Lespedeza bicolour Turcz. is a traditional medicinal plant with a wide range of ethnomedicinal values. The main components of L. bicolour essential oil (EO) were β-pinene (15.41%), β-phellandrene (12.43%), and caryophyllene (7.79%). The EO of L. bicolour showed antioxidant activity against ABTS radical and DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 0.69 ± 0.03 mg/mL and 10.44 ± 2.09 mg/mL, respectively. The FRAP antioxidant value was 81.96 ± 6.17 μmol/g. The EO had activities against acetylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, and β-lactamase with IC50 values of 309.30 ± 11.16 μg/mL, 360.47 ± 35.67 μg/mL, and 27.54 ± 1.21 μg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking showed methyl dehydroabietate docked well with all tested enzymes. Sclareol and (+)-borneol acetate showed the strongest binding affinity to α-glucosidase and β-lactamase, respectively. The present study provides a direction for searching enzyme inhibitors for three tested enzymes and shows L. bicolour EO possesses the potential to treat a series of diseases.

As a medicinal and edible herb, Piper nigrum L. is abundant in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and its essential oil has antibacterial properties. Notably, the aromatic profiles of black pepper (BP) and white pepper (WP) are markedly distinct. Consequently, it is essential to comprehensively characterize the VOCs of BP and WP, and analyze the differences in their VOCs and antibacterial efficacy.

This study analyzed the VOCs of BP and WP using headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The fingerprint of HS-GC-IMS was established. Random forest analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and heatmap were used to analyze differences in BP and WP. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of volatile oils derived from BP and WP was assessed using the antibacterial zone diameter method.

A total of 108 and 123 VOCs were identified by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. The results of multivariate statistical analysis showed that the VOCs of BP and WP are significantly different. In contrast, WP has a milder smell than BP, while BP has a more pungent odor. Eight differential markers were selected. Both BP and WP had inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.

This study helps to decipher the flavor differences between BP and WP, and provides a material basis for their quality control and pharmacodynamics. It is beneficial to enhance its utilization within the domains of nutrition and traditional Chinese medicine.

Phytomanagement integrates optimized phytotechnology to mitigate soil toxicity risks with a valorization strategy for the biomass produced on the contaminated soil. This three-year in situ study explores an innovative high-value-added chain by cultivating angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), an aromatic plant, on aged trace element (TE)-contaminated soil to produce essential oils (EO). Our results show that angelica thrived on heavily TE-contaminated soil, yielding up to 1.9 kg/ha of EO. Analyses of TEs and pesticide residues confirmed that EO distilled from angelica seeds contained negligible pollutants below or near detection limits and was similar to commercial EO. While fungal biomass remained unaffected, vegetation significantly increased total soil bacterial biomass and metabolic potential compared to initial conditions. Although mycorrhizal inoculation did not enhance angelica biomass yields, it significantly increased the plant's mycorrhizal colonization rate and contributed to reducing soil ecotoxicity after three years of cultivation. Moreover, a social acceptability study indicated that EO production from angelica seeds grown on heavily TE-polluted soil was well received by the public. The sector's positive economic balance further highlights its strong potential for development within phytomanagement strategies.

The worldwide distribution of mosquitoes and their significant role in the transmission of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya have resulted in substantial mortality, morbidity, and economic loss. This review aims to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with plant-based mosquito repellents as sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical insecticides.

A comprehensive analysis of recent literature was conducted to investigate the conventional technology available as well as novel techniques utilized to minimize man-mosquito contact and also to assess the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of plant-derived mosquito repellents. Special attention was given to essential oils and their active constituents, as well as current advancements in formulation technologies, stability issues, and standardization practices.

The utilization of conventional chemical insecticides for controlling mosquitoes has resulted in the development of biological resistance and has detrimental environmental impacts. Consequently, researchers have made significant efforts in recent years to develop sustainable and economical alternatives, with a particular focus on botanical mosquito-repellent compounds. This has led to a marked increase in interest in the use of plant derieved products as mosquito repellents. Limonene, citronellol, eucalyptol, geraniol, eugenol, carvacrol, and citronellal are the primary essential oil components extracted from plants that exhibit mosquito repellent activity. Owing to their complex chemical structures, mosquitoes are unable to develop resistance to these molecules.

Plant-based mosquito repellents represent a promising and sustainable alternative to synthetic repellents. However, challenges such as variability in composition, lack of standardization, stability issues, and limited mechanistic understanding hinder their widespread adoption. Molecular and cellular mechanistic studies may increase product safety and efficacy by identifying specific targets and detoxification pathways.

Amylostereum areolatum is the main symbiotic fungus of woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) and is an active participant in the large-scale death of Pinus sylvestris. Woodwasps and associated fungi resort to active detoxification mechanisms to overcome the toxicity of host defence chemicals, which consist of a multitude of monoterpenes and diterpenes. Since cytochrome P450 (CYP) is considered to have extensive detoxification capabilities in fungi, 35 CYP genes were identified from A. areolatum by Iso-Seq. Moreover, we analysed the transcriptional levels of 11 chosen CYPs in the mycelia of fungi grown on different carbon sources or sprayed with different terpene mixtures or extracts to explore the relationship between CYPs and utilization of terpenoids or the detoxification capabilities for terpenoids. Molecular modeling and docking were also employed to predict the interaction between the P450 protein structure and substrate. The results showed that the 35 CYPs of A. areolatum belong to 22 families and 12 clans, and all had the typical P450 conserved domains. RT-qPCR revealed that most CYPs were down-regulated with monoterpenes as the sole carbon source and up-regulated with diterpenes. CYPs were induced after spraying with xylem extract, and venom can increase the expression levels of CYPs. Molecular docking predicted that three P450 proteins (CYP5037BM3, CYP5144KC1, and CYP5152T1) bind tightly to diterpenes through hydrogen bonds and π-alkyl interactions, they have a higher binding affinity for diterpenes than for monoterpenes, suggesting that they may preferentially metabolize diterpenes. This indicates that A. areolatum regulates the expression levels of key P450 enzymes through a special response pattern to reduce the toxicity of the chemical defence of the host on itself and its symbiotic insect, Sirex noctilio.

Stored-product insects often necessitate the use of synthetic insecticides, which can have a negative impact on the environment. Phytochemicals, particularly essential oils (EOs), represent an ideal alternative. The EOs derived from the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum (OB) and Ocimum × africanum (OA) were chemically characterized and assessed for their insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). The EOs were extracted from OB and OA using hydrodistillation and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with estragole identified as the major constituent. Fumigation toxicity tests showed that estragole has a significant effect on both pests, with median lethal values (LC50) values for T. castaneum (9.67 mg/L air) and L. bostrychophila (6.01 mg/L air) that are significantly lower than those of EOs. Contact toxicity tests indicated that the insecticidal potential of OA was superior to that of OB, with LC50 values for T. castaneum (18.63 µg/adult) and L. bostrychophila (1.83 µg/adult). Repellency experiments showed that the EOs were capable of repelling the pests to differing degrees. The effectiveness of repellency was dependent on both concentration and exposure time. The results indicated that EOs of OB and OA have the potential for controlling stored-product insects.

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, is a devastating disease that affects citrus production and trade worldwide. Traditional control methods, based on copper compounds, are effective but pose environmental and health risks due to their toxicity and potential for bioaccumulation. This study evaluates the synergistic potential of essential oils (EOs) and rhamnolipids as sustainable alternatives for disease management. Four EOS (citronella, palmarosa, geranium, and clove) were tested for their antibacterial activity. Citronella EO showed a 90% inhibitory concentration (IC 90) of 0.15% (v/v) and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.25% (v/v), while the other EOs showed IC 90 and bactericidal activity at 0.06% (v/v). Rhamnolipids (RHLs), biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibited X. citri at a concentration of 0.3% (v/v). The combination of citronella EO and RHLs showed a synergistic effect, reducing the inhibitory concentration of citronella by 50% and that of RHLs by more than 90%. In addition, the combined formulation permeabilized more than 80% of bacterial membranes and reduced biofilm formation. In contrast, other oils tested in combination with rhamnolipid showed independent effects. These results indicate that EOs and rhamnolipids represent an environmentally safe strategy for the control of X. citri subsp. citri that overcomes the limitations of conventional methods while reducing environmental and health impacts.

The tomato russet mite (TRM), Aculops lycopersici, is a destructive pest of tomato crops worldwide. It poses a significant challenge to growers in both greenhouse and open-field conditions. Traditional chemical control methods are often ineffective, promote resistance, and have negative environmental impacts. This has prompted the search for alternative strategies, such as biological control and eco-friendly botanical pesticides. In this study, we evaluated the acaricidal effects of essential oils (EOs) extracted from three officinal plants, Origanum vulgare L., Salvia rosmarinus Spenn., and Salvia officinalis L., cultivated using precision aromatic crop (PAC) techniques. Their efficacy was evaluated against A. lycopersici under laboratory conditions. The chemical composition of the EOs was determined by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The dominant component of O. vulgare EO was carvacrol (83.42%), followed by ρ-cymene (3.06%), and γ-terpinene (2.93%). In S. rosmarinus, α-pinene (28.0%), 1,8-cineole (11.00%), and borneol (7.72%) were the major components. S. officinalis EO was characterized by high levels of 1,8-cineole (27.67%), camphor (21.91%), and crisantenone (12.87%). We tested multiple concentrations (320-5000 μL L-1) and exposure times (1-4 days) to assess mite mortality. The results revealed both dose- and time-dependent toxic activity, with significant differences among EOs. O. vulgare EO was the most toxic, causing 90% mortality at 0.5% (w/v) concentration after 4 days. S. rosmatinus and S. officinalis EOs had more limited effects, with 46% and 42% mortality, respectively. Lethal concentration (LC50) values were 2.23 mL L-1 (95% CI: 1.74-3.05) for O. vulgare, 5.84 mL L-1 (95% CI: 3.28-22.29) for S. rosmarinus, and 6.01 mL L-1 (95% CI: 2.63-261.60) for S. officinalis. These results indicate that O. vulgare EO shows efficacy comparable to commercially available botanical pesticides. Our findings support the potential of O. vulgare EO as a viable alternative for the control of A. lycopersici, contributing to integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

Mycotoxin presence in meat products is principally due to the development of toxigenic moulds during ripening, which concretely affect the dry-cured ones. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most prevalent mycotoxin in dry-cured hams and fermented sausages. Apart from collecting information on the main toxigenic moulds in dry-cured meat products, the objective of this review is to compile data about the mycotoxin prevalence and the tools for their mitigation. Although no very extensive studies have been performed on the mycotoxin occurrence in such products, much research has been conducted over the last 15 years, particularly in the European Mediterranean countries. Large differences in OTA incidence and amount have been reported, which can be due to differences in the processing followed, the climatic conditions of the producing region, the mould population present or the used detection method. Nevertheless, most of the mean and maximum OTA values observed in dry-cured meat products are above the maximum level of 1 μg/kg recommended officially for pork products in Italy. Aflatoxin B1, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin and citrinin are only occasionally reported from dry-cured meat products. To control mycotoxin contamination, manufacturers have several strategies available, with the biopreservation ones being the most appropriate, since the modification of environmental parameters is not feasible, especially in products with long ripening. Native microorganisms alone or in combination with plant extracts are sustainable biopreservatives with a special interest in dry-cured meat products to mitigate the mycotoxin contamination. All these strategies are extensively described in this review, with special attention paid to OTA.

Aromatherapy, a branch of herbal and alternative medicine, has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach to treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its potential to enhance cognitive function. This comprehensive review evaluates the inhibitory effects of various plant essential oils (EOs) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, a key enzyme implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. Our analysis highlights EOs from the Lamiaceae family, particularly rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) and lavender (Lavandula officinalis), which demonstrated the most potent AChE inhibitory effects. Key chemical constituents such as α- and β-pinene, limonene, linalool, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene, estragole, eugenol, and asarone were identified as the primary active components responsible for these effects. Additionally, we discuss the biochemical mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective properties of these EOs and their potential role in developing effective therapies for AD. Our findings underscore the therapeutic promise of specific EOs and their constituents in managing cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds produced by aromatic plants and widely used in personal care, food flavoring, and pharmaceutical industry due to their odor and therapeutic properties. As a high-value and low-volume organic product, optimizing plant yield and modifying composition by leveraging knowledge on chemical profiles of essential oils can lead to enhanced bioproducts. Additionally, overharvesting of wild medicinal plants, especially in India, threatens biodiversity. Essential oil profiles of such plants can help regulate their exploitation. Here, we present sCentInDB, a manually curated FAIR-compliant DataBase of Essential oil Chemical profiles of Medicinal plants of India, compiled from published literature. sCentInDB contains data on 554 Indian medicinal plants at the plant part level, encompassing 2170 essential oil profiles, 3420 chemicals, 471 plant-part-therapeutic use associations, 120 plant-part-odor associations, and 218 plant-part-color associations. sCentInDB also compiles metadata such as sample location, isolation, and analysis methods. Subsequently, an extensive analysis of the chemical space in sCentInDB was performed. By constructing a chemical similarity network, terpenoids were found to be distributed across the network, indicating greater structural diversity. Moreover, a comparison of the scaffold diversity of chemicals in sCentInDB was performed against three other aroma libraries using cyclic system retrieval curves. Altogether, sCentInDB will serve as a valuable resource for researchers working on plant volatiles and employing genetic engineering to enhance oil yield and composition. Further, sCentInDB will aid in the establishment of quality standards for essential oils and provide vital insights for therapeutic and perfumery applications. sCentInDB is accessible at https://cb.imsc.res.in/scentindb/ .

This study was carried out to optimize spray drying conditions for juniper berry essential oil (JBEO) microencapsulation. The coating material for encapsulation was a combination of maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA). The wall material content, inlet air temperature and feed flow rate were optimized to obtain small particle size and high level of powder production, with high JBEO loading and encapsulation efficiency, small powder moisture and hygroscopicity. The optimal formulation was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and used for investigation of antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. The obtained optimal conditions for JBEO microencapsulation were inlet air temperature of 140 °C, feed flow rate of 2.43 cm3 min-1 and wall/core ratio of 3:1. The considerably greater JBEO oil retention was obtained by using spray dried GA compared to GA in a form of the branched polysaccharide. Microencapsulated JBEO showed antibacterial and antifungal activities at oil concentrations 1-5 %. Strong repellency against S. oryzae and A. obtectus were achieved at concentration of JBEO of 2 %, while for mortality of 65.5 % (S. oryzae) and 85.5 % (A. obtectus) after 72 h, the 5 % of JBEO were required. JBEO microencapsulation could be a promising method for the production of biopesticides to reduce the use of chemical preparations.

The aim of this investigation was to study in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) (Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau, Melaleuca alternifolia and Chenopodium botrys) on pathogenic strains isolated in milk samples from mastitic sheep. The in vitro antibacterial activity showed that EOs induced higher bacterial inhibition against pathogens isolated in mastitic milk (Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus salivarius, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus agalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) than common antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values significantly lower, excepted for P. Aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity of EOs has been attributed to the chemical composition of each phyto-complexes, constituted by monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their associated alcohols, identified by GC-MS analysis, with a synergic action in the bacterial cells. The results obtained confirmed in vitro antimicrobial activity of these EOs and their potential use in the treatment of sheep mastitis infection.

Fragrances play a crucial role in cosmetic products, influencing consumer preferences and enriching sensory experiences. However, making sure these products are safe, especially concerning natural and synthetic fragrances, requires robust regulatory frameworks. This review offers a global perspective on the regulatory systems governing the safety of fragrances. It begins by examining the fundamental differences between natural and synthetic fragrances, highlighting their origins and unique safety considerations. Natural fragrances, sourced from botanicals like essential oils, have a long history of human exposure. Synthetic fragrances, on the other hand, are artificially manufactured compounds that often lack sufficient safety data, thereby requiring strict regulation. Various countries have developed safety guidelines to address concerns such as skin sensitization, allergies, and health risks associated with fragrance use. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of these global regulatory frameworks, emphasizing both commonalities and disparities in safety standards for natural and synthetic fragrances. It also discusses ongoing efforts to harmonize regulations and improve fragrance safety in cosmetics. By offering this in-depth overview of regulatory approaches, the article serves as a valuable resource for cosmetics industry professionals. It provides insights into the evolving landscape of cosmetics regulations worldwide, aiding stakeholders in navigating the complexities of natural and synthetic fragrance safety and ultimately safeguarding consumer well-being.

Biofilm formation and virulence factor production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are identified as the main mechanisms of its antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity. In this context, the study of the chemical composition of three Algerian essential oils (EOs) and the screening of their antibacterial, antibiofilm, and virulence factor inhibitory activities enabled us to select the thyme EO as the best oil to control the P. aeruginosa strain isolated from hospital environments. This EO, composed essentially of thymol (55.82%) associated with carvacrol, had an anti-adhesive activity of 69.8% at a concentration of 5 µL/mL and a biofilm eradication activity of 74.86% at a concentration of 2.5 µL/mL. In addition, this EO was able to inhibit P. aeruginosa twitching motility by 100% at a concentration of 2.5 µL/mL. Pyocyanin was inhibited by 99.33% at a thyme EO concentration of 1.25 µL/mL. Rhamnolipids were significantly inhibited by 63.33% in the presence of thyme EO at a concentration of 1.25 µL/mL after 24 h of incubation. Molecular docking showed that carvacrol and thymol can bind to the three quorum sensing receptors in P. aeruginosa, RhlR, LasR, and PqsR, with good affinities, which can inhibit or modulate biofilm formation and the production of certain virulence factors.

Rhipicephalus microplus is a major pest in Brazilian livestock, causing significant economic losses. Current control methods have drawbacks such as high costs, the need for specialized professionals and variable product effectiveness. Myrcia splendens extracts and essential oils are known for their antimicrobial properties, but there is no research on their acaricidal activity. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, acaricidal, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from two chemotypes (A and B) of M. splendens. Chemical composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled with Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID) and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis revealed that the essential oils were rich in sesquiterpenes, with carotol (18.08 %) being predominant in chemotype A, while (2E,6E)-methyl farnesoate (42.64 %) was predominant in chemotype B. The oils exhibited acaricidal activity against R. microplus larvae in a concentration-dependent manner, with chemotype A showing the highest potency (LC50 = 4.06 mg/mL). The oils also inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity (p < 0.05), a potential target for acaricides, with chemotype B showing greater activity (IC50 = 0.14 mg/mL), suggesting this as a mechanism for their acaricidal effect. Cytotoxicity testing in Vero cell cultures showed that only chemotype A reduced cell viability by 19 % at the highest concentration (2 mg/mL). In conclusion, M. splendens essential oils exhibit in vitro anti-tick activity with low toxicity, with chemotype A being more effective.

Genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas include bacterial species that are etiological agents of several diseases of major vegetable crops, such as tomato, pepper, bean, cabbage and cauliflower. The bacterial pathogens of those genera may cause severe crop damage, leading to symptoms like leaf spots, wilting, blights, and rotting. These plant pathogens can affect propagation materials and spread rapidly through plant tissues, contaminated soils, or water sources, making them challenging to control using conventional chemical products alone. Biopesticides, such as essential oils (EOs), are nowadays studied, tested and formulated by employing nano- and micro-technologies as innovative biological control strategies to obtain more sustainable products using less heavy metal ions. Moreover, there is a growing interest in exploring new biological control agents (BCAs), such as antagonistic bacterial and fungal species or bacteriophages and understanding their ecology and biological mechanisms to control bacterial phytopathogens. These include direct competition for nutrients, production of antimicrobial compounds, quorum quenching and indirect induction of systemic resistance. Optimisation of the biocontrol potential goes through the development of nanoparticle-based formulations and new methods for field application, from foliar sprays to seed coatings and root inoculation, aimed to improve microbial stability, shelf life, controlled release and field performance. Overall, the use of biological control in horticultural crops is an area of research that continues to advance and shows promising potential. This review aims to provide an in-depth exploration of commercially accessible biocontrol solutions and innovative biocontrol strategies, with a specific focus on the management of bacterial diseases in vegetable crops caused by Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas species. In this article, we highlighted the advancements in the development and use of EOs and other BCAs, emphasizing their potential or shortcomings for sustainable disease management. Indeed, despite the reduced dependence on synthetic pesticides and enhanced crop productivity, variable regulatory frameworks, compatibility among different BCAs, and consistent performance under field conditions are among the current challenges to their commercialization and use. The review seeks to contribute valuable insights into the evolving landscape of biocontrol in vegetable crops and to provide guidance for more effective and eco-friendly solutions against plant bacterial diseases.

Essential oils derived from aromatic and non-aromatic plant sources, are recognized for their in vivo potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and other regulatory roles by the scientific community. However, translation of such in vivo therapeutic application in clinical field is not yet available. This study examines the pre-clinical scientific studies on varied administration methods of essential oils for therapeutic purposes. The focus of this study is to explore the different administration routes, which are crucial for optimizing the delivery of these bioactive compounds for internal administration and improving their therapeutic effectiveness. Traditional and innovative methods, such as inhalation, dermal application, oral ingestion, intraperitoneal injection, and intravenous infusion are investigated. Each route has its advantages and challenges, which may impact the bioavailability, systemic distribution and toxicity of essential oils. However, such comparative pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies are lacking for the essential oils. The available basic information regarding in vivo bioavailability and toxic reactions of essential oils are discussed briefly in this review. The research findings have significant implications for developing targeted and personalized essential oil treatments, advancing integrative medicine and complementary therapy approaches. The analysis of various in vivo therapeutic study findings implies that a promising therapeutic efficiency can be achieved with essential oils at different dose ranges for different routes of administrations. The comparative analysis on therapeutic effects of different routes of administration and methods essential oil extraction are lacking. The bioavailability and toxicity studies are also limited for these therapeutic studies. Furthermore, the detailed molecular mechanism of in vivo therapeutic actions is not yet established in the studies. Ultimately, this investigation adds to the expanding knowledge base on essential oil administration routes, providing valuable guidance for healthcare professionals and researchers in the field of natural medicine. However, extensive in vivo pre-clinical studies are warranted for translation of essential oil therapy to clinical usage. Also all the traditional uses of essential oil for therapy must be validated via scientific studies.

Essential oils (EOs) of three native species Baccharis uncinella, B. retusa and B. calvescens, obtained through hydrodistillation, were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID for seasonality, and the antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activities were evaluated. EO of B. calvescens and B. uncinella consisted mainly of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, while in the EO of B. retusa, monoterpene hydrocarbons were predominant. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed for spring B. uncinella EO against S. aureus, C. albicans and summer B. uncinella EO against C. albicans and B. subtilis. Essential oils of B. calvescens showed more effective anti-proliferative activity than B. retusa EO and B. uncinella EO. This is the first study of the EO of B. retusa, and it was demonstrated that the majority composition was different in all seasons of the year, justifying the importance of the seasonal study. Furthermore, the summer and spring EO showed potent cytostatic effects against the K562 and OVCAR-03 cell lines, respectively. For each species, PCA differentiated the EO chemical composition seasonally. PCA of all samples distinguished the three species. This study underscores the importance of assessing seasonal variation in the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils, highlighting the potential of compounds spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, limonene and α-pinene for achieving the desired product properties.

The solutions of essential oil (0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.0% w/v) derived from Achillea millefoilum (EOAM) were evaluated for their repellent and insecticidal activity toward Acrobasis advenella, as well as their effects on the activity of selected larval tissue enzymes. The chemical composition of the EOAM analyzed by GC-MS showed that the main compounds included β-pinene, chamazulene, eucalyptol, and β-caryophyllene. Selection tests showed that larvae avoided inflorescences treated with 0.8% and 1.0% EOAM concentrations. The mortality of larvae increased with concentration and time of exposure to the EO, and the highest mortality rate was observed after 72 h. In addition, the impact of EO was examined on the activity of catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), α- and β-glucosidases, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), i.e., important antioxidants, detoxification, digestive, and nervous system enzymes. A significant increase in CAT activity was found in larvae treated with 0.8% and 1.0% EOAM after both 24 and 48 h. Initially, treating larvae with 0.5% EO decreased β-glucosidase activity while increasing α-glucosidase activity. Moreover, 0.8% EOAM inhibited the activity of POX. These findings suggest that EOAM can affect important biochemical processes within the tissues of A. advenella larvae, making it a promising agent for the protection of black chokeberry crops.

This research explores the potential of green encapsules uploaded with eucalypt essential oil (EEOs) in enhancing their functionality and application in pest control, focusing on suitable ecotype selection from King Abdulaziz University (KAU) campus, Hada Al-Sham (HAS) village, and Briman district as well as optimizing extraction processes. Eucalypt hybrids' leaves were collected from three different sites, and the EEOs were extracted using microwave-assisted steam distillation (MASD) and electric steam distillation (ESD) techniques. The physical and chemical properties of the EEO were determined. The identification of volatile chemical ingredients in the resulting EEOs was conducted using GC/MS after saponification and methylation procedures, and the ingredients were compared to those obtained from Eucalyptus globulus Labill, the ideal species containing the 1,8-cineol, the principal compound in its essential oil. The 1,8-cineole was found to be the major chemical constituent of the EEOs all over the two extraction methods, regardless of the ecotypes examined, and was interfered with other minor components such as 3-carene, α-pinene, α-myrcene, D-limonene, and α-terpinene. Eucalypt ecotypes grown at Hada Al-Sham village had the highest cineole content (59.29%) among the other sites studied. Compared to the ESD technique, MASD showed much promise because it is simple, facile, more ecofriendly and cost-effective, it kept oils true to their original form, and it allows to warm larger machines and spaces. The polymeric encapsules of either guar gum crosslinked by borax or sodium alginate crosslinked by calcium chloride were fabricated. Moreover, a bioassay screening of the encapsules uploaded with 1,8-cineole was evaluated against termite infection. The encapsules were found to be versatile tools with a wide range of applications; in particular, the alginate encapsules displayed superior characteristics. Furthermore, regardless of the encapsule type and the exposure duration, the mortality (%) of the insects was exceeded significantly for the high cineol concentrations compared to the lower ones for both alginate-based encapsules (ABEs) and guar gum-based encapsules (GGBEs). The higher the cineol concentrations, the higher the mortality percent of the termites. This finding can be attributed to the rapid toxic effect of the cineol compound at higher concentrations.

Background: Anxiety disorders have a 7.3% worldwide prevalence and, considering the long period of treatment, developing new efficient and safer pharmacological tools is critical. Essential oils consist of highly concentrated lipophilic compounds from plants with therapeutic potential effects, such as Lavandula burnatii, produced in Córdoba, Argentine, with high levels of active pharmaceutical ingredients in its essential oil (linalyl acetate and linalool). The evidence indicates that lavender essential oil could induce anxiolytic effects; however, more systematic studies are needed. Methods: To test the anxiolytic attributes of Lavandula burnatii, male Wistar rats (200-260 g) were injected intraperitoneally with two different doses of essential oil (30/80 mg/kg) or vehicle (Myritol 318, a high-purity vegetable oil), once (acute) or for 7 days. One hour after the last administration, the anxiolytic effects were evaluated using the following behavioral tests: the dark-light test and the elevated plus maze test. The open-field test was used to assess locomotor activity. Results: Our results showed that the lower dose of lavender essential oil induces anxiolytic effects since it increases the time spent in the aversive compartment in each evaluation. The acute administration has no impact on the behaviors evaluated. The higher dose is comparable with the control group and does not show significant differences. Conclusions: More studies are needed to better characterize the beneficial effects of this essential oil for anxiety disorders and to establish an adequate dosage range.

Bacterial diseases are a global problem that threatens human health and cause many deaths each year. The alarming rise in bacterial resistance to modern antimicrobials is particularly concerning. In practice, this necessitates increasing the dosage of antimicrobial agents, posing a potential risk of adverse effects on human health. Additionally, the development of antibiotic resistance is one of the main factors contributing to the ever-growing costs of the global healthcare system. For these reasons, natural and safe antimicrobial agents are increasingly sought after. In this study, the antibacterial activity of 31 different essential oils (EOs) was investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The most effective EOs were further tested both individually and in dual combinations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) were determined to reveal synergistic effects, suggesting potential practical applications. The main bioactive compounds of the EOs with the highest inhibitory activity were identified and quantified using GC-MS/MS analysis. Of the tested EOs, seven demonstrated a strong antimicrobial effect against E. coli, most notably oregano (MIC 128 µg/mL) and the thyme/oregano combination (MIC 64 µg/mL, FIC 0.75), while thirteen were effective against S. aureus, most notably oregano and garlic (MIC 128 µg/mL),and the pelargonium/garlic combination (MIC 32 µg/mL, FIC 0.375). The pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries are promising fields for the application of these safe and natural antimicrobial agents, offering a new range of solutions to combat serious bacterial pathogens.

Clove (Syzgium aromaticum) is an aromatic historic spice from the Myrtaceae family. The clove's major chemical ingredients are essential oils.Cloves have long been utilized in both traditional and modern medicine. The Myrtaceae family's clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) is regarded as one of the most efficient and important antibacterial natural herbs.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of clove aqueous extracts (Syzygium aromaticum) and its chemical characterization. To verify the nature of the antibacterial agent (s) of clove.Clove aqueous extract was evaluated for antibacterial activity in vitro against 10 Gram-positive and Gram-negative standard organisms using well diffusion method, Campylobacter coli (C. coli): ATCC:43478, ATCC: Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes): ATCC: 13048, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis): ATCC: 29212, Escherichia coli (E. coli): ATCC: 25922. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae): ATCC: 700603, Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes): ATCC 35152, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa): ATCC: 27853, Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei): ATCC12022, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus): ATCC: 29213, and Staphylococcus Methicillin Resistant MRSA: ATCC: 2359.Clove ethyl acetate extract was subjected to Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometer GC-MS for chemical characterization.Clove aqueous extract exerted a potent antimicrobial activity against the 10 standard organisms.Substantial broad spectrum antibacterial activity was reported in clove aqueous extract against 10 common Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. E. coli and K. pneumoniae were found to be the most sensitive bacteria to the clove aqueous extract. Clove's chemical makeup was identified using GC-MS. 58 different chemicals in total were found. Eugenol has the highest concentration (53.24).

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), a pathogenic fungus threatening medicinal plants like Panax notoginseng, causes severe root rot. Linalool, the primary component of Alpinia officinarum Hance essential oil (EO), is a biologically active compound with demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Notably, it has garnered considerable attention for its remarkable antifungal efficacy. In vitro studies revealed that linalool significantly inhibited Fo hyphal growth. At 12.08 mmol/L, spore germination decreased by 43%, whereas spore yield dropped by 99%. Transcriptomic analysis identified 562 upregulated and 4095 downregulated genes in the linalool-treated group. The upregulated genes were predominantly enriched in pathways related to metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and carbohydrate metabolism, indicating adaptive stress responses. Downregulated genes were primarily associated with the ribosome biogenesis, transcription, and spliceosome pathways, with ribosome biogenesis showing the most pronounced inhibition. Linalool treatment inactivated TORC1 (target of rapamycin complex 1), a crucial regulator of ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis. This disruption led to reduced expression of ribosome-related genes, severely impairing protein synthesis and fungal growth. The study highlights linalool's strong antifungal activity, primarily by targeting ribosome biogenesis. Future research should investigate its effects and safety in field applications, offering potential strategies for managing diseases in medicinal plants such as P. notoginseng.

The main objective of agricultural weed management is to increase crop productivity to maintain a delicate balance between food demand and supply for an increasing population and ensure food security globally. Agriculture plays a significant role in the social life and economy of many developed or developing countries. Blind use of chemical herbicides to maximize crop production exerts many negative environmental impacts and develops resistance among the weed biotypes against herbicides, even representing a high risk to the environment and human health. Thus, in the last few years, the research activities of scientists have increased to find alternative weed control methods. Bioherbicides or biological management of weeds is an emerging topic with decent potential for sustainable crop production. Biological management of weeds has numerous positive aspects and advantages over chemical control, such as being highly selective, specific toward targeted weeds, sustainable, and having minimize harmful effect on the main crop, environment, and humans. Several biological agents, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, also plant extracts and essential oils, have been introduced, and their bioherbicidal potential has been explored in weed management. To develop an effective bioherbicide, specific and complex types of interaction have been developed between targeted weeds and biological agents. Whereas a limited number of bioherbicides have performed successfully under field conditions to control specific weeds, nonetheless, the efficiency of many other bioherbicidal agents is still inadequate due to many reasons, such as formulation, less persistence in the field as well as lack of host-agent interaction. This critical review paper discusses several different biological methods of weed management, their advantages and disadvantages, and the importance of bioherbicides as weed-controlling agents to achieve global sustainable crop production, in the era of One-health.

Oocytes are exposed to various stressors during in vitro maturation (IVM). Antioxidant supplementation during IVM can mitigate oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of supplementing IVM medium with novel flavonoid-enriched antioxidant nanoformulations, namely, EMD-300® and EMP3-H200®, on oocyte IVM and analyzed the expression of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and pluripotency genes in buffalo. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from buffalo ovaries were matured in IVM medium supplemented with either EMD-300® or EMP3-H200® at 0.5% and 1.0% for 22 h. Following IVM, nuclear maturation, gene expression, and the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed. Nuclear maturation was lower (p < 0.001) for the 1.0% EMD-300® group than other groups. The expressions of the GPX4, SOD, CAT, and ATF6 genes were lower (p < 0.05) in the 0.5% EMD-300® and EMP3-H200® groups than in the control. OCT4 gene expression was higher (p < 0.05) for the treated groups than control group. The level of TAC in spent IVM medium was higher for the 0.5% EMD-300® and EMP3-H200® groups than for the control. However, the MDA concentrations were lower. In conclusion, supplementing IVM medium with EMD-300® or EMP3-H200® at 0.5% improved nuclear maturation of buffalo oocytes better than 1.0%. Our findings suggest that these compounds had antioxidant effects, which assures their ability in protecting oocytes against oxidative stress.

The advent of bacterial resistance has led to a notable challenge in effectively treating bacterial infections. This highlights the urgent need for the development of novel and effective drugs to combat bacterial infections. Medicinal plants, with their rich and diverse natural compounds, represent a valuable source for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents. Many of these natural compounds exhibit strong antibacterial functions, offering a promising direction for the development of antibacterial drugs. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnology in the development of antibacterial natural products has become a topic of considerable interest due to the advantages it offers, including the potential to enhance drug solubility. The efficacy of natural antibacterial agents is significantly enhanced through nanotechnology. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the delivery of natural antibacterial compounds using a range of nanoformulation strategies.

The natural, highly lipophilic bicyclic sesquiterpenes, Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP), was highlighted in several recent preclinical studies to enhance chemo-sensitization in chemo-resistant tumors and to efficiently inhibit angiogenesis and cancer cells' ability to invade and metastasize. Previous studies have researched the reasons for the synergistic effect of Beta-Caryophyllene in combination therapy and its role as a chemosensitizer and an inhibitor of angiogenesis through investigating the involved mechanisms and signaling molecules. These include the lipophilic nature of BCP, the selective interaction of BCP with CB2, the binding affinity of BCP to the receptor binding sites at the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, and the upstream effect on JAK1/STAT3 pathway and other signaling pathways. Herein, the BCP role in enhancing chemo-sensitization of chemo-resistant tumors and in inhibiting angiogenesis and cancer cells' ability to invade and metastasize are highlighted. Beta-Caryophyllene appears to be a promising candidate in treating cancer when co-supplemented with drugs such as cisplatin, gemcitabine and sorafenib. Clinical trials are needed to validate the potential therapeutic effect of BCP as a co-supplementary drug in cancer therapy, helping to sensitize cancer response to drugs, modulating signaling pathways, and lowering the drugs' doses besides working as anti-angiogenetic drug.

The escalating threat of microbial resistance underscores the urgent need for innovative solutions, including natural agents capable of attenuating virulence. This study explores the antimicrobial and anti-virulence potential of essential oils (EOs) derived from Sphagneticola trilobata against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Through GC/MS analysis, volatile metabolites from the flower heads and leaves/stems of Egyptian S. trilobata were identified, revealing 43 and 62 components, respectively. Key compounds included α-phellandrene, α-pinene, D-limonene, and α-thujene. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of flower head and leaf/stem EOs against P. aeruginosa were 1.17% and 1.75% v/v, respectively. At sub-MIC doses (1/8th of the MIC), the EOs exhibited significant anti-virulence properties, including complete inhibition of protease activity and disruption of biofilm formation, which are crucial for bacterial survival and pathogenicity. Additionally, they effectively suppressed the expression of quorum sensing genes, which are essential for bacterial communication and virulence. Virtual screening of four major EO components (+)-(R)-limonene, (±)-α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and α-thujene against five critical protein targets involved in biofilm formation, quorum sensing, virulence, and protease activity in P. aeruginosa further supported their anti-virulence and antibiofilm actions, showing high affinity for these targets. These findings suggest that the EOs of S. trilobata hold great potential as natural virulence attenuating agents, particularly against biofilm-forming pathogens like P. aeruginosa.

Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) is a species of medicinal perennial in the celery family (Apiaceae), also considered an edible plant with medicinal effects and high nutritional value. In traditional folk medicine, it was known as a remedy for gout (arthritis) and also used to relieve rheumatism or sciatica. The botanical characteristics, occurrence, nutritional composition, and traditional and present-day applications of this plant are discussed. Furthermore, the important specific plant metabolites including organic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, coumarins, polyacetylenes and terpene components of essential oil are presented and their biological activity is described. The valuable medicinal properties of Aegopodium podagria L. include anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic, sedative and protective effects on the kidneys and liver. The aim of this paper was to describe, on the basis of the available literature, the chemical composition, bioactivity and health-promoting properties of this wild edible plant. The information obtained is described and summarized in tables.

The aim of this study is the estimation of the influence of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/pectin coating containing Mentha piperita essential oil (MP EO) nanoliposomes (NLs) on melanosis, sensory analysis, bacterial counts, physicochemical properties, and color analysis of shrimp during iced storage. In addition, the impact of MP EO on the shrimp's polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme inhibition at different concentrations was measured. For this aim, the treated fillets were divided including (1) control, (2) sodium metabisulfite (SMS), (3) MP EO coating, (4) MP EO NLs, (5) MP EO-CMCS/pectin, and (6) MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin coating. Two percentage of MP EO indicated the maximum inhibitory effect of PPO enzyme after 1 and 3 min with values of 75% and 64%, respectively. At the end of storage, the highest and lowest total mesophilic bacteria (TMB) and total psychrotrophic bacteria (TPB) counts were related to control (10.88 and 8.25 log CFU/g) and MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin coating (6.87 and 6.90 log CFU/g), respectively. The coated shrimp improved the physicochemical properties (such as total volatile bases-nitrogen [TVB-N], pH, peroxide value [POV], and thiobarbituric acid [TBA]) during storage on ice. The lowest rate of TVB-N (30.33 mg/N100g) and pH (7.06) was recorded in shrimp coated with MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin on day 12. During storage for 12 days, the MP EO NLs were better than the other treatments in reducing the rate of oxidation of lipids of shrimp (POV [2.12 meq peroxide/1000 g lipid] and TBA [3.02 mg MDA/kg]). Moreover, shrimp treated with MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin had higher odor, texture, color, and overall acceptability scores, compared to the others, after the storage of 12 days at 0°C. Overall, these findings suggest that MP EO NLs-CMCS/pectin-based nanocomposite coating could be utilized as an alternative packaging method in seafood products with notable antioxidant, antibacterial, and nutritional properties.

This study explores the extraction of Anethum graveolens essential oil (EO) using advanced techniques, including Superheated Steam Extraction (SHSE), and compares them with traditional methods such as Hydro Distillation (HD), Steam Distillation (SD), and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction (SCF-CO2). The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive evaluation of SHSE, a relatively underexplored method, for its effectiveness in enhancing both yield and biological activities of the EO. This study provides a detailed comparative analysis of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties across different extraction methods. The SHSE method yielded essential oil with the highest antioxidant activity, including DPPH scavenging (87.48%) and total antioxidant capacity (measured by FRAP, 163.06 mg/L), outperforming traditional methods. The EO's high content of key components such as carvone, limonene, and dillapiole significantly contributes to its enhanced biological activities. These findings underscore the superior efficacy of SHSE in extracting essential oils, offering new insights into their potential applications in health and wellness, which set this study apart from previous work.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the lavender essential oil inhalation on slaughter and carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters of Texas quails. The material of the study consisted of 72 Texas quails aged between 28 and 42 days and the application was carried out in a 2×2 trial set-up. Inhalation application was carried out in the 4×4 m poultry breeding rooms in the Alternative Poultry Unit at the Prof. Dr. Hümeyra Özgen Research and Application Farm. Lavender essential oil, extracted by distillation, was applied to Texas quails at solution of 0.1 % concentration for 1 h per day for 14 days. A total of 12 quails, including 3 females and 3 males from each group, were slaughtered at the age of 42 days and their slaughter and carcass characteristics were determined. Serum biochemistry values were determined with blood samples taken from the quails during slaughter. As a result of the study, it was determined that the inhalation method did not affect the slaughter and carcass characteristics of 28-42 day-old Texas quails, but it had a reducing effect on HDL, triglyceride, and glucose values, which indicate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, among the serum biochemistry values examined. Considering the positive effects of the inhalation of lavender essential oil on animal health, it is recommended to conduct more comprehensive studies.

Background/Objectives: The phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Vitex agnus-castus L. essential oil (VACEO), extracted from fruit harvested in the Middle Atlas region of Morocco, were investigated. Methods/Results: A full chemical analysis of VACEO was performed to identify the principal components of the oil using GC-MS, demonstrating that caryophyllene (13.87%), 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl acetate (12.20%), and τ-Cadinol (5.41%) were the most important constituents of this oil. In addition, antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, TAC, and beta-carotene bleach tests; the oil demonstrated an IC50 of 0.93 ± 0.03 mg/mL (DPPH), an EC50 of 0.146 ± 0.004 mg/mL (FRAP), and a total antioxidant capacity of 0.794 ± 0.02 mg BHT equivalent/g EO, with relative antioxidant activity at 72.69 ± 0.3%. Antibacterial assays revealed inhibition diameters ranging from 13.25 ± 1.00 mm to 21.11 ± 0.25 mm, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.02-0.04 mg/mL against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, ADMET analysis suggested VACEO potential for drug development, with specific insights into pharmacokinetics, safety, and molecular docking, clarifying its interactions with key bacterial proteins. Conclusions: These results confirm the promising therapeutic and pharmaceutical potential of VACEO through its bioactive compounds.

The toxicity of synthetic pesticides to non-target organisms has prompted a shift towards more environmentally friendly agricultural pest control methods, including the use of essential oils as possible biopesticides. Before these natural chemicals can be widely adopted for protecting food supplies and human health, it is crucial to evaluate their impacts on pollinators, such as honey bees. In this study, we examined the effects of one commercially available essential oil mixture (EcoTec+) and four essential oil components (β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde, 1,8-cineole, and eugenol) on honey bee workers using feeding or spray treatment. We then assessed the responses of esterase (EST), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), and P450. EcoTec+ increased the P450 transcript, while bisabolene inhibited EST and AChE, increased GST, and caused a mixed P450 response without being lethal. Cinnamaldehyde exhibited toxicity when ingested, suppressing P450 and eliciting a mixed response in AChE. Cineole inhibited EST but caused a mixed P450 response. Eugenol suppressed EST and AChE and was toxic on contact. We also assayed combinations of each compound with four synthetic formulations representative of the major pesticide categories, though no significant interactions were found. Overall, the essential oils tested did not cause acute lethal toxicity to honey bees; however, their biochemical effects varied, mostly remaining sublethal. These findings suggest that these essential oils could be considered safe for use around honey bees.

Although the COVID-19 pandemic affected all types of people, older adults were disproportionately affected. Therefore, we developed an indoor program inspired by art and natural elements (plant essential oils [EOs]) intended to have a relaxing effect akin to a forest atmosphere to enhance psychophysiological health during this period. Thirty Taiwanese older adults (range, 59-79 years) participated in the study. We combined an art activity (still-life painting of vegetables) with the inhalation of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Lavandula angustifolia EOs during a 100-minute experiment. The study showed that physiological measures (heart rate, normalized low-frequency heart variability, the ratio of low- to high-frequency heart variability, high-beta waves, and gamma waves) decreased during the experiment; correspondingly, increased standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, normalized high-frequency heart variability, and high-alpha waves were observed, indicating relaxed physiological state. Subjective psychological assessments using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State showed lower posttest scores, further supporting the relaxation effects. The psychophysiological data from this study provide important scientific evidence for the physical and mental health benefits of indoor nature-based activity programs for older adults, thereby improving their quality of life.

The long-term use of chemical acaricides not only pollutes the environment, but also easily causes tick resistance. Plant essential oils, a kind of secondary metabolites in plants, are an important way to develop new modern pesticides. The study analyzed the acaricidal activity and molecular mechanisms of Ilex purpurea EO and Cymbopogon martini EO on Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) unfed ticks. The chemical analysis (GC-MS) identified 7 components in I. purpurea EO and 4 in C. martini EO. The effects of the oils on unfed larvae of H. longicornis were assessed by larval packet test. The results revealed that I. purpurea EO and C. martini EO had significant toxicity against the unfed larvae. The present work evaluated the toxicity of EOs and methyl salicylate against unfed nymphs and adults of H. longicornis by immersion test. The results showed that I. purpurea EO, C. martini EO and methyl salicylate had significant toxicity against the unfed nymphs and adults. Enzyme assays showed that the oils and methyl salicylate significantly inhibited AChE and CarE activity, I. purpurea EO significantly inhibited CAT activity. These results revealed that the diverse enzymatic targets of I. purpurea EO, C. martini EO and the major components of I. purpurea potentially mitigated the resistance development in tick H. longicornis. This study revealed the mechanisms of action of I. purpurea EO and C. martini EO in nature and biotechnology. These results will open new directions for understanding how EOs interfere with tick biological systems and has broad implications for the field of acaricide design.

The application of essential oils in the biomedical and food industries has sparked considerable interest, owing to their innate biological activities, multifaceted functional properties, and potential health benefits. Besides, their volatile nature and sensitivity to environmental factors pose challenges to their stability and efficacy in industrial applications. Recent literature indicates that encapsulation within natural biopolymers is an effective strategy for enhancing the functionality and application potential of essential oils. Thus, this review discusses the common proteins and polysaccharides utilized for encapsulation, the techniques employed for encapsulating essential oils, and the biological properties of essential oils encapsulated in protein-polysaccharide biopolymers, along with their applications in the biomedical and food industries. In general, this review provides valuable insights for researchers, underscoring the importance of these research domains in further enhancing the functional properties and industrial applications of encapsulated essential oils.

The essential oil from Lippia origanoides (EOLO) is employed in traditional medicine as it has both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The current investigation first evaluated the EOLO's cytotoxic activity in tumour (SiHa and HT-29) and non-tumour (human lymphocyte) cells by MTT. The effect on ROS production was further evaluated in cancer cells by fluorimetry. The oil's mutagenic and antifungal activities were also evaluated using, respectively, the in vitro micronucleus test and the broth microdilution method. The EOLO displayed significant cytotoxicity in both cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 20.2 μg/mL and 24.3 μg/mL for HT-29 and for SiHa cell lines, respectively. EOLO increased ROS production, was unable to raise the micronucleus frequencies and significantly reduced the cytokinesis block proliferation indices, revealing its anti-proliferative action. The results demonstrate that EOLO is devoid of mutagenic activity but possesses significant activity against tumour and non-tumour human cells, reinforcing its biological potential.

Background: Due to their antibacterial activities, essential oils can be potential alternatives to antibiotics in certain cases. West Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil (LEO) is effective against a broad range of bacteria by inhibiting spore formation, and is considered safe. In this study, we demonstrated its therapeutical potential in the treatment of pitted keratolysis (PK), a superficial skin infection affecting the pressure-bearing areas of plantar surfaces. Methods: For in vitro antibacterial efficacy testing, LEO was mixed into different ointment bases, including Hydrogelum methylcellulose FoNo VIII., Ungentum oleosum FoNo VIII. (Ung. oleoso), Unguentum stearini FoNo VIII. (Ung. stearin), and Vaselinum cholesterinatum FoNo VIII. (Vasel. cholest.), at different concentrations of 1, 3, and 5%. These formulations were tested on representatives of three bacterial species associated with PK: Kytococcus sedentarius, Dermatophilus congolensis, and Bacillus thuringiensis. Results: In the in vitro tests, Hydrogelum methylcellulose (HM) gel best supported the antibacterial effects of LEO, reducing the number of living bacteria on agar plates by 4-5 orders of magnitude in a concentration-dependent manner during the 30 min exposure times. This was also confirmed by the Franz diffusion cell drug release test; after 30 min, several active compounds could be detected in the HM samples, in contrast to the other bases. Shelf-life experiments showed that the HM base supported the antibacterial features of 3% LEO for at least 2 years without significant loss of efficacy. Conclusions: Our study highlights that ointments containing essential oils potentially have a place in the treatment of PK. Therefore, antibiotics may potentially be replaced for the treatment of PK, thereby reducing environmental antibiotic pressure, which is one of the driving forces behind the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Botanical and herbal supplements contain diverse compounds that support health and prevent disease by influencing biological pathways. In ruminant nutrition, such supplements are rarely used as most integrations focus on production improvements using synthetic additives. This review explores the potential of Mediterranean herbs, namely, garlic, oregano, and rosemary, in dairy ruminant diets, emphasizing their effects on milk production, antioxidant activity, weaning management, in vitro studies, and economic impacts. Using medicinal plants reduces reliance on synthetic additives, lowers costs, enhances animal health, and boosts productivity. These plants align with sustainable farming practices, enable premium market access, and support local resources to improve performance and reduce livestock's environmental footprint.

It has been well known for the past decade that the accumulation of food E-preservatives in the human body has harmful consequences for human health. Furthermore, scientists have realized that despite the convenience offered by petrochemical-derived polymers, a circular economy and sustainability are two current necessities; thus, the use of biodegradable alternative materials is imposed. The food packaging sector is one of the most rapidly changing sectors in the world. In recent years, many studies have focused on the development of active packaging films to replace old non-ecofriendly techniques with novel environmentally friendly methods. In this study, a novel self-healable, biodegradable active packaging film was developed using poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a biopolymer, which was incorporated with a nanohybrid solid material as a natural preservative. This nanohybrid was derived via the absorption of carvacrol (CV) essential oil in an activated carbon (AC) nanocarrier. A material with a high carvacrol load of 71.3%wt. into AC via a vacuum-assisted adsorption method, functioning as a natural antioxidant and an antibacterial agent. The CV@AC nanohybrid was successfully dispersed in a PLA/triethyl citrate (TEC) matrix via melt extrusion, and a final PLA/TEC/xCV@AC nanocomposite film was developed. The study concluded that x = 10%wt. CV@AC was the optimum nanohybrid amount incorporated in the self-healable PLA/TEC and exhibited 277% higher ultimate strength and 72% higher water barrier compared to the pure PLA/TEC. Moreover, it remained ductile enough to show the slowest CV release rate, highest antioxidant activity, and significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. This film extended the shelf life of fresh minced pork by four days, according to total viable count measurements, and decreased its lipid oxidation rate. Finally, this novel film preserved the nutritional value of porkby maintaining a higher heme iron content and showed a higher level of sensory characteristics compared to commercial packaging paper.