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Ahmed S, Liu G, Sadiq A, Yang H, Yongbin L, Farooq U, Yi D, Yiyu S, Xiaodong W, Ahmed M, Jiang X. Synergistic Effect of Maternal Micronutrient Supplementation on ORFV DNA Vaccine Immune Response in a Pregnant Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2025; 203:1582-1599. [PMID: 38874865 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a contagious zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus that can infect farm animals and humans, but no vaccine is available for pregnant mothers. Excessive oxidative stress during pregnancy can suppress the vaccine immune response in pregnant mothers; hence, maternal micronutrient supplementation could effectively improve the immune response, health, and oxidative status during pregnancy. In this study, we employed an 8-week-old pregnant rat model to receive a single intramuscular dose of 200 µg of ORF DNA vaccine with or without vitamin E and selenium supplementation to evaluate their effect on immune responses (specific IgG and IgG isotypes), oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and blood glucose levels in maternal-neonatal serum and milk secretions. Additionally, antioxidant-related gene expressions were analyzed in the maternal placenta and pups' liver. The results showed that supplementation of vitamin E and selenium with ORF DNA vaccination increased the production of specific antibody and IgG isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) and reduced the oxidative stress in neonatal-maternal serum and milk compared to both the control group and those vaccinated without supplementation (p < 0.05). Notably, the ORF DNA vaccine did not cause oxidative stress and hepatic damage. However, combined supplementation of vitamin E and selenium with DNA vaccination significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and improved the antioxidant-related enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and selenoprotein P (SELP) in the maternal placenta and liver of pups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal supplementation of vitamin E and selenium enhanced the immune responses of the ORF DNA vaccine by mitigating oxidative stress in pregnant rats and could thus be a promising strategy for better health outcomes for both mothers and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Amber Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Huiguo Yang
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Liu Yongbin
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Yi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Yiyu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Xiaodong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mehboob Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Calder PC, Kreider RB, McKay DL. Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2025; 17:279. [PMID: 39861409 PMCID: PMC11767823 DOI: 10.3390/nu17020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2024] [Revised: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is an antioxidant and is essential for immune function and infection resistance. Supplementation is necessary when a sufficient amount of vitamin C is not obtained through the diet. Alternative formulations of vitamin C may enhance its bioavailability and retention over traditional ascorbic acid. This systematic review consolidates the evidence on this and the effects on immunity and infection. A systematic literature search was conducted in October 2024 in Embase and Medline, focused on healthy adults (Population); oral forms of liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid, liposomal-encapsulated lipid metabolite ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate, slow-release ascorbic acid, or lipid metabolite ascorbic acid (Intervention); compared to placebo/others (Comparison); in terms of bioavailability, absorption, vitamin C concentration in plasma, serum, and leukocytes, and impacts on tolerability, immunity, and infection (Outcome); and included randomized or non-randomized controlled trials, single-arm trials, and observational studies (Study design). Thirteen studies were included, several evaluating calcium ascorbate in combination with vitamin C metabolites, including L-threonate, referred to here as Calcium ascorbate EC (Ester C®; n = 7). No safety or tolerability concerns were noted with Calcium ascorbate EC vs. placebo or ascorbic acid. Calcium ascorbate EC showed better tolerability and fewer epigastric adverse events, improved quality of life, and induced favorable oxalate changes vs. ascorbic acid. Four studies reported leukocyte vitamin C concentration, some showing higher concentrations with Calcium ascorbate EC vs. ascorbic acid; seven reported more favorable plasma concentrations with the alternative forms over ascorbic acid or placebo; one reported higher serum vitamin C levels with vitamin C lipid metabolites than with Calcium ascorbate EC, calcium ascorbate, and ascorbic acid. No study reported retention in tissues. One study reported a favorable impact of Calcium ascorbate EC on immune parameters, and one found an association of Calcium ascorbate EC with fewer colds and a shorter duration of severe symptoms vs. placebo. Findings suggest that alternative vitamin C forms can improve leukocyte vitamin C, sometimes without affecting plasma levels. Most studies (77%) had a low risk of bias. In conclusion, the type and delivery modality of vitamin C can impact its bioavailability and functionality. Studies highlight the advantages of Calcium ascorbate EC over traditional ascorbic acid in terms of its tolerability and its potential to increase leukocyte vitamin C concentrations, crucial for immune function and protection against infection. However, further research is required to conclusively establish its effects on immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Diane L. McKay
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Główka N, Podgórski T, Woźniewicz M, Nowaczyk PM. The effect of 12-week high-dose Colostrum Bovinum supplementation on immunological, hematological and biochemical markers in endurance athletes: a randomized crossover placebo-controlled study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425785. [PMID: 39497827 PMCID: PMC11532120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine colostrum (COL) is assumed to be one of the strongest natural immune stimulants. Regular ingestion of COL may contribute to improved immune response in athletes exposed to high training loads. Methods Twenty-eight endurance-trained males aged 31.1 ± 10.2 years (body mass 81.9 ± 9.0 kg; height 1.82 ± 0.06 m) completed this randomized double-blind placebo(PLA)-controlled crossover study aimed at investigating the effect of 12-week COL supplementation (25gCOL·day-1) on resting (REST), exercise-induced (POST-EX), and short-term post-exercise recovery (REC; 1 h after test exercise) changes in selected saliva and blood immunoglobulins (Ig), white blood cell (WBC) count and differential; as well as blood hematological, nutritional status and muscle damage indices. The protocol assumed 4 study visits - before/after supplementation with COL (COLPRE and COLPOST ) and PLA (PLAPRE and PLAPOST ). During testing sessions, incremental rowing test to exhaustion and swimming-specific performance test were introduced as exercise stimuli. Results At COLPOST visit the secretory IgA (SIgA) concentration in saliva was significantly higher at POST-EX and REC compared to REST (p<0.05). COL supplementation had no effect on blood IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG, and IgM concentrations. Furthermore, after COL supplementation decrease of hematocrit at REC (p<0.05) was revealed. Conclusions 12-week supplementation with 25 gCOL·day-1 in endurance-trained male athletes resulted in a favorable increase in post-exercise concentration of salivary SIgA. COL seems to be a potential stimulator of local immune defense after exercise-induced homeostasis disturbances. Nevertheless, the lack of effect on blood markers indicates the need for further research in the area of mechanisms underlying the effect of the supposed COL immunological capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Sport Sciences–Biomedical Department, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Natalia Główka
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Woźniewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Rivero-Pino F, Montserrat-de la Paz S. The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Immunonutrition. Nutrients 2024; 16:3432. [PMID: 39458428 PMCID: PMC11510454 DOI: 10.3390/nu16203432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The link between diet and immune function is a growing area of interest, recognized not only by the scientific community but also by global health organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivero-Pino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, CSIC, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Gao H, Nepovimova E, Adam V, Heger Z, Valko M, Wu Q, Kuca K. Age-associated changes in innate and adaptive immunity: role of the gut microbiota. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1421062. [PMID: 39351234 PMCID: PMC11439693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1421062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is generally regarded as an irreversible process, and its intricate relationship with the immune system has garnered significant attention due to its profound implications for the health and well-being of the aging population. As people age, a multitude of alterations occur within the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. In the realm of innate immunity, aging brings about changes in the number and function of various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Additionally, certain immune pathways, like the cGAS-STING, become activated. These alterations can potentially result in telomere damage, the disruption of cytokine signaling, and impaired recognition of pathogens. The adaptive immune system, too, undergoes a myriad of changes as age advances. These include shifts in the number, frequency, subtype, and function of T cells and B cells. Furthermore, the human gut microbiota undergoes dynamic changes as a part of the aging process. Notably, the interplay between immune changes and gut microbiota highlights the gut's role in modulating immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. The gut microbiota of centenarians exhibits characteristics akin to those found in young individuals, setting it apart from the microbiota observed in typical elderly individuals. This review delves into the current understanding of how aging impacts the immune system and suggests potential strategies for reversing aging through interventions in immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Gao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Felice F, Moschini R, Cappiello M, Sardelli G, Mosca R, Piazza L, Balestri F. Is Micronutrient Supplementation Helpful in Supporting the Immune System during Prolonged, High-Intensity Physical Training? Nutrients 2024; 16:3008. [PMID: 39275323 PMCID: PMC11397090 DOI: 10.3390/nu16173008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well known that during prolonged, high-intensity physical training, athletes experience a state of immunosuppression and that balanced nutrition can help maintain immunity. This review summarizes the effects (amplified by virus infection) of high-intensity, long-term exercise on immunity, critically presenting key micronutrients and supplementation strategies that can influence athletes' performance and their immune system. The main conclusion is that micronutrient supplementation with diet could help to protect the immune system from the stress effects induced by intense physical activities. The importance of personalized supplementation has been also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Felice
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gemma Sardelli
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Mosca
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Piazza
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
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Azarmi M, Seyed Toutounchi N, Hogenkamp A, Thijssen S, Overbeek SA, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Van't Land B, Braber S. Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Combination with Galacto- and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides Enhance Vaccination Efficacy in a Murine Influenza Vaccination Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:2858. [PMID: 39275175 PMCID: PMC11397401 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life nutrition significantly impacts vaccination efficacy in infants, whose immune response to vaccines is weaker compared to adults. This study investigated vaccination efficacy in female C57Bl/6JOlaHsd mice (6 weeks old) fed diets with 0.7% galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) (9:1), 0.3% human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), or a combination (GFH) for 14 days prior to and during vaccination. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was measured by assessing ear swelling following an intradermal challenge. Influvac-specific IgG1 and IgG2a levels were assessed using ELISAs, while splenic T and B lymphocytes were analyzed for frequency and activation via flow cytometry. Additionally, cytokine production was evaluated using murine splenocytes co-cultured with influenza-loaded dendritic cells. Mice on the GFH diet showed a significantly enhanced DTH response (p < 0.05), increased serological IgG1 levels, and a significant rise in memory B lymphocytes (CD27+ B220+ CD19+). GFH-fed mice also exhibited more activated splenic Th1 cells (CD69+ CXCR3+ CD4+) and higher IFN-γ production after ex vivo restimulation (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that GOS/lcFOS and HMOS, particularly in combination, enhance vaccine responses by improving memory B cells, IgG production, and Th1 cell activation, supporting the potential use of these prebiotics in infant formula for better early-life immune development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Azarmi
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Negisa Seyed Toutounchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Thijssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Overbeek
- Danone Global Research and Innovation Center B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Global Research and Innovation Center B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Danone Global Research and Innovation Center B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Global Research and Innovation Center B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Arioz Tunc H, Childs CE, Swann JR, Calder PC. The effect of oral probiotics on response to vaccination in older adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Age Ageing 2024; 53:ii70-ii79. [PMID: 38745493 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review evaluated the impact of oral probiotics on the immune response to vaccination in older people. A literature search was performed in three electronic databases up to January 2023. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in older people (age ≥ 60 years) investigating oral probiotics and vaccine response outcomes were included. Characteristics and outcome data of the included studies were extracted and analysed and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomised trials. Ten RCTs involving 1,560 participants, reported in 9 papers, were included. Nine studies involved the seasonal influenza vaccine and one a COVID-19 vaccine. All studies used lactobacilli, some in combination with bifidobacteria. Studies reported outcomes including anti-vaccine antibody titres or concentrations, seroconversion and seroprotection. When comparing antibody titres, seroprotection rate and seroconversion rate between probiotic and placebo groups expressed as a response ratio, the weighted mean values were 1.29, 1.16 and 2.00, respectively. Meta-analysis showed that probiotics increase seroconversion rates to all three strains of the seasonal influenza vaccine: odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.74 (1.31, 5.70; P = 0.007) for the H1N1 strain; 1.90 (1.04, 3.44; P = 0.04) for the H3N2 strain; 1.72 (1.05, 2.80; P = 0.03) for the B strain. There was a low level of heterogeneity in these findings. Several studies were at high risk of bias due to missing outcome data. Lactobacilli may improve the vaccine response, but further research is needed to be more certain of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hediye Arioz Tunc
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Caroline E Childs
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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9
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Haas M, Brandl B, Schinhammer L, Skurk T. Individualized Supplementation of Immunoactive Micronutrients and Severity of Upper Respiratory Infection Symptoms-A Randomized Intervention Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1400. [PMID: 38794638 PMCID: PMC11123851 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Certain micronutrients exhibit immunomodulatory effects. However, no intervention has yet investigated the effect of individualized supplementation on the severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). Therefore, we investigated whether a personalized supplementation moderates the incidence and severity of URI. Selenium, zinc, and vitamin D were measured in dried blood spots from 59 healthy participants. Accordingly, a personalized supplement was provided with or without the respective micronutrients. We used WURSS-21 questionnaires to assess the disease status. The blood values converged during the intervention and micronutrients no longer differed between treated and untreated volunteers at the end of the intervention period. The incidence and severity of the illness did not significantly differ between the groups. However, when analyzing the WURSS-21 scores by the intention to treat, the initially randomized treatment arm revealed a significantly higher score than the placebo arm. Upon acute administration, individualized combinations of selenium, zinc and vitamin D do not reduce the number, or contribute to a milder course of URIs. Therefore, supplementation in acute infectious situations seems questionable. Further studies must address the habitual diet in more detail, to better understand the impact of individual micronutrient status on the prevention of URI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haas
- ZIEL–Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Beate Brandl
- ZIEL–Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Laura Schinhammer
- ZIEL–Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL–Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, Technical University Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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10
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Hong GH, Lee SY, Kim IA, Suk J, Baeg C, Kim JY, Lee S, Kim KJ, Kim KT, Kim MG, Park KY. Effect of Heat-Treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 on the Immune System Including Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1339. [PMID: 38732587 PMCID: PMC11085399 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 (HT-nF1) increases immune cell activation and the production of various immunomodulators (e.g., interleukin (IL)-12) as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) G, which plays an important role in humoral immunity, and IgA, which activates mucosal immunity. To determine the effect of HT-nF1 intake on improving immune function, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 100 subjects with normal white blood cell counts. The HT-nF1 group was administered capsules containing 5 × 1011 cells of HT-nF1 once a day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of HT-nF1 intake, significant changes in IL-12 were observed in the HT-nF1 group (p = 0.045). In particular, the change in natural killer (NK) cell activity significantly increased in subjects with low secretory (s) IgA (≤49.61 μg/mL) and low NK activity (E:T = 10:1) (≤3.59%). These results suggest that HT-nF1 has no safety issues and improves the innate immune function by regulating T helper (Th)1-related immune factors. Therefore, we confirmed that HT-nF1 not only has a positive effect on regulating the body's immunity, but it is also a safe material for the human body, which confirms its potential as a functional health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hye Hong
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - So-Young Lee
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - In Ah Kim
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Jangmi Suk
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Chaemin Baeg
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul 03737, Republic of Korea; (I.A.K.); (J.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Sehee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Min Gee Kim
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Kun-Young Park
- IMMUNOBIOTECH Corp., Seoul 06628, Republic of Korea; (G.-H.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
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11
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Frunze O, Kim H, Lee JH, Kwon HW. The Effects of Artificial Diets on the Expression of Molecular Marker Genes Related to Honey Bee Health. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4271. [PMID: 38673857 PMCID: PMC11049949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are commonly used to study metabolic processes, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient transformation, particularly proteins and their effects on development, health, and diseases, still evoke varying opinions among researchers. To address this gap, we investigated the digestibility and transformation of water-soluble proteins from four artificial diets in long-lived honey bee populations (Apis mellifera ligustica), alongside their impact on metabolism and DWV relative expression ratio, using transcriptomic and protein quantification methods. Diet 2, characterized by its high protein content and digestibility, was selected for further analysis from the other studied diets. Subsequently, machine learning was employed to identify six diet-related molecular markers: SOD1, Trxr1, defensin2, JHAMT, TOR1, and vg. The expression levels of these markers were found to resemble those of honey bees who were fed with Diet 2 and bee bread, renowned as the best natural food. Notably, honey bees exhibiting chalkbrood symptoms (Control-N) responded differently to the diet, underscoring the unique nutritional effects on health-deficient bees. Additionally, we proposed a molecular model to elucidate the transition of long-lived honey bees from diapause to development, induced by nutrition. These findings carry implications for nutritional research and beekeeping, underscoring the vital role of honey bees in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Frunze
- Department of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (O.F.); (J.-H.L.)
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors (CRCIV), Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjee Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (O.F.); (J.-H.L.)
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors (CRCIV), Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (O.F.); (J.-H.L.)
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors (CRCIV), Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Wook Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (O.F.); (J.-H.L.)
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors (CRCIV), Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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12
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Tuohy K, Vaughan EE, Harthoorn LF, Blaak EE, Burnet PWJ, Busetti A, Chakrabarti A, Delzenne N, de Vos P, Dye L, Guillemet D, Houghton LA, Kardinaal AFM, Mersh C, Musa-Veloso K, Nielsen A, Palasinska J, Salminen S, Walton G, Venlet N, Hubermont C, Calder PC. Prebiotics in food and dietary supplements: a roadmap to EU health claims. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2428848. [PMID: 39544074 PMCID: PMC11572068 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2428848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have established that prebiotic ingredients in foods and dietary supplements may play a role in supporting human health. Over the three decades that have passed since prebiotics were first defined as a concept, research has revealed a complex universe of prebiotic-induced changes to the human microbiota. There are strong indications of a direct link between these prebiotic-induced changes and specific health benefits. However, at the present time, the EU has not permitted use of the term 'prebiotic' in connection with an approved health claim. This paper is the outcome of a workshop organized on the 25th October 2023 by the European branch of the International Life Science Institute (ILSI). It provides an overview of the regulatory requirements for authorized health claims in the EU, key areas of prebiotic research, and findings to date in relation to prebiotics and digestive, immune, metabolic and cognitive health. Research gaps and documentation challenges are then explored and a roadmap proposed for achieving authorization of 'prebiotic' in the wording of future EU health claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Tuohy
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Delzenne
- Woluwe Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul de Vos
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Dye
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | - Cath Mersh
- Cath Mersh Communications, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Seppo Salminen
- Center for Food and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Gemma Walton
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, United Kingdom and NIHR Southampton Biomedical, Research Centre, University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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13
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Hatch-McChesney A, Smith TJ. Nutrition, Immune Function, and Infectious Disease in Military Personnel: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4999. [PMID: 38068857 PMCID: PMC10708187 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Consuming a diet that meets energy demands and provides essential nutrients promotes a healthy immune system, while both under- and over-nutrition have been associated with immune dysfunction. Military personnel comprise a unique population who frequently endure multi-stressor environments, predisposing them to immune decrements. Additionally, 49% and 22% of active duty U.S. military personnel are classified as overweight and obese, respectively. A literature search on PubMed was conducted to identify studies, reports, review papers, and references within those sources relevant to the topic area. Military personnel experiencing either under- or over-nutrition can suffer from degraded health, readiness, and performance. Insufficient intake of nutrients during military operations increases infection risk and negatively impacts infection recovery. Energy, protein, iron, zinc, and vitamins C and D are nutritional areas of concern that may impact immune competence in a multi-stressor environment. Over-nutrition can promote accretion of excess body fat and obesity, which contributes to a chronic inflammatory state that coincides with immune impairments. Prioritizing efforts to optimize nutrient intake is one approach for reducing disease burden and improving readiness. This review discusses nutritional concerns concomitant to multi-stressor environments that impact immune function, and the relevance of obesity to infectious disease risk in the military population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey J. Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA 01760, USA;
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14
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Singh DN, Bohra JS, Dubey TP, Shivahre PR, Singh RK, Singh T, Jaiswal DK. Common foods for boosting human immunity: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6761-6774. [PMID: 37970422 PMCID: PMC10630845 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We are frequently exposed to potentially harmful microbes of various types on a daily basis. Our immune system is an amazing collection of unique organs and cells that defends us from hazardous germs as well as certain diseases. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external invaders, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Maintaining a healthy immune system requires consuming a balanced diet that provides a variety of macro- and micronutrients. By consuming sufficient amounts of water, minerals such as zinc and magnesium, micronutrients, herbs, and foods rich in vitamins C, D, and E, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, one can enhance their health and immunity, and prevent infections. This article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on common foods known for their potential to boost human immunity. The review begins by discussing the various components of the immune system and their functions. It then delves into the current understanding of how nutrition can influence immune response, highlighting the importance of a well-balanced diet in supporting optimal immune function. The article presents an extensive analysis of a range of common foods that have been studied for their immune-boosting properties. These foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and animal-based foods. Each food category is explored in terms of its specific nutrients and bioactive compounds that contribute to immune support. Foods such as milk, eggs, fruits, leafy greens, and spices like onion, garlic, and turmeric contain beneficial compounds that can enhance the immune system's function, activate and inhibit immune cells, and interfere with multiple pathways that eventually lead to improved immune responses and defense. The available literature on the issue was accessed via online resources and evaluated thoroughly as a methodology for preparing this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra Singh Bohra
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Tej Pratap Dubey
- Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)BhaktapurNepal
| | - Pushp Raj Shivahre
- Department of Animal Husbandry and DairyingUdai Pratap Autonomous CollegeVaranasiIndia
| | - Ram Kumar Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Tejbal Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
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15
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Špečkauskienė V, Trišauskė J, Grincaitė M, Kriaučionienė V, Petrauskienė A. Changes of anthropometric indicators of lithuanian first-graders in 2008-2019 according to International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and World Health Organization (WHO) definitions. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2097. [PMID: 37880648 PMCID: PMC10601166 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The monitoring of children's growth plays a crucial role in assessing their growth patterns and indicating their weight status. Overweight and obesity, determined by cut-offs of body mass index (BMI), are most commonly associated with unhealthy nutrition, non-communicable diseases, and other health disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) to measure routinely trends in children's anthropometric changes, which allow intercountry comparisons within the European Region. Lithuania joined the COSI initiative. Our study aims to evaluate and compare underweight, normal and elevated weight (overweight and obesity) changes of Lithuanian first-graders during eleven years period. METHODS This study was composed according to the COSI study protocol, and it compares the five rounds of anthropometric measurements of Lithuanian first-graders (7-8-year-old) from 2008 to 2019. The main analysed variables were weight and height; calculated BMI, weight-for-age (W/A), height-for-age (H/A) and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) z-scores. Changes of the indicators were evaluated according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs and WHO child growth standards, grouped by 4 estimates: underweight (thinness), normal weight, overweight and obesity. All comparisons were performed between age groups, gender and COSI round year. RESULTS The mean values for weight, height, W/A and H/A Z-scores were significantly higher for both age and gender groups when comparing later COSI round years (2016 or 2019) to earlier years (2008-2013, in some cases 2016 is included in this range). Time trends of the WHO growth standards and IOTF cut-offs indicate significant decrease among 7-year-old overweight group for boys and girls. Also, a significant decrease was indicated among boys aged 8 years in the overweight group according to the WHO definitions. The only significant increase in trend were expressed in girl's group with obesity aged 8 years according to IOTF cut-offs. CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight and obesity of first-grade children in Lithuania indicates positive changes, that is the proportion of children with elevated body weight decreased, during eleven-year period. However, it is important to continue the monitoring of children's growth tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Špečkauskienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT47181, Lithuania.
- Department of Physics, Mathematics, and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT, 50162, Lithuania.
| | - Justina Trišauskė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT47181, Lithuania
| | - Monika Grincaitė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT47181, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kriaučionienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT47181, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT47181, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Petrauskienė
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT47181, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, LT47181, Lithuania
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16
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Doaei S, Mardi A, Zare M. Role of micronutrients in the modulation of immune system and platelet activating factor in patients with COVID-19; a narrative review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1207237. [PMID: 37781112 PMCID: PMC10540693 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1207237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary micronutrients may play important roles in the improvement of the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to assess the effect of micronutrients on platelet activating factor (PAF) and immunity with a special focus on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods All paper published in English on the effects of micronutrients including fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins, and minerals on PAF, immunity, and COVID-19 were collected from online valid databases. Results Vitamin A may modulate the expression of PAF-receptor gene in patients with COVID-19. Vitamin D may modulate inflammatory response through influencing PAF pathway. Vitamin E may improve COVID-19 related heart injuries by exert anti-PAF activities. Vitamin C status may have PAF related anti-inflammatory and micro-thrombotic effects in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Furthermore, some trace elements such as copper, selenium, and iron may have key roles in strengthens immunity by inactivate PAF acetyl hydrolase. Conclusion This narrative review study highlighted the importance of micronutrients in the improvement of immune function through modulation of PAF in patients with COVID-19. Further longitudinal studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Doaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afrouz Mardi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
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17
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Wopereis S. Phenotypic flexibility in nutrition research to quantify human variability: building the bridge to personalised nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc 2023; 82:346-358. [PMID: 36503652 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic flexibility is a methodology that accurately assesses health in terms of mechanistic understanding of the interrelationship of multiple metabolic and physiological processes. This starts from the perspective that a healthy person is better able to cope with changes in environmental stressors that affect homeostasis compared to people with a compromised health state. The term 'phenotypic flexibility' expresses the cumulative ability of overarching physiological processes to return to homeostatic levels after short-term perturbations. The concept of phenotypic flexibility to define biomarkers for nutrition-related health was introduced in 2009 in the area of health optimisation and prevention and delay of non-communicable disease. The core approach consists of the combination of imposing a challenge test to the body followed by time-resolved analysis of multiple biomarkers. This new approach may better facilitate nutritional health research in intervention studies since it may show effects on early derailed physiological markers and the biomarker response can be extended by perturbing the system, thereby making them more sensitive in detecting health effects from food and nutrition. At the same time, interindividual variation can also be extended and compressed by challenge tests, facilitating the bridge to personalised nutrition. This review will overview where the science is in this research arena and what the phenotypic flexibility potential is for the nutrition field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Wopereis
- Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
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18
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Xie Y, Xu J, Zhou D, Guo M, Zhang M, Gao Y, Liu M, Shi J, Yang K, Zheng Q, Zhao L, Qin Y, Hu R, Wei J, Zhang J, Tian J. Micronutrient perspective on COVID-19: Umbrella review and reanalysis of meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6783-6801. [PMID: 36794398 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2174948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micronutrients are clinically important in managing COVID-19, and numerous studies have been conducted, but inconsistent findings exist. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between micronutrients and COVID-19. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and Scopus for study search on July 30, 2022 and October 15, 2022. Literature selection, data extraction and quality assessment were performed in a double-blinded, group discussion format. Meta-analysis with overlapping associations were reconsolidated using random effects models, and narrative evidence was performed in tabular presentations. RESULTS 57 reviews and 57 latest original studies were included. 21 reviews and 53 original studies were of moderate to high quality. Vitamin D, vitamin B, zinc, selenium, and ferritin levels differed between patients and healthy people. Vitamin D and zinc deficiencies increased COVID-19 infection by 0.97-fold/0.39-fold and 1.53-fold. Vitamin D deficiency increased severity 0.86-fold, while low vitamin B and selenium levels reduced severity. Vitamin D and calcium deficiencies increased ICU admission by 1.09 and 4.09-fold. Vitamin D deficiency increased mechanical ventilation by 0.4-fold. Vitamin D, zinc, and calcium deficiencies increased COVID-19 mortality by 0.53-fold, 0.46-fold, and 5.99-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION The associations between vitamin D, zinc, and calcium deficiencies and adverse evolution of COVID-19 were positive, while the association between vitamin C and COVID-19 was insignificant.REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022353953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Xie
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengxiang Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ming Liu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jiyuan Shi
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kelu Yang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qingyong Zheng
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Hu
- First Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Perkins E, Davison G. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA as a Potential Marker of in vivo Immunity in Professional Footballers. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:861-868. [PMID: 34806947 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1932707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Team sport athletes have increased susceptibility to upper respiratory symptoms (URS) during periods of intensified training and competition. Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) may be a novel marker for risk of upper respiratory illness (URI) in professional athletes. Aims: To investigate changes in salivary EBV DNA (in addition to the well-established marker, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A), and incidence of URS in professional footballers. Methods: Over a 16-week period (August to November 2016), 15 male players from a professional English football League 1 club provided weekly unstimulated saliva samples (after a rest day) and recorded URS. Saliva samples were analyzed for secretory IgA (ELISA) and EBV DNA (qPCR). Results: Whole squad median (interquartile range) saliva IgA concentration and secretion rate significantly decreased (p < .05) between weeks 8 and 12 (concentration, 107 (76-150) mg/L healthy baseline to 51 (31-80) mg/L at week 12; secretion rate 51 (30-78) µg/min healthy baseline to 22 (18-43) µg/min at week 12). Two players reported URS episodes during week 10, both after IgA secretion rate decreased below 40% of the individual's healthy baseline. EBV DNA was detected in the weeks before URS but also at other times and in healthy players (overall frequency 40%, range 11-78%) and frequency was similar between the URS and healthy group. Conclusion: These findings confirm salivary IgA as a useful marker of URS risk but EBV DNA was not. Further research capturing a greater number of URS episodes is required, however, to fully determine the utility of this marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Perkins
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury Campus
| | - Glen Davison
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury Campus
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20
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McKay S, Teitsma-Jansen A, Floris E, Dekker T, Smids B, Khurshid R, Calame W, Kardinaal A, Lutter R, Albers R. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Carrot-Derived Rhamnogalacturonan-I (cRG-I) on Accelerated Protective Immune Responses and Quality of Life in Healthy Volunteers Challenged with Rhinovirus in a Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:4258. [PMID: 36296939 PMCID: PMC9607575 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate and balanced supply of nutrients is essential for maintaining health, and an optimal immune response is fast, contained and properly controlled, curbing infections quickly while minimizing damage. Several micronutrients contribute to normal immune function and certain dietary fibers, for example pectic polysaccharides, can play an important role in educating and regulating immune cell responses. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on our initial findings that dietary supplementation with carrot-derived rhamnogalacturonan-I (cRG-I) accelerates and augments local innate immune and anti-viral interferon response to a rhinovirus-16 (RV16) infection and reduces the severity and duration of symptoms in humans. Dietary intake of cRG-I also enhanced immune responses to this respiratory viral infection as measured by ex vivo stimulation of whole blood with the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and NK cell function. Consumption of cRG-I also reduced the negative effects of this common cold infection on quality of life as assessed by individual symptom scores. RG-I from carrot is a safe, sustainable, and economically viable solution that could easily be integrated into food products and dietary supplements aiming to support immune fitness and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue McKay
- NutriLeads B.V., Bronland 12-N, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Teitsma-Jansen
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tamara Dekker
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Smids
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ridha Khurshid
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Calame
- StatistiCal B.V., Strandwal 148, 2241 MN Wassenaar, The Netherlands
| | | | - René Lutter
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Albers
- NutriLeads B.V., Bronland 12-N, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4570-4583. [PMID: 36286028 PMCID: PMC9601269 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. The anti-inflammatory properties of berries have been investigated but the anti-inflammatory activity of bilberry has received little attention and a detailed review is yet to be published. Therefore, we compiled information on the phytochemicals of bilberry and preclinical and clinical studies of its anti-inflammatory properties. The review was based on studies from 2007 to date. Phytoconstituents of bilberries were phenolic acids, organic acids, anthocyanins, coumarins, flavonols, flavanols, tannins, terpenoids, and volatile chemicals. Data from cell and animal model studies show that bilberry has an anti-inflammatory effect by lowering tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β expression, inducing nitric oxide synthases and cyclooxygenases, and altering the nuclear factor kappa B and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathways. Bilberry supplementation as fruits (frozen, processed, and whole), juices, and anthocyanins reduced levels of inflammatory markers in most clinical studies of metabolic disorders. Therefore, bilberry may be useful for the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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22
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Ku YH, Kang JH, Lee H. Effects of Phellinus linteus extract on immunity improvement: A CONSORT-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30226. [PMID: 36042633 PMCID: PMC9410671 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunity protects the body from external threats and prevents the development of cancer. Biological response modifiers extracted from natural sources are being actively studied, and the immunostimulatory and anticancer effects of various types of fungi have been reported. However, there are no previous clinical studies on the immune-enhancing effect of Phellinus linteus (PL). Lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay is a prerequisite in order to get approval for using PL as a raw material in functional supplements and medicines in Korea. However, due to the absence of precedent clinical trials, the use of PL in supplements has been hindered. but there is no precedent clinical trial using it. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of PL extract for the improvement of immunity using the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay. METHODS A total of 98 subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to 2 groups. Subjects in the PL and placebo groups received 1000 mg of PL extract and 1000 mg of dextrin per day, respectively (one capsule, twice every day for 8 weeks). The primary outcome measured was the activity of natural killer cells. Secondary outcomes were the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM. Safety was evaluated using laboratory tests. RESULTS NK cell activity was significantly increased in the PL group compared to the placebo group (P < .05). Despite the absence of significant changes in secondary outcomes, there was a tendency for improvement in the PL group. PL extract-related adverse outcomes, particularly in liver and renal function, were not observed. CONCLUSION PL extract may improve immunity and is safe to be consumed orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Ku
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Seobuk-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hui Kang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Seobuk-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Seobuk-gu, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyun Lee, Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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23
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Abdelkader A, Wahba AA, El-tonsy M, Zewail AA, Shams Eldin M. Recurrent respiratory infections and vitamin A levels: a link? It is cross-sectional. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30108. [PMID: 35984160 PMCID: PMC9388016 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are common illnesses in children, causing significant morbidity and negatively affecting their health. Vitamin A protects against infections and maintains epithelial integrity. The goal of this study was to determine the correlation between vitamin A deficiency and recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs). Participants in this cross-sectional study were divided into 3 groups: RRTIs (including patients with history of RRTIs presenting with respiratory tract infection symptoms), RTI (including patients without history of RRTIs presenting with respiratory tract infection symptoms), and control (including children who came for a routine health checkup without a history of RRTIs or respiratory tract infection symptoms). The vitamin A assay was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The study included 550 children aged 6.64 ± 2.61 years. The RRTIs group included 150 children (27.3%), the RTI group included 300 children (54.5%), and the control group included 100 children (18.2%). Subclinical vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A deficiency affected 3.1% and 1.3% of subjects, respectively. Subclinical vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A deficiency were higher in children with RRTIs than in those with RTI (8% vs 1.3%, P = .001 and 4% vs 0.3%, P = .006). Additionally, children with RRTIs had significantly higher rates of subclinical vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A deficiency than those in the control group, which had 1% subclinical vitamin A deficiency (P = .017) and no cases of vitamin A deficiency (P = .043). The RRTIs group had higher rates of otitis media (27.3%), sinusitis (20%), and pneumonia (4.7%) than the RTI group (P = .002). Vitamin A insufficiency was associated with RRTIs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Abdelkader
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Scientific Research and Continuous Medical Education Unit, Al Ansari Specialist Hospital, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ashraf Abdelkader, Faculty of Medicine for Boys, Al-Azhar University, Al mokhaym Aldaem street, Nasr City, Cairo 11751, Egypt (E-mail: )
| | - Ashraf A. Wahba
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-tonsy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Shams Eldin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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24
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Impact of enteral immunonutrition on infectious complications and immune and inflammatory markers in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2135-2146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Kinash MI, Boyarchuk OR. Pyridoxine, folate, and cobalamin and the condition of the innate and acquired immunity. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj94.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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26
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Li F, Li C, Sun Y, Bao Y, Jiang W, Song Z, Wang Y, Liu M, Wang W, Li T, Li L. Cerebral Ischemic Complications After Surgical Revascularization for Moyamoya Disease: Risk Factors and Development of a Predictive Model Based on Preoperative Nutritional Blood Parameters. Front Nutr 2022; 9:842838. [PMID: 35360692 PMCID: PMC8960452 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.842838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cerebral ischemic complications are common after revascularization in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). Risk factors from specific laboratory variables have only been assessed by limited research. This study was to investigate the association between postoperative cerebral ischemia and nutritional blood parameters and examine predictive values of such risk factors in adults. Methods Preoperative demographics and nutritional blood parameters of patients with MMD who received revascularization at our institution from 2012 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify independent risk factors for the onset of postoperative cerebral ischemic complications. Predictive values were tested and a model incorporating these independent risk factors was created using the R program. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used for testing its discriminability. Results Postoperative cerebral ischemic complications occurred in 32 patients of 100 included procedures. Surgery on the left hemisphere, lower admission modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, aberrant nutritional parameters including low white blood cell (WBC), and high total cholesterol (TC) were significantly associated with cerebral ischemic complications after revascularization. The intriguing role of WBC might be explained by altered immunomodulation. The AUC of this model with novel nutritional parameters yielded a value of 0.811, presenting better predictive accuracy. Additionally, the model was visualized in the form of a nomogram and translated into a user-friendly calculator to generate individual risk. Conclusions Surgical side, admission mRS score, WBC, and TC were independent risk factors for postoperative cerebral ischemic complications. The model composed of these four parameters was promising to be adopted in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- School of Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chuanfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunwei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Zuoyan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Tong Li
| | - Luo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- Luo Li
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27
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Govers C, Calder PC, Savelkoul HFJ, Albers R, van Neerven RJJ. Ingestion, Immunity, and Infection: Nutrition and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841532. [PMID: 35296080 PMCID: PMC8918570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections place a heavy burden on the health care system, particularly in the winter months. Individuals with a vulnerable immune system, such as very young children and the elderly, and those with an immune deficiency, are at increased risk of contracting a respiratory infection. Most respiratory infections are relatively mild and affect the upper respiratory tract only, but other infections can be more serious. These can lead to pneumonia and be life-threatening in vulnerable groups. Rather than focus entirely on treating the symptoms of infectious disease, optimizing immune responsiveness to the pathogens causing these infections may help steer towards a more favorable outcome. Nutrition may have a role in such prevention through different immune supporting mechanisms. Nutrition contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system, with various nutrients acting as energy sources and building blocks during the immune response. Many micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) act as regulators of molecular responses of immune cells to infection. It is well described that chronic undernutrition as well as specific micronutrient deficiencies impair many aspects of the immune response and make individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, other dietary components such as proteins, pre-, pro- and synbiotics, and also animal- and plant-derived bioactive components can further support the immune system. Both the innate and adaptive defense systems contribute to active antiviral respiratory tract immunity. The initial response to viral airway infections is through recognition by the innate immune system of viral components leading to activation of adaptive immune cells in the form of cytotoxic T cells, the production of neutralizing antibodies and the induction of memory T and B cell responses. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of a range different dietary components on anti-infective innate as well as adaptive immune responses and to propose mechanisms by which they may interact with the immune system in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Govers
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - R. J. Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Research & Development, FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands
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Callahan EA, Chatila T, Deckelbaum RJ, Field CJ, Greer FR, Hernell O, Järvinen KM, Kleinman RE, Milner J, Neu J, Smolen KK, Wallingford JC. Assessing the safety of bioactive ingredients in infant formula that affect the immune system: recommendations from an expert panel. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:570-587. [PMID: 34634105 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive ingredients for infant formula have been sought to reduce disparities in health outcomes between breastfed and formula-fed infants. Traditional food safety methodologies have limited ability to assess some bioactive ingredients. It is difficult to assess the effects of nutrition on the infant immune system because of coincident developmental adaptations to birth, establishment of the microbiome and introduction to solid foods, and perinatal environmental factors. An expert panel was convened to review information on immune system development published since the 2004 Institute of Medicine report on evaluating the safety of new infant formula ingredients and to recommend measurements that demonstrate the safety of bioactive ingredients intended for that use. Panel members participated in a 2-d virtual symposium in November 2020 and in follow-up discussions throughout early 2021. Key topics included identification of immune system endpoints from nutritional intervention studies, effects of human milk feeding and human milk substances on infant health outcomes, ontologic development of the infant immune system, and microbial influences on tolerance. The panel explored how "nonnormal" conditions such as preterm birth, allergy, and genetic disorders could help define developmental immune markers for healthy term infants. With consideration of breastfed infants as a reference, ensuring proper control groups, and attention to numerous potential confounders, the panel recommended a set of standard clinical endpoints including growth, response to vaccination, infection and other adverse effects related to inflammation, and allergy and atopic diseases. It compiled a set of candidate markers to characterize stereotypical patterns of immune system development during infancy, but absence of reference ranges, variability in methods and populations, and unreliability of individual markers to predict disease prevented the panel from including many markers as safety endpoints. The panel's findings and recommendations are applicable for industry, regulatory, and academic settings, and will inform safety assessments for immunomodulatory ingredients in foods besides infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talal Chatila
- Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank R Greer
- Department of Pediatrics (Emeritus), University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kirsi M Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Ronald E Kleinman
- Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.,MassGeneral Hospital for Children, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, USA
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Kinga K Smolen
- Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
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29
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Mediani A, Kamal N, Pantami HA, Saleh MSM, Al-Mekhlafi NA, Ismail NH, Abas F. Phytomolecules and Metabolomics of Immunomodulation: Recent Trends and Advances. PLANTS AND PHYTOMOLECULES FOR IMMUNOMODULATION 2022:115-145. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8117-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
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30
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Kamphorst K, Carpay NC, de Meij TGJ, Daams JG, van Elburg RM, Vlieger AM. Clinical outcomes following pre-, pro- and synbiotic supplementation after caesarean birth or antibiotic exposure in the first week of life in term born infants: A systematic review of the literature. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:974608. [PMID: 36299694 PMCID: PMC9589227 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.974608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caesarean section and early exposure to antibiotics disrupt the developing gastrointestinal microbiome, which is associated with long-term health effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the impact of prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics supplementation on clinical health outcomes of term infants born by caesarean section or exposed to antibiotics in the first week of life. DESIGN A systematic search was performed in Medline and Embase from inception to August 2021. Title and abstract screening (n = 11,248), full text screening (n = 48), and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers. RESULTS Six RCTs studying caesarean born infants were included, group sizes varied between 32-193 with in total 752 children. No studies regarding supplementation after neonatal antibiotic exposure were found. Three studies administered a probiotic, one a prebiotic, one a synbiotic, and one study investigated a prebiotic and synbiotic. Several significant effects were reported at follow-up varying between 10 days and 13 years: a decrease in atopic diseases (n = 2 studies), higher immune response to tetanus and polio vaccinations (n = 2), lower response to influenza vaccination (n = 1), fewer infectious diseases (n = 2), and less infantile colic (n = 1), although results were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation of caesarean-born infants with prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics resulted in significant improvements in some health outcomes as well as vaccination responses. Due to the variety of studied products and the paucity of studies, no recommendations can be given yet on the routine application of prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics to improve health outcomes after caesarean section or neonatal antibiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kamphorst
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Nora C Carpay
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim G J de Meij
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost G Daams
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arine M Vlieger
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
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van den Brink W, Bloem R, Ananth A, Kanagasabapathi T, Amelink A, Bouwman J, Gelinck G, van Veen S, Boorsma A, Wopereis S. Digital Resilience Biomarkers for Personalized Health Maintenance and Disease Prevention. Front Digit Health 2021; 2:614670. [PMID: 34713076 PMCID: PMC8521930 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2020.614670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Health maintenance and disease prevention strategies become increasingly prioritized with increasing health and economic burden of chronic, lifestyle-related diseases. A key element in these strategies is the empowerment of individuals to control their health. Self-measurement plays an essential role in achieving such empowerment. Digital measurements have the advantage of being measured non-invasively, passively, continuously, and in a real-world context. An important question is whether such measurement can sensitively measure subtle disbalances in the progression toward disease, as well as the subtle effects of, for example, nutritional improvement. The concept of resilience biomarkers, defined as the dynamic evaluation of the biological response to an external challenge, has been identified as a viable strategy to measure these subtle effects. In this review, we explore the potential of integrating this concept with digital physiological measurements to come to digital resilience biomarkers. Additionally, we discuss the potential of wearable, non-invasive, and continuous measurement of molecular biomarkers. These types of innovative measurements may, in the future, also serve as a digital resilience biomarker to provide even more insight into the personal biological dynamics of an individual. Altogether, digital resilience biomarkers are envisioned to allow for the measurement of subtle effects of health maintenance and disease prevention strategies in a real-world context and thereby give personalized feedback to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van den Brink
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Robbert Bloem
- Department of Environmental Modeling Sensing and Analysis, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Adithya Ananth
- Department of Optics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, Netherlands
| | - Thiru Kanagasabapathi
- Holst Center, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Optics, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Gelinck
- Holst Center, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sjaak van Veen
- Department of Environmental Modeling Sensing and Analysis, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andre Boorsma
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
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32
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Miles EA, Calder PC. Effects of Citrus Fruit Juices and Their Bioactive Components on Inflammation and Immunity: A Narrative Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712608. [PMID: 34249019 PMCID: PMC8264544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides defence to the host against pathogenic organisms. A weak immune system increases susceptibility to infections and allows infections to become more severe. One component of the immune response is inflammation. Where inflammation is excessive or uncontrolled it can damage host tissues and cause pathology. Limitation of oxidative stress is one means of controlling inflammation. Citrus fruit juices are a particularly good source of vitamin C and folate, which both have roles in sustaining the integrity of immunological barriers and in supporting the function of many types of immune cell including phagocytes, natural killer cells, T-cells and B-cells. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and reduces aspects of the inflammatory response. Important bioactive polyphenols in citrus fruit juices include hesperidin, narirutin and naringin. Hesperidin is a glycoside of hesperetin while narirutin and naringin are glycosides of naringenin. Hesperidin, hesperetin, naringenin, naringin and narirutin have all been found to have anti-inflammatory effects in model systems, and human trials of hesperidin report reductions in inflammatory markers. In humans, orange juice was shown to limit the post-prandial inflammation induced by a high fat-high carbohydrate meal. Consuming orange juice daily for a period of weeks has been reported to reduce markers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, as confirmed through a recent meta-analysis. A newly emerging topic is whether polyphenols from orange juice have direct anti-viral effects. In summary, micronutrients and other bioactives present in citrus fruit juices have established roles in controlling oxidative stress and inflammation and in supporting innate and acquired immune responses. Trials in humans demonstrate that orange juice reduces inflammation; its effects on innate and acquired immunity require further exploration in well-designed trials in appropriate population sub-groups such as older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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33
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Witkamp RF. Nutrition to Optimise Human Health-How to Obtain Physiological Substantiation? Nutrients 2021; 13:2155. [PMID: 34201670 PMCID: PMC8308379 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Demonstrating in an unambiguous manner that a diet, let alone a single product, 'optimizes' health, presents an enormous challenge. The least complicated is when the starting situation is clearly suboptimal, like with nutritional deficiencies, malnutrition, unfavourable lifestyle, or due to disease or ageing. Here, desired improvements and intervention strategies may to some extent be clear. However, even then situations require approaches that take into account interactions between nutrients and other factors, complex dose-effect relationships etc. More challenging is to substantiate that a diet or a specific product optimizes health in the general population, which comes down to achieve perceived, 'non-medical' or future health benefits in predominantly healthy persons. Presumed underlying mechanisms involve effects of non-nutritional components with subtle and slowly occurring physiological effects that may be difficult to translate into measurable outcomes. Most promising strategies combine classical physiological concepts with those of 'multi-omics' and systems biology. Resilience-the ability to maintain or regain homeostasis in response to stressors-is often used as proxy for a particular health domain. Next to this, quantifying health requires personalized strategies, measurements preferably carried out remotely, real-time and in a normal living environment, and experimental designs other than randomized controlled trials (RCTs), for example N-of-1 trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Davison G. The Use of Bovine Colostrum in Sport and Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061789. [PMID: 34073917 PMCID: PMC8225123 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest in bovine colostrum within sports nutrition over the last 25 years. Studies have investigated the effects on body composition, physical performance, recovery, gut damage and permeability, immune function, and illness risk. This narrative review considers available evidence in each of these areas. Although some studies have shown protection against performance decrements caused by periods of intensified training, there is limited evidence for effects on body composition and physical performance. There is stronger evidence for benefit on gut permeability and damage markers and on immune function and illness risk, especially during periods of intensified training. The balance of available evidence for gut permeability and illness risk is positive, but further research is required to fully determine all mechanisms responsible for these effects. Early suggestions that supplementation with bovine colostrum products could increase systemic IGF-1 levels are not supported by the balance of available evidence examining a range of doses over both short- and long-term periods. Nevertheless, dose–response studies would be valuable for determining the minimum efficacious dose, although this is complicated by variability in bioactivity between products, making any dose–response findings applicable only to the specific products used in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Davison
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7PE, UK
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Derbyshire EJ, Calder PC. Bronchiectasis-Could Immunonutrition Have a Role to Play in Future Management? Front Nutr 2021; 8:652410. [PMID: 33996875 PMCID: PMC8116598 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.652410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition in which areas of the bronchial tubes become permanently widened predisposing the lungs to infection. Bronchiectasis is an age-associated disease with the highest prevalence in people older than 75 years. While the prevalence of bronchiectasis is higher in males, disease is more severe in females who have a poorer prognosis. The overall prevalence of the disease is thought to be rising. Its aetiology is multi-faceted, but a compromised immune system is now thought to play a central role in the pathology of this disease. Research has begun to study the role of malnutrition and certain nutrients-vitamin D and zinc-along with the role of the lung microbiome in relation to the management of bronchiectasis. Given this, the present mini review sets out to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art within the field, identify research gaps and pave the way for future developments and research investment within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Horie K, Hossain MS, Kim Y, Akiko I, Kon R, Yamatsu A, Kishima M, Nishikimi T, Kim M. Effects of Banafine ® , a fermented green banana-derived acidic glycoconjugate, on influenza vaccine antibody titer in elderly patients receiving gastrostomy tube feeding. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1410-1417. [PMID: 33768522 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence can negatively affect cytokine production in elderly and may impair poor antibody responses to influenza vaccination and infection. Herein, the effects of Banafine® administration on influenza vaccine antibody titer in elderly patients (average age ∼80 years) receiving gastrostomy tube feeding were examined. In the double-blind, single-center, randomized clinical studies, 30 elderly bedridden patients were administered Banafine® or placebo for 8 weeks. At week 4, all patients received influenza vaccination against H1N1, H3N2, B/Yamagata, or B/Victoria. Blood biochemical indices and serum antibody titers were assessed. Banafine® administration significantly increased hemagglutination inhibition titers in response to vaccination against H1N1, H3N2, and B/Yamagata in the elderly patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, the seroconversion rate against H1N1 (47.1%) and H3N2 (29.4%) and seroprotection rate against H1N1 (71.4%) and both B strains (31.3% and 12.5%, respectively) were increased for the Banafine® group. These results suggest that Banafine® administration can increase antibody responses to influenza vaccination in bedridden hospitalized patients, and potentially modulate immune function in the elderly. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Literature review suggested that most of the synbiotics are based on innate immunity, strain specific (probiotics), and are not consistently observed. Herein, in clinical studies we demonstrate that administration of Banafine® , a plant-based glycoconjugate, can increase antibody levels in bedridden hospitalized elderly patients following influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Horie
- Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yugweng Kim
- Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ishida Akiko
- Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kon
- Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Mujo Kim
- Pharma Foods International Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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Castro-Herrera VM, Fisk HL, Wootton M, Lown M, Owen-Jones E, Lau M, Lowe R, Hood K, Gillespie D, Hobbs FDR, Little P, Butler CC, Miles EA, Calder PC. Combination of the Probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 Has Limited Effect on Biomarkers of Immunity and Inflammation in Older People Resident in Care Homes: Results From the Probiotics to Reduce Infections iN CarE home reSidentS Randomized, Controlled Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643321. [PMID: 33746986 PMCID: PMC7969511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in many components of the immune system (immunosenescence). Probiotics may improve the immune response in older people. The objective was to determine the effect of the combination of two probiotic organisms [Lacticaseibacillus (previously known as Lactobacillus) rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 (BB-12)] on a range of immune biomarkers measured in the blood of older people resident in care homes in the UK. In a randomized controlled trial, older people [aged 67-97 (mean 86) years] resident in care homes received the combination of LGG+BB-12 (1.3-1.6 × 109 CFU per day) or placebo for up to 12 months. Full blood count, blood immune cell phenotypes, plasma immune mediator concentrations, phagocytosis, and blood culture responses to immune stimulation were all measured. Response to seasonal influenza vaccination was measured in a subset of participants. Paired samples (i.e., before and after intervention) were available for 30 participants per group. LGG and BB-12 were more likely to be present in feces in the probiotic group and were present at higher numbers. There was no significant effect of the probiotics on components of the full blood count, blood immune cell phenotypes, plasma immune mediator concentrations, phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes, and blood culture responses to immune stimulation. There was an indication that the probiotics improved the response to seasonal influenza vaccination with significantly (p = 0.04) higher seroconversion to the A/Michigan/2015 vaccine strain in the probiotic group than in the placebo group (47 vs. 15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Castro-Herrera
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helena L Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lown
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleri Owen-Jones
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Lau
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Gillespie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F D Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Little
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Karl JP. Gut Microbiota-targeted Interventions for Reducing the Incidence, Duration, and Severity of Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Non-elderly Adults. Mil Med 2021; 186:e310-e318. [PMID: 33137200 PMCID: PMC7665594 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infections (RTI), such as those caused by influenza viruses and, more recently, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, pose a significant burden to military health care systems and force readiness. The gut microbiota influences immune function, is malleable, and may provide a target for interventions aiming to reduce RTI burden. This narrative review summarizes existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, all of which are gut microbiota-targeted interventions, for reducing the burden of RTI in military-relevant populations (i.e., healthy non-elderly adults). MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search strategy was used to identify recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials conducted in healthy non-elderly adults which examined effects of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics on the incidence, duration, and/or severity of RTI, or on immune responses to vaccinations against viruses that cause RTI. Relevant randomized controlled clinical trials not included in those reports were also identified. RESULTS Meta-analyses and multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that certain probiotic strains may reduce the incidence, duration, and/or severity of RTI and improve immune responses to vaccination against RTI-causing pathogens in various populations including healthy non-elderly adults. Fewer randomized controlled trials have examined the effects of prebiotics or synbiotics on RTI-related outcomes in healthy non-elderly adults. Nevertheless, some studies conducted within that population and other populations have observed that certain prebiotics and synbiotics reduce the incidence, duration, and/or severity of RTI or improve immune responses to vaccinations against RTI-causing viruses. However, across all product classes, not all product formulations have shown benefit, and most have not been tested in multiple randomized controlled trials in military-relevant populations. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with certain gut microbiota-targeted interventions, and certain probiotics in particular, may provide viable strategies for reducing RTI-related illness in military personnel. Research in military populations is warranted to fully understand the magnitude of any military health and cost benefits, and to establish definitive recommendations for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
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Samad N, Sodunke TE, Abubakar AR, Jahan I, Sharma P, Islam S, Dutta S, Haque M. The Implications of Zinc Therapy in Combating the COVID-19 Global Pandemic. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:527-550. [PMID: 33679136 PMCID: PMC7930604 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s295377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic from COVID-19 infection has generated significant public health concerns, both health-wise and economically. There is no specific pharmacological antiviral therapeutic option to date available for COVID-19 management. Also, there is an urgent need to discover effective medicines, prevention, and control methods because of the harsh death toll from this novel coronavirus infection. Acute respiratory tract infections, significantly lower respiratory tract infections, and pneumonia are the primary cause of millions of deaths worldwide. The role of micronutrients, including trace elements, boosted the human immune system and was well established. Several vitamins such as vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate; microelement including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper; omega-3 fatty acids as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid plays essential physiological roles in promoting the immune system. Furthermore, zinc is an indispensable microelement essential for a thorough enzymatic physiological process. It also helps regulate gene-transcription such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division, and cell activation in the human biological system. Subsequently, zinc, together with natural scavenger cells and neutrophils, are also involved in developing cells responsible for regulating nonspecific immunity. The modern food habit often promotes zinc deficiency; as such, quite a few COVID-19 patients presented to hospitals were frequently diagnosed as zinc deficient. Earlier studies documented that zinc deficiency predisposes patients to a viral infection such as herpes simplex, common cold, hepatitis C, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because of reducing antiviral immunity. This manuscript aimed to discuss the various roles played by zinc in the management of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeeta Samad
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 700233, Nigeria
| | - Iffat Jahan
- Department of Physiology, Eastern Medical College, Cumilla, Bangladesh
| | - Paras Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, BVM College of Pharmacy, Gwalior, India
| | - Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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40
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Lockyer S. Effects of diets, foods and nutrients on immunity: Implications for COVID‐19? NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pecora F, Persico F, Argentiero A, Neglia C, Esposito S. The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3198. [PMID: 33092041 PMCID: PMC7589163 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.P.); (F.P.); (A.A.); (C.N.)
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Fantacone ML, Lowry MB, Uesugi SL, Michels AJ, Choi J, Leonard SW, Gombart SK, Gombart JS, Bobe G, Gombart AF. The Effect of a Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement on Immune Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2447. [PMID: 32823974 PMCID: PMC7468989 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults are at increased risk for vitamin and mineral deficiencies that contribute to age-related immune system decline. Several lines of evidence suggest that taking a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement (MVM) could improve immune function in individuals 55 and older. To test this hypothesis, we provided healthy older adults with either an MVM supplement formulated to improve immune function (Redoxon® VI, Singapore) or an identical, inactive placebo control to take daily for 12 weeks. Prior to and after treatment, we measured (1) their blood mineral and vitamin status (i.e., vitamin C, zinc and vitamin D); (2) immune function (i.e., whole blood bacterial killing activity, neutrophil phagocytic activity, and reactive oxygen species production); (3) immune status (salivary IgA and plasma cytokine/chemokine levels); and (4) self-reported health status. MVM supplementation improved vitamin C and zinc status in blood and self-reported health-status without altering measures of immune function or status or vitamin D levels, suggesting that healthy older adults may benefit from MVM supplementation. Further development of functional assays and larger study populations should improve detection of specific changes in immune function after supplementation in healthy older adults. Clinical Trials Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02876315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Fantacone
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Malcolm B. Lowry
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Sandra L. Uesugi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.L.U.); (A.J.M.); (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (S.K.G.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Alexander J. Michels
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.L.U.); (A.J.M.); (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (S.K.G.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.L.U.); (A.J.M.); (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (S.K.G.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Scott W. Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.L.U.); (A.J.M.); (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (S.K.G.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Sean K. Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.L.U.); (A.J.M.); (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (S.K.G.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Jeffrey S. Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.L.U.); (A.J.M.); (J.C.); (S.W.L.); (S.K.G.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Animal & Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Adrian F. Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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Nutritional status positively impacts humoral immunity against its Mycobacterium tuberculosis, disease progression, and vaccine development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237062. [PMID: 32760105 PMCID: PMC7410285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional status contributes to the regulation of immune responses against pathogens, and malnutrition has been considered as a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB, can modulate host lipid metabolism and induce lipid accumulation in macrophages, where the bacilli adopt a dormant phenotype. In addition, serum lipid components play dual roles in the regulation of and protection from Mtb infection. We analyzed the relationship between nutritional status and the humoral immune response in TB patients. We found that serum HDL levels are positively correlated with the serum IgA specific for Mtb antigens. Analysis of the relationship between serum nutritional parameters and clinical parameters in TB patients showed that serum albumin and CRP levels were negatively correlated before treatment. We also observed reduced serum LDL levels in TB patients following treatment. These findings may provide insight into the role of serum lipids in host immune responses against Mtb infection. Furthermore, improving the nutritional status may enhance vaccination efficacy.
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Główka N, Durkalec-Michalski K, Woźniewicz M. Immunological Outcomes of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation in Trained and Physically Active People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1023. [PMID: 32276466 PMCID: PMC7231218 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is a promising natural product applied to improve immunological functions. However, there is very little evidence on the true benefits of BC treatment on the immune function of trained and physically active people; moreover, there is no consensus on the supplementation strategy. For this reason, the aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of BC supplementation on immunological outcomes in physically active people. Data from 10 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of BC supplementation in athletes and physically active adults were analysed, involving 239 participants. The results show that BC supplementation has no or a fairly low impact on improving the concentration of serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG), lymphocytes and neutrophils, and saliva immunoglobulin (IgA) in athletes and physically active participants. Previous research has shown BC to reduce upper respiratory tract infections; nevertheless, there is a gap of scientific knowledge on the mechanisms underlying these effects. Future RCTs are needed to focus on finding these mechanisms, as well as on preparing a clear consensus on a BC supplementation strategy in trained athletes and the physically active population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Główka
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (K.D.-M.); (M.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (K.D.-M.); (M.W.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Woźniewicz
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (K.D.-M.); (M.W.)
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Gutierrez-Hervas A, Gómez-Martínez S, Izquierdo-Gómez R, Veiga OL, Perez-Bey A, Castro-Piñero J, Marcos A. Inflammation and fatness in adolescents with and without Down syndrome: UP & DOWN study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:170-179. [PMID: 31858639 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to describe the inflammatory status of adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) and their relationship with adiposity. METHODS Ninety-five adolescents with DS (44.2% girls) and a control group of 113 adolescents (47.8% girls), aged between 11 and 18 years old, from the UP & DOWN study were included in this substudy. Serum C-reactive protein, C3 and C4 complement factors, total proteins, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, insulin, cortisol, leptin, adiponectin, galactin-3 and visfatin were analysed; homeostatic model assessment index was calculated. In order to evaluate adiposity, we measured the following body fat variables: weight, height, waist circumference and skinfold thicknesses. Birth weight was obtained by questionnaire. In addition, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body fat percentage (BF%) were calculated. RESULTS Down syndrome group showed higher levels of body mass index, WHtR, waist circumference, BF% and lower birth weight than controls (P < 0.001). In the general linear model in the total sample, WHtR was positively associated with C3 and C4 (P < 0.001) as well as with leptin levels (P = 0.015). BF% was positively associated with total proteins (P = 0.093) and leptin levels (P < 0.001). DS was positively associated with total proteins (P < 0.001), C3 (P = 0.047) and C4 (P = 0.019). Despite the higher levels of adiposity found in DS group, no direct association was found between BF% and leptin levels, comparing with the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that abdominal obesity should be controlled in adolescents because of its relationship with acute phase-inflammatory biomarkers but especially in DS adolescents who may show a peculiar metabolic status according to their relationship between adiposity and inflammatory biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gutierrez-Hervas
- Nursing Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (DMN), Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Gómez-Martínez
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (DMN), Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Izquierdo-Gómez
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - O L Veiga
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Faculty of Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Perez-Bey
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - J Castro-Piñero
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - A Marcos
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism (DMN), Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Micronutrients that Affect Immunosenescence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:13-31. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gjevestad GO, Holven KB, Rundblad A, Flatberg A, Myhrstad M, Karlsen K, Mutt SJ, Herzig KH, Ottestad I, Ulven SM. Increased protein intake affects pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, immune function and IGF signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of home-dwelling old subjects using a genome-wide gene expression approach. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:32. [PMID: 31798754 PMCID: PMC6883584 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Adequate protein intake among older adults is associated with better health outcomes such as immune function and metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle, but conflicting results make it difficult to define the optimal intake. To further understand the impact of protein intake on metabolic processes, the aim of the study was to explore genome-wide gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in home-dwelling old subjects after increased protein intake for 12 weeks. Method In a parallel double-blind randomized controlled intervention study, subjects (≥ 70 years) received a protein-enriched milk (2 × 20 g protein/day, n = 14, mean (±SD) age 76.9 ± 4.9 years) or an isocaloric carbohydrate drink (n = 17, mean (±SD) age 77.7 ± 4.8 years) for breakfast and evening meal for 12 weeks. PBMCs were isolated before and after the intervention. Microarray analysis was performed using Illumina technology. Serum levels of gut peptides and insulin growth factor (IGF)-1 were also measured. Results In total 758 gene transcripts were regulated after increased protein intake, and 649 gene transcripts were regulated after intake of carbohydrates (p < 0.05). Forty-two of these genes were overlapping. After adjusting for multiple testing, 27 of the 758 gene transcripts were regulated (FDR, q-value < 0.25) after protein intake. Of these 25 were upregulated and two downregulated. In particular, genes and signaling pathways involved in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, immune function, and IGF signaling were significantly altered. Conclusions PBMCs can be used to study gene expression changes after long-term protein intake, as many signaling pathways were regulated after increased protein intake. The functional significance of these findings needs to be further investigated. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID no. NCT02218333. The study was registered on August 18, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyrd O Gjevestad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,2Innovation and marketing, TINE SA, Lakkegata 23, 0187 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,3National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amanda Rundblad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- 4Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Genomics Core Facility, Norwegian University of Sciences and Technology, Olav Kyrres gt. 9, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Myhrstad
- 5Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karina Karlsen
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shivaprakash J Mutt
- 6Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University, P.O Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- 6Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University, P.O Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,7Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Inger Ottestad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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van den Brink W, van Bilsen J, Salic K, Hoevenaars FPM, Verschuren L, Kleemann R, Bouwman J, Ronnett GV, van Ommen B, Wopereis S. Current and Future Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Inflammatory Dynamics in Metabolic Disorders. Front Nutr 2019; 6:129. [PMID: 31508422 PMCID: PMC6718105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders have a large impact on global health, especially in Western countries. An important hallmark of metabolic disorders is chronic low-grade inflammation. A key player in chronic low-grade inflammation is dysmetabolism, which is defined as the inability to keep homeostasis resulting in loss of lipid control, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Although often not yet detectable in the circulation, chronic low-grade inflammation can be present in one or multiple organs. The response to a metabolic challenge containing lipids may magnify dysfunctionalities at the tissue level, causing an overflow of inflammatory markers into the circulation and hence allow detection of early low-grade inflammation. Here, we summarize the evidence of successful application of metabolic challenge tests in type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and unhealthy aging. We also review how metabolic challenge tests have been successfully applied to evaluate nutritional intervention effects, including an "anti-inflammatory" mixture, dark chocolate, whole grain wheat and overfeeding. Additionally, we elaborate on future strategies to (re)gain inflammatory flexibility. Through epigenetic and metabolic regulation, the inflammatory response may be trained by regular mild and metabolic triggers, which can be understood from the perspective of trained immunity, hormesis and pro-resolution. New strategies to optimize dynamics of inflammation may become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van den Brink
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van Bilsen
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Kanita Salic
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Femke P. M. Hoevenaars
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | | | - Ben van Ommen
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, Netherlands
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Xiao L, Engen PA, Leusink-Muis T, van Ark I, Stahl B, Overbeek SA, Garssen J, Naqib A, Green SJ, Keshavarzian A, Folkerts G, van't Land B. The Combination of 2'-Fucosyllactose with Short-Chain Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides that Enhance Influenza Vaccine Responses Is Associated with Mucosal Immune Regulation in Mice. J Nutr 2019; 149:856-869. [PMID: 31050747 PMCID: PMC6499104 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical role for host-microbe interactions and establishment of vaccine responses has been postulated. Human milk oligosaccharides, of which 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) is the most prevalent, are known to alter host-associated microbial communities and play a critical role in the immunologic development of breastfed infants. OBJECTIVES Dietary supplementation with a combination of 2'FL and prebiotic short-chain (sc) galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and long-chain (lc) fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) was employed to examine human milk oligosaccharide effects on immune responsiveness, within a murine influenza vaccination model. METHODS Female mice (6 wk old, C57Bl/6JOlaHsd) were fed either control diet (CON) or scGOS/lcFOS/2'FL-containing diet (GF2F) for 45 d. After starting dietary intervention (day 14), mice received a primary influenza vaccination (day 0) followed by a booster vaccination (day 21), after which ear challenges were conducted to measure vaccine-specific delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, fecal and cecal microbial community structure, short-chain fatty acids, host intestinal gene expression and cellular responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were also measured. RESULTS Relative to CON, mice fed the GF2F diet had increased influenza vaccine-specific DTH responses (79.3%; P < 0.01), higher levels of both IgG1 (3.2-fold; P < 0.05) and IgG2a (1.2-fold; P < 0.05) in serum, and greater percentages of activated B cells (0.3%; P < 0.05), regulatory T cells (1.64%; P < 0.05), and T-helper 1 cells (2.2%; P < 0.05) in their MLNs. GF2F-fed mice had elevated cecal butyric (P < 0.05) and propionic (P < 0.05) acid levels relative to CON, which correlated to DTH responses (R2 = 0.22; P = 0.05 and R2 = 0.39; P < 0.01, respectively). Specific fecal microbial taxa altered in GF2F diet fed mice relative to CON were significantly correlated with the DTH response and IgG2a level increases. CONCLUSIONS Dietary GF2F improved influenza vaccine-specific T-helper 1 responses and B cell activation in MLNs and enhanced systemic IgG1 and IgG2a concentrations in mice. These immunologic changes are correlated with microbial community structure and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Overbeek
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ankur Naqib
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stefan J Green
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda van't Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Forbes SC, Bell GJ. Whey Protein Isolate Supplementation While Endurance Training Does Not Alter Cycling Performance or Immune Responses at Rest or After Exercise. Front Nutr 2019; 6:19. [PMID: 30881958 PMCID: PMC6406070 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whey protein isolate supplementation combined with endurance training on cycling performance, aerobic fitness and immune cell responses. Eighteen male cyclists were randomly assigned to either placebo (PLA) or whey protein supplementation (WS; 1.0 g·kg body mass−1·d−1 in addition to their dietary intake). Both groups completed the identical endurance training program, 4 days per week for 6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at rest and after 5 and 60 min of recovery from a simulated 40 km cycling time trial (TT) and were repeated after training. Baseline dietary intake of protein prior to supplementation was 1.52 ± 0.45 and 1.46 ± 0.44 g·kg body mass−1·d−1 for the WS and PLA groups, respectively. There were similar improvements in TT performance (WS: 71.47 ± 12.17 to 64.38 ± 8.09 min; PLA: 72.33 ± 12.79 to 61.13 ± 8.97 min), and peak oxygen uptake (WS: 52.3 ± 6.1 to 56.1 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1·min−1; PLA: 50.0 ± 7.1 to 54.9 ± 5.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) after training in both groups. White blood cells (WBC) and neutrophil counts were elevated 5 min after the TT and further increased after 60 min (P < 0.05). The exercise-induced increase in WBC and neutrophil counts at 5 and 60 min after the TT were attenuated after training compared to before training (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes increased 5 min after the TT and decreased below rest after 60 min of recovery (P < 0.05). Following training lymphocytes were lower after 60 min of recovery compared to before training. There was no change in natural killer cell activity with exercise, training or between groups. It was concluded that whey protein isolate supplementation while endurance training did not differentially change cycling performance or the immune response at rest or after exercise. However, endurance training did alter performance, aerobic fitness and some post exercise immune cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Gordon J Bell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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