reverse was true for prosocial behavior trials (β, -0.91 [SE 0.44]). Conclusions and Relevance Interventions to enhance spirituality, emotional regulation, and prosocial behaviors are effective in a proportion of people with mental or physical illnesses and from the community. The modern behavioral epidemics of loneliness, suicide, and opioid abuse point to a growing need for wisdom-enhancing interventions to promote individual and societal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Katherine J. Bangen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Julie A. Avanzino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - BaiChun Hou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Marina Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Graham Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Martin Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
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40
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Jeste DV, Lee EE, Palmer BW, Treichler EBH. Moving from Humanities to Sciences: A New Model of Wisdom Fortified by Sciences of Neurobiology, Medicine, and Evolution. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020; 31:134-143. [PMID: 33731980 PMCID: PMC7963217 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1757984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Emily B. H. Treichler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Barber SJ, Kireeva D, Seliger J, Jayawickreme E. Wisdom Once Gained Is Not Easily Lost: Implicit Theories About Wisdom and Age-Related Cognitive Declines. Innov Aging 2020; 4:igaa010. [PMID: 32373718 PMCID: PMC7197947 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Most people agree that cognitive capabilities are an integral component of wisdom and its development. However, a question that has received less attention is whether people view maintaining cognitive capabilities as a necessary prerequisite for maintaining wisdom. Research Design and Methods This study used a mixed-methods approach to evaluate people's views about the relationship between age-related cognitive declines, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and wisdom. Our final sample of 1,519 adults ranged in age from 18 to 86. Results The majority of participants stated that wisdom could be present even in people with significant age-related cognitive declines or with AD. In the qualitative responses, common justifications for this were (a) that even people with severe AD can still exhibit wise behaviors during lucid moments, (b) that wisdom is an immutable characteristic that is impossible to lose, and (c) that wisdom maintenance and cognitive capability maintenance are separate constructs. Discussion and Implications Although prior research has examined implicit theories about the role of cognition in the development of wisdom, this is the first study to examine implicit theories about whether cognitive declines lead to wisdom declines. The results suggest that most people hold essentialist beliefs about wisdom, viewing it as a fixed and unchangeable trait rather than as a malleable skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Barber
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California.,Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - Dina Kireeva
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California
| | - Jordan Seliger
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Glück J, Gussnig B, Schrottenbacher SM. Wisdom and value orientations: Just a projection of our own beliefs? J Pers 2019; 88:833-855. [PMID: 31808944 PMCID: PMC7383836 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This paper investigated which value orientations (1) people associate with wisdom and (2) are actually correlated with measures of wisdom. Conceptions of wisdom suggest benevolence and universalism as likely candidates. Method In Study 1, 160 university students reported their political orientation and completed a value survey for themselves and a very wise person; Study 2 used the same approach with a more diverse sample (N = 187). In Study 3, 170 participants completed a value survey and six measures of wisdom. In Study 4, 356 participants completed a wisdom measure and filled out a value survey for themselves and a very wise person. Results People consistently believed that wise individuals value benevolence, universalism, and self‐direction most; they also imagined wise individuals to be more universalistic but also more respectful of tradition than themselves. Several wisdom measures were uncorrelated with values; the positive correlations that were found were with benevolence, universalism, self‐direction, and respect for traditions. Conclusions Most people believe that wise individuals are concerned about the well‐being of others, have respect for cultural, religious, and individual differences and traditions, and care deeply about self‐direction, fairness, and equality as fundamentals of human society. Whether these relationships are also found empirically depends on which measure of wisdom is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Glück
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Bianca Gussnig
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human beings are social entities - our development occurs in and through interaction with others. Thus, it seems likely that relationships influence the development of wisdom, especially long-term intimate relationships in which couples share many important life experiences, and that wisdom, in turn, influences relationships. How wisdom relates to characteristics of intimate relationships has received little attention in the research literature. As a first step in a research program addressing this question, this study analyzed associations between participants' levels of wisdom and their views of a good relationship. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A sample of 155 individuals aged 23-90 years participated in two sessions including semi-structured qualitative interviews and questionnaires. MEASUREMENTS The participants were interviewed about their views of a good intimate relationship. Wisdom was measured using a self-report scale and two open-ended performance measures. RESULTS Wisdom was significantly related to some of the content categories identified in participants' views about a good relationship, although some correlations differed between wisdom measures. Emphasizing the relevance of mutual respect and conscious attention in relationships was related to both performance measures of wisdom. Paying considerate attention to the relationship and viewing it as a chance for personal development were each related to one measure of wisdom. CONCLUSIONS The results support the notion that wisdom is related to how participants regulate long-term relationships. We consider them as a promising first step in a research program investigating the dynamic interrelation between wisdom and intimate relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Auer-Spath
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Judith Glück
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
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44
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Lee EE, Depp C, Palmer BW, Glorioso D, Daly R, Liu J, Tu XM, Kim HC, Tarr P, Yamada Y, Jeste DV. High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:1447-1462. [PMID: 30560747 PMCID: PMC6581650 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610218002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study of loneliness across adult lifespan examined its associations with sociodemographics, mental health (positive and negative psychological states and traits), subjective cognitive complaints, and physical functioning. DESIGN Analysis of cross-sectional data. PARTICIPANTS 340 community-dwelling adults in San Diego, California, mean age 62 (SD = 18) years, range 27-101 years, who participated in three community-based studies. MEASUREMENTS Loneliness measures included UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (UCLA-3), 4-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Social Isolation Scale, and a single-item measure from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Other measures included the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) and Medical Outcomes Survey- Short form 36. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of subjects had moderate-high levels of loneliness on UCLA-3, using standardized cut-points. Loneliness was correlated with worse mental health and inversely with positive psychological states/traits. Even moderate severity of loneliness was associated with worse mental and physical functioning. Loneliness severity and age had a complex relationship, with increased loneliness in the late-20s, mid-50s, and late-80s. There were no sex differences in loneliness prevalence, severity, and age relationships. The best-fit multiple regression model accounted for 45% of the variance in UCLA-3 scores, and three factors emerged with small-medium effect sizes: wisdom, living alone and mental well-being. CONCLUSIONS The alarmingly high prevalence of loneliness and its association with worse health-related measures underscore major challenges for society. The non-linear age-loneliness severity relationship deserves further study. The strong negative association of wisdom with loneliness highlights the potentially critical role of wisdom as a target for psychosocial/behavioral interventions to reduce loneliness. Building a wiser society may help us develop a more connected, less lonely, and happier society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Colin Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Barton W. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Danielle Glorioso
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Daly
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Accessibility Research, IBM Research Division, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Peri Tarr
- Accessibility Research, IBM Research Division, Yorktown Heights, NY, United States
| | - Yasunori Yamada
- Accessibility and Aging, IBM Research Division, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- IBM-UCSD Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Glück J, Bluck S, Weststrate NM. More on the MORE Life Experience Model: What We Have Learned (So Far). THE JOURNAL OF VALUE INQUIRY 2019; 53:349-370. [PMID: 31798190 PMCID: PMC6887551 DOI: 10.1007/s10790-018-9661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have all had difficult times and challenges in our lives, and most of us feel that we learned something from those experiences. At the same time, few people actually become wise in the course of their lives - while most of us become (or remain) well-adapted and happy, generally satisfied, or even bitter or depressed. Why is it that some people, but not others, grow wise over time by learning from life's challenges (Linley & Joseph, 2004)? In the MORE Life Experience Model (Glück & Bluck, 2013), we argued that life challenges are catalysts for the development of wisdom, and that psychological resources crucially influence how people appraise life challenges, how they deal with them, and how they integrate them into their life story as time goes on. Based on the literature on wisdom and growth from challenging experiences, we proposed five resources as important for the development of wisdom: Mastery, Openness, Reflectivity, and Emotion Regulation including Empathy - in short, MORE. Since proposing the model, we have conducted a first empirical test of its predictions. This paper describes our expected and unexpected findings, which provide insights that we integrate to further refine and elaborate the MORE Life Experience Model. First, we describe the theoretical and empirical background of the original model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Glück
- Department of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
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Ardelt M, Jeste DV. Wisdom and Hard Times: The Ameliorating Effect of Wisdom on the Negative Association Between Adverse Life Events and Well-Being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:1374-1383. [PMID: 28329810 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Old age is characterized by many physical and social losses that adversely affect subjective well-being (SWB). Yet, past studies have shown that wisdom tends to be positively related to SWB in old age, particularly under adverse circumstances. We tested whether three-dimensional wisdom, measured as a combination of cognitive, reflective, and compassionate (affective) personality qualities, moderated the inverse association between adverse life events and well-being. Method A sample of 994 adults aged 51-99 years (M = 77) from the Successful AGing Evaluation (SAGE) study and structural equation models with well-being as a latent variable were used to test the hypothesis. Results Greater wisdom, in particular the reflective wisdom dimension, was positively associated with SWB and buffered the inverse relation between the experience of adverse life events during the previous year and current well-being. Discussion Wisdom appears to strengthen older adults' ability to cope with aging-related losses and, therefore, is a valuable psychological resource in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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47
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Barber SJ, Seliger J, Yeh N, Tan SC. Stereotype Threat Reduces the Positivity of Older Adults' Recall. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:585-594. [PMID: 29660076 PMCID: PMC6460340 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As people get older, they show a relative preference to remember positive information over negative information. In two experiments, we tested whether the positivity of older adults' memory is affected by stereotype threat about age-related cognitive declines. We also tested whether highlighting a positive aging stereotype (older adults are wise) would inoculate older adults from stereotype threat's adverse effects. METHOD In Experiments 1 and 2, we manipulated whether stereotypes about age-related cognitive decline were highlighted (stereotype threat) or mitigated (stereotype alleviation). In Experiment 2, we included a third condition (intervention + stereotype threat), which highlighted positive and negative aging stereotypes. Participants then saw emotionally evocative pictures and completed a memory test. RESULTS In both experiments, stereotype threat selectively reduced older adults' memory for positive pictures but did not affect their memory for negative pictures. This eliminated the positivity effect (i.e., the Age × Valence interaction; Experiment 1). Our positive stereotype intervention did not reduce stereotype threat's adverse effect (Experiment 2). DISCUSSION Our findings show that the positivity effect is more robust when testing situations minimize stereotype threat. They also suggest that health interventions designed to capitalize on the positivity effect should ensure that ageist stereotypes are mitigated in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Barber
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California
| | - Jordan Seliger
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California
| | - Nicholas Yeh
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California
| | - Shyuan Ching Tan
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, California
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48
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The Emerging Empirical Science of Wisdom: Definition, Measurement, Neurobiology, Longevity, and Interventions. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2019; 27:127-140. [PMID: 31082991 PMCID: PMC6519134 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Assess the empirical literature on wisdom• Evaluate a proposed model of wisdom development ABSTRACT: This article seeks to provide an overview of the empirical literature on wisdom in terms of its definitions and measurements, possible neurobiological basis, and evolutionary value, as well as changes with aging and potential clinical interventions to enhance components of wisdom. Wisdom may be defined as a complex human trait with several specific components: social decision making, emotion regulation, prosocial behaviors, self-reflection, acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality. These components appear to be localized primarily to the prefrontal cortex and limbic striatum. Emerging research suggests that wisdom is linked to better overall health, well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, and resilience. Wisdom likely increases with age, facilitating a possible evolutionary role of wise grandparents in promoting the fitness of the species. Despite the loss of their own fertility and physical health, older adults help enhance their children's well-being, health, longevity, and fertility-the "Grandma Hypothesis" of wisdom. We propose a model of wisdom development that incorporates genetic, environmental, and evolutionary aspects. Wisdom has important implications at both individual and societal levels, and warrants further research as a major contributor to human thriving. There is a need for a greater emphasis on promoting wisdom through our educational systems from elementary to professional schools.
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Thomas ML, Bangen KJ, Palmer BW, Sirkin Martin A, Avanzino JA, Depp CA, Glorioso D, Daly RE, Jeste DV. A new scale for assessing wisdom based on common domains and a neurobiological model: The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE). J Psychiatr Res 2019; 108:40-47. [PMID: 28935171 PMCID: PMC5843500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wisdom is an ancient concept that has gained new interest among clinical researchers as a complex trait relevant to well-being and healthy aging. As the empirical data regarding wisdom have grown, several measures have been used to assess an individual's level of wisdom. However, none of these measures has been based on a construct of wisdom with neurobiological underpinnings. We sought to develop a new scale, the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), which builds upon recent gains in the understanding of psychological and neurobiological models of the trait. Data were collected from 524 community-dwelling adults age 25-104 years as part of a structured multi-cohort study of adult lifespan. Participants were administered the SD-WISE along with two existing measures of wisdom that have been shown to have good psychometric properties. Factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized measurement model. SD-WISE total scores were reliable, demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity, and correlated, as hypothesized, negatively with emotional distress, but positively with well-being. However, the magnitudes of these associations were small, suggesting that the SD-WISE is not just a global measure of mental state. The results support the reliability and validity of SD-WISE scores. Study limitations are discussed. The SD-WISE, with good psychometric properties, a brief administration time, and a measurement model that is consistent with commonly cited content domains of wisdom based on a putative neurobiological model, may be useful in clinical practice as well as in bio-psycho-social research, especially investigations into the neurobiology of wisdom and experimental interventions to enhance wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Katherine J Bangen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Barton W Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Averria Sirkin Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Julie A Avanzino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Colin A Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Danielle Glorioso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca E Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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50
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Montross-Thomas LP, Joseph J, Edmonds EC, Palinkas LA, Jeste DV. Reflections on wisdom at the end of life: qualitative study of hospice patients aged 58-97 years. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30:1759-1766. [PMID: 29361991 PMCID: PMC6057847 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610217003039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTObjective:Wisdom is a complex trait, and previous research has identified several components of wisdom. This study explored the possible impact of a diagnosis of a terminal illness on the conceptualization and evolution of wisdom while facing the end of life. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 hospice patients aged 58-97 years who were in the last six months of their life. METHODS Hospice patients were asked to describe the core characteristics of wisdom, as well as how their terminal illness might have impacted their understanding of this concept. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded by the research team using a grounded theory analytic approach based on coding consensus, co-occurrence, and comparison. RESULTS Broad concepts of wisdom described by the hospice patients align with the extant literature, thereby supporting those general conceptualizations. In addition, hospice patients described how their life perspectives shifted after being diagnosed with a terminal illness. Post-illness wisdom can be characterized as a dynamic balance of actively accepting the situation while simultaneously striving for galvanized growth. This delicate tension motivated the patients to live each day fully, yet consciously plan for their final legacy. CONCLUSION The end of life offers a unique perspective on wisdom by highlighting the modulation between actively accepting the current situation while continuing the desire to grow and change at this critical time. This paradox, when embraced, may lead to even greater wisdom while facing one's own mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori P. Montross-Thomas
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, San Diego California, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego California, USA
- University of California San Diego, Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, San Diego California, USA
| | - Jamie Joseph
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego California, USA
| | - Emily C. Edmonds
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego California, USA
| | - Lawrence A. Palinkas
- University of Southern California, School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego California, USA
- University of California San Diego, Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, San Diego California, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, San Diego California, USA
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