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1
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Loos HM, Schaal B, Pause BM, Smeets MAM, Ferdenzi C, Roberts SC, de Groot J, Lübke KT, Croy I, Freiherr J, Bensafi M, Hummel T, Havlíček J. Past, Present, and Future of Human Chemical Communication Research. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2025; 20:20-44. [PMID: 37669015 PMCID: PMC11720269 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231188147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Although chemical signaling is an essential mode of communication in most vertebrates, it has long been viewed as having negligible effects in humans. However, a growing body of evidence shows that the sense of smell affects human behavior in social contexts ranging from affiliation and parenting to disease avoidance and social threat. This article aims to (a) introduce research on human chemical communication in the historical context of the behavioral sciences; (b) provide a balanced overview of recent advances that describe individual differences in the emission of semiochemicals and the neural mechanisms underpinning their perception, that together demonstrate communicative function; and (c) propose directions for future research toward unraveling the molecular principles involved and understanding the variability in the generation, transmission, and reception of chemical signals in increasingly ecologically valid conditions. Achieving these goals will enable us to address some important societal challenges but are within reach only with the aid of genuinely interdisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M. Loos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Development of Olfactory Cognition and Communication Lab, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS UMR 6265, Université de Bourgogne
| | - Bettina M. Pause
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
| | | | - Camille Ferdenzi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, Inserm U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier
| | | | | | - Katrin T. Lübke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
| | - Ilona Croy
- Institute for Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, Inserm U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden
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2
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Tholin L, Rumeau C, Jankowski R, Gallet P, Wen Hsieh J, Nguyen DT. Experience of French patients with olfactory disorders. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2024; 141:139-145. [PMID: 38431458 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the experience of subjects with olfactory disorders in their daily life and medical management, and their expectations and proposals for improvement. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over the period January 2020 to December 2021, with 300 subjects with olfactory disorders: 222 female, 78 male; mean age 46±15 years. In total, 126 were patients consulting in ENT, and 174 were members of the Anosmie.org patients' association. Participants filled out a questionnaire; free texts were analyzed thematically and coded for various qualitative variables. RESULTS Olfactory disorders considerably impacted health, safety and quality of life. Non-COVID-19 acute etiologies (non-COVID-19 viral infection, cranial trauma) showed particularly high risk of psychological, social, safety-related and nutritional consequences. Almost all patients (94%) were dissatisfied with their medical management: 28% had received little explanation, and 23% felt their dysosmia was completely neglected, with no exploration and no etiology suggested. Patients wished above all to have follow-up and accompaniment. CONCLUSION Despite significant impact on health and quality of life, olfactory disorders are neglected by the medical community. Patients should be given an ENT assessment with olfactometry, to establish diagnosis and prognosis. Global multidisciplinary management is necessary, including therapeutic education, and psychological, social and nutritional follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tholin
- Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHRU de Nancy, université de Lorraine, hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France.
| | - C Rumeau
- Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHRU de Nancy, université de Lorraine, hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - R Jankowski
- Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHRU de Nancy, université de Lorraine, hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - P Gallet
- Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHRU de Nancy, université de Lorraine, hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - J Wen Hsieh
- Unité de rhinologie-olfactologie, service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et chirurgie cervico-faciale, département des neurosciences cliniques, HUG, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D T Nguyen
- Service d'ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHRU de Nancy, université de Lorraine, hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
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Vance DE, Del Bene VA, Kamath V, Frank JS, Billings R, Cho DY, Byun JY, Jacob A, Anderson JN, Visscher K, Triebel K, Martin KM, Li W, Puga F, Fazeli PL. Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:155-191. [PMID: 36725781 PMCID: PMC9891899 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory training (OT), or smell training,consists of repeated exposure to odorants over time with the intended neuroplastic effect of improving or remediating olfactory functioning. Declines in olfaction parallel declines in cognition in various pathological conditions and aging. Research suggests a dynamic neural connection exists between olfaction and cognition. Thus, if OT can improve olfaction, could OT also improve cognition and support brain function? To answer this question, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine whether there is evidence that OT translates to improved cognition or altered brain morphology and connectivity that supports cognition. Across three databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, & Embase), 18 articles were identified in this systematic review. Overall, the reviewed studies provided emerging evidence that OT is associated with improved global cognition, and in particular, verbal fluency and verbal learning/memory. OT is also associated with increases in the volume/size of olfactory-related brain regions, including the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, and altered functional connectivity. Interestingly, these positive effects were not limited to patients with smell loss (i.e., hyposmia & anosmia) but normosmic (i.e., normal ability to smell) participants benefitted as well. Implications for practice and research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Victor A Del Bene
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Sandson Frank
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs, University of Alabama at Birmingham, & Division of Otolaryngology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jun Y Byun
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexandra Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joseph N Anderson
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristina Visscher
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristen Triebel
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karli M Martin
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Puga
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
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4
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Herrmann T, Koeppel C, Linn J, Croy I, Hummel T. Olfactory brain activations in patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10072. [PMID: 37344484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is associated with reduced olfactory function. This relationship is assumed to be based on either a reduced olfactory bulb volume or diminished functioning of higher cortical areas. As previous results are controversial, we aimed to re-evaluate central olfactory processing in depression. We recorded the BOLD signal of 21 patients with Major Depressive Disorder and 21 age and gender matched healthy controls during odor presentation. In addition, we measured the individual olfactory bulb volume, tested odor identification and odor threshold, and asked for hedonic odor perception. In both groups, odor presentation led to a pronounced activation of primary olfactory areas. However, secondary olfactory areas were significantly less activated in depressed individuals. The two groups did not differ in olfactory bulb volume. Our results point towards altered olfactory processing in patients in those regions that relate to sensory integration and attention allocation. Difficulties in cognitive processing could impact olfactory function in depression. We are therefore in favor of a top-down mechanism originating in higher cortical areas explaining parts of the relation between depression and olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Herrmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Carina Koeppel
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Linn
- Department of Neuroradiology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Marin C, Alobid I, Fuentes M, López-Chacón M, Mullol J. Olfactory Dysfunction in Mental Illness. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:153-164. [PMID: 36696016 PMCID: PMC9875195 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Olfactory dysfunction contributes to the psychopathology of mental illness. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory alterations in several mental illnesses. We also highlight the role, hitherto underestimated, that the olfactory pathways play in the regulation of higher brain functions and its involvement in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, as well as the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in psychiatric conditions. RECENT FINDINGS The olfactory deficits present in anxiety, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder consist of specific alterations of different components of the sense of smell, mainly the identification of odours, as well as the qualifications of their hedonic valence (pleasant or unpleasant). Epidemiological findings have shown that both environmental factors, such as air pollutants, and inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract, can contribute to an increased risk of mental illness, at least in part, due to peripheral inflammatory mechanisms of the olfactory system. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function alterations in several psychiatric conditions and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis. We also highlight the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in these psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio López-Chacón
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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6
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Kaya E, Göker AE. Olfactory Dysfunction: Its Association With Subjective Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Major Depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:172-178. [PMID: 34690274 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Olfactory disorders may be observed together with cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study compared olfactory performances between patients with MDD and healthy controls and investigated the relationship between olfactory performance and subjective cognitive impairment in these patients. This study included 52 patients diagnosed with MDD and 46 healthy controls. The participants were evaluated in terms of their olfactory capacities (threshold, discrimination, and identification), subjective cognitive impairment, and depression. Although the olfactory threshold (OT) and olfactory discrimination scores were lower in patients with MDD compared with those in the control group, their olfactory identification scores did not differ significantly. OT was negatively correlated with subjective cognitive impairment and may serve as a determinant for subjective cognitive changes. Consequently, patients with MDD had lower olfactory performances compared with healthy controls. Finally, OT may be a component of subjective cognitive impairment in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayşe Enise Göker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Malloul H, Bonzano S, Bennis M, De Marchis S, Ba-M'hamed S. Chronic thinner inhalation alters olfactory behaviors in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113597. [PMID: 34563601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Volatile solvents exposure can result in various behavioral impairments that have been partly associated to altered adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Despite recent evidence supporting this association, few studies have been devoted to examine the impact on olfactory functioning and olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis, although olfactory system is directly in contact with volatile molecules. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate in adult mice the potential modifications of the olfactory functioning after acute (1 day), subchronic (6 weeks) and chronic (12 weeks) exposure to thinner vapor at both behavioral and cellular levels. Firstly, behavioral evaluations showed that chronic thinner exposure impacts on odor detection ability of treated mice but does not affect mice ability to efficiently discriminate between two different odors. Moreover, chronic thinner exposure produces impairment in the olfactory-mediated associative memory. Secondly, analysis of the effects of thinner exposure in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the OB revealed that thinner treatments do not induce apoptosis nor glial activation. Thirdly, immunohistochemical quantification of different markers of adult olfactory neurogenesis showed that inhalant treatments do not change the number of proliferating progenitors in the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream (RMS), as well as the number of newborn cells reaching and integrating in the OB circuitry. Altogether, our data highlight that the impaired olfactory performances in chronically-exposed mice are not associated to an alteration of adult neurogenesis in the SVZ-OB system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Malloul
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Sara Bonzano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Mohammed Bennis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Silvia De Marchis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Saadia Ba-M'hamed
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropobiology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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8
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Canbeyli R. Sensory Stimulation Via the Visual, Auditory, Olfactory and Gustatory Systems Can Modulate Mood and Depression. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:244-263. [PMID: 34708453 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, predicted to be the leading cause of disease burden by the next decade. There is great deal of emphasis on the central origin and potential therapeutics of depression whereby the symptomatology of depression has been interpreted and treated as brain generated dysfunctions filtering down to the periphery. This top-down approach has found strong support from clinical work and basic neuroscientific research. Nevertheless, despite great advances in our knowledge of the etiology and therapeutics of depression, success in treatment is still by no means assured.. As a consequence, a wide net has been cast by both clinicians and researchers in search of more efficient therapies for mood disorders. As a complementary view, the present integrative review advocates approaching mood and depression from the opposite perspective: a bottom-up view that starts from the periphery. Specifically, evidence is provided to show that sensory stimulation via the visual, auditory, olfactory and gustatory systems can modulate depression. The review shows how -depending on several parameters- unisensory stimulation via these modalities can ameliorate or aggravate depressive symptoms. Moreover, the review emphasizes the bidirectional relationship between sensory stimulation and depression. Just as peripheral stimulation can modulate depression, depression in turn affects-and in most cases impairs-sensory reception. Furthermore, the review suggests that combined use of multisensory stimulation may have synergistic ameliorative effects on depressive symptoms over and above what has so far been documented for unisensory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resit Canbeyli
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University
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9
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Athanassi A, Dorado Doncel R, Bath KG, Mandairon N. Relationship between depression and olfactory sensory function: a review. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6383453. [PMID: 34618883 PMCID: PMC8542994 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Links between olfactory sensory function and effect have been well established. A robust literature exists in both humans and animals showing that disrupting olfaction sensory function can elicit disordered mood state, including serve as a model of depression. Despite this, considerably less is known regarding the directionality and neural basis of this relationship, e.g. whether disruptions in sensory function precede and contribute to altered mood or if altered mood state precipitates changes in olfactory perception. Further, the neural basis of altered olfactory function in depression remains unclear. In conjunction with clinical studies, animal models represent a valuable tool to understand the relationship between altered mood and olfactory sensory function. Here, we review the relevant literature assessing olfactory performance in depression in humans and in rodent models of depressive-like behavioral states. Rodents allow for detailed characterization of alterations in olfactory perception, manipulation of experiential events that elicit depressive-like phenotypes, and allow for interrogation of potential predictive markers of disease and the cellular basis of olfactory impairments associated with depressive-like phenotypes. We synthesize these findings to identify paths forward to investigate and understand the complex interplay between depression and olfactory sensory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Athanassi
- INSERM, U1028; Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon 1, F-69000, France
| | - Romane Dorado Doncel
- INSERM, U1028; Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon 1, F-69000, France
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical College, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- INSERM, U1028; Centre National de la Recherche Scientific, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, University Lyon, University Lyon 1, F-69000, France
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10
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Doty RL, Popova V, Wylie C, Fedgchin M, Daly E, Janik A, Ochs-Ross R, Lane R, Lim P, Cooper K, Melkote R, Jamieson C, Singh J, Drevets WC. Effect of Esketamine Nasal Spray on Olfactory Function and Nasal Tolerability in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results from Four Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Studies. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:781-794. [PMID: 34235612 PMCID: PMC8310483 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intranasal drug delivery offers a non-invasive and convenient dosing option for patients and physicians, especially for conditions requiring chronic/repeated-treatment administration. However, in some cases such delivery may be harmful to nasal and olfactory epithelia. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of long-term intermittent treatment with esketamine nasal spray, taken in conjunction with an oral antidepressant (AD), on olfactory function and nasal tolerability in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). METHODS A total of 1142 patients with TRD participated from four multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase III studies: three short-term studies (two in patients aged 18-64 years, one in patients ≥65 years), and one long-term maintenance study of esketamine nasal spray + AD versus placebo nasal spray + AD. Across the four studies, assessments were performed at 208 sites in 21 countries. Olfactory function was measured using the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®) and the single-staircase Snap & Sniff® Odor Detection Threshold Test (S&S-T). Nasal tolerability, including nasal examinations and a quantitative, self-administered nasal symptom questionnaire (NSQ), was also assessed. Data were analyzed using analyses of covariance. RESULTS Of 1142 participants, 734 were women (64.3%). The mean age of all participants ranged from 45.7 to 70.0 years across the studies. Overall, 855 patients received esketamine nasal spray + AD and 432 received placebo nasal spray + AD. Objective evaluation of nasal function showed no evidence of an adverse impact following esketamine administration. Based on the UPSIT® and S&S-T results, intranasal administration of esketamine had no effect on the odor identification or threshold test scores compared with placebo nasal spray + oral AD. Similarly, repeated administration with esketamine nasal spray had no meaningful impact on assessments of nasal function. No dose-response relationship was observed between esketamine doses and the olfactory test scores. Esketamine nasal spray was well tolerated, as indicated by responses on the NSQ and negative nasal examination findings. CONCLUSION Findings from this analysis indicate that there was no evidence of adverse effect on either olfactory or nasal health measures with repeated intermittent administration of esketamine nasal spray at any dose over the course of short-term (4 weeks) or long-term (16-100 weeks) studies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION TRANSFORM-1: NCT02417064, date of registration: 15/04/2015; TRANSFORM-2: NCT02418585, date of registration: 16/04/2015; TRANSFORM-3: NCT02422186, date of registration: 21/04/2015; SUSTAIN-1: NCT02493868, date of registration: 10/07/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanina Popova
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, BE, Belgium.
| | - Crystal Wylie
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ella Daly
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Adam Janik
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Rosanne Lane
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Pilar Lim
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Kim Cooper
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rama Melkote
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jaskaran Singh
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
- Neurocrine Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
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11
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Pabel LD, Murr J, Weidner K, Hummel T, Croy I. Null Effect of Olfactory Training With Patients Suffering From Depressive Disorders-An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:593. [PMID: 32670115 PMCID: PMC7326271 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a close functional relation between brain areas processing emotion and those processing olfaction, major depression is often accompanied by reduced olfactory function. Such hyposmia can be improved by regular olfactory training (OT) over several months. As this training furthermore improves subjective well-being, we explored whether OT is a useful complementary strategy for depression treatment. A total of 102 depressive outpatients were randomly assigned to OT or a control training condition, which were performed twice a day for 16 weeks. Compliance was continuously monitored. Before and after training we measured depression severity and olfactory function. About half of the patients of both groups did not complete the training. Among the remaining patients, depression severity decreased significantly in both groups. The absence of an interaction effect indicated no selective impact of OT and the variance of depression improvement explained by OT was as little as 0.1%. The low compliance suggests that OT is not feasible for large parts of our sample of depressive outpatients, most likely due to a disease-immanent lack of motivation. In those patients who completed the training, lack of specific effects suggest that OT is not more useful then unspecific activation or attention training. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was registered at German Registry for Clinical Trials (DRKS), main ID: DRKS00016350, URL: http://www.drks.de/DRKS00016350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise D. Pabel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Murr
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Rochet M, El-Hage W, Dreyfuss L, Atanasova B. The influence of affective state on sensory and emotional perception: Application of the Sense'n Feel™ method. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:298-310. [PMID: 32478871 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emotions play a key role in our daily life through their control over our thoughts and behaviors. While it is commonly accepted that depressive patients have emotional perception disorders, it is important to know how these disorders affect patients' sensory perception to develop products to provide them with better support. In this study, we first examined the existence of modifications in the emotional perception of subjects with minor depressive symptoms (MDS, n = 80) compared with healthy controls (HC, n = 80) using a nonverbal method based on pictures to measure projected emotions and personality traits: the Sense'n Feel™ method. The investigated stimuli were two unpleasant and two pleasant odors and one pleasant food product: a madeleine. Second, we investigated the hedonic, familiarity and intensity olfactory perceptions of the subjects using the same stimuli. No significant difference was found in any olfactory qualities between the two groups. Concerning the pleasant olfactory stimuli, however, we did note that the MDS subjects had a significantly lower score for the positive emotion of joy/happiness than the controls. Additionally, the MDS group's attribution of some positive personality traits for the three pleasant stimuli was significantly weaker than that in the HC group. These results could be explained by the affective state of the MDS subjects; they were more anxious and more alexithymic compared with the controls. Further research is needed to validate our study in clinically depressed individuals and to determine whether the modifications of the emotional olfactory perception are due to the disease and/or to neuropsychological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rochet
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France.,Faculté Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France.,CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Lise Dreyfuss
- Faculté Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Mérieux NutriSciences, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Boriana Atanasova
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France.,Faculté Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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13
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Okumura T, Kumazaki H, Singh AK, Touhara K, Okamoto M. Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Show Altered Event-Related Potentials in the Late Stages of Olfactory Processing. Chem Senses 2020; 45:37-44. [PMID: 31711116 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical sensory reactivities are pervasive among people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). With respect to olfaction, most previous studies have used psychophysical or questionnaire-based methodologies; thus, the neural basis of olfactory processing in ASD remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the stages of olfactory processing that are altered in ASD. Fourteen young adults with high-functioning ASD (mean age, 21 years; 3 females) were compared with 19 age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (mean age, 21 years; 4 females). Olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) for 2-phenylethyl alcohol-a rose-like odor-were measured with 64 scalp electrodes while participants performed a simple odor detection task. Significant group differences in OERPs were found in 3 time windows 542 ms after the stimulus onset. The cortical source activities in these time windows, estimated using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, were significantly higher in ASD than in TD in and around the posterior cingulate cortex, which is known to play a crucial role in modality-general cognitive processing. Supplemental Bayesian analysis provided substantial evidence for an alteration in the later stages of olfactory processing, whereas conclusive evidence was not provided for the earlier stages. These results suggest that olfactory processing in ASD is altered at least at the later, modality-general processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okumura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kumazaki
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Archana K Singh
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,WPI International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Pillai RL, Zhang M, Yang J, Mann JJ, Oquendo MA, Parsey RV, DeLorenzo C. Molecular connectivity disruptions in males with major depressive disorder. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39. [PMID: 29519187 PMCID: PMC6681531 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18764053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In most positron emission tomography (PET) molecular brain imaging studies, regions of interest have been defined anatomically and examined in isolation. However, by defining regions based on physiology and examining relationships between them, we may derive more sensitive measures of receptor abnormalities in conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Using an average of 52 normalized binding potential maps, acquired using radiotracer [11C]-WAY100635 and full arterial input analysis, we identified two molecular volumes of interest (VOIs) with contiguously high serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A) binding sites: the olfactory sulcus (OLFS) and a band of tissue including piriform, olfactory, and entorhinal cortex (PRF). We applied these VOIs to a separate cohort of 25 healthy control males and 16 males with MDD who received [11C]-WAY100635 imaging. Patients with MDD had significantly higher binding than controls in both VOIs, (p < 0.01). To identify potential homeostatic disruptions in MDD, we examined molecular connectivity, i.e. the correlation between binding of raphe nucleus (RN) 5-HT1A autoreceptors and post-synaptic receptors in molecular VOIs. Molecular connectivity was significant in healthy controls (p < 0.01), but not in patients with MDD. This disruption in molecular connectivity allowed identification of MDD cases with high sensitivity (81%) and specificity (88%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengru Zhang
- 2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- 3 Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ramin V Parsey
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christine DeLorenzo
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Asal N, Bayar Muluk N, Inal M, Şahan MH, Doğan A, Buturak SV. Olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth in psychotic patients and patients with anxiety disorder/depression. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:3017-3024. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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The impact of severity, course and duration of depression on olfactory function. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:194-203. [PMID: 29886199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with diagnosed depression often express a reduced olfactory capacity, although previous studies exhibited mixed results. However, research focused mainly on psychiatric inpatients and potential influence variables were rarely considered. We therefore examined the influence of severity, course and duration of depression on olfactory function. METHODS 101 out-patients with depressive disorders (mean age = 37.8y, SD = 12.6y; 64 women) underwent a detailed medical anamnesis, tests of olfactory threshold and identification and tests of cognitive function. The participants were grouped according to their severity, course and duration of depression. RESULTS While severity of depressive symptoms did not affect olfactory function, course and duration of depression did. Recurrent depressive disorders were associated with reduced odor identification, and the duration of disease was negatively related to odor threshold. Those results were partly explained by reported frequent colds, which were more prevalent among long lasting depressive patients, and by poor verbal fluency, which was more frequent among recurrent depression. LIMITATIONS The interpretation is limited by the cross-sectional research design that does not allow causal interpretation, and by the assessment of medical history which was based on patients´ reports. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that depression is not uniformly related to olfactory impairment, but depends on duration and course of depression. The results generate the hypothesis that reduced olfactory identification is caused by cognitive impairment in recurrent depression. Moreover, the relation between olfactory threshold and depression might be partially caused by a cumulative damage of the olfactory epithelium after frequent respiratory diseases.
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17
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Rajkumar R, Dawe GS. OBscure but not OBsolete: Perturbations of the frontal cortex in common between rodent olfactory bulbectomy model and major depression. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 91:63-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Kamath V, Paksarian D, Cui L, Moberg PJ, Turetsky BI, Merikangas KR. Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety. Bipolar Disord 2018; 20:547-555. [PMID: 29441710 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although olfactory abnormalities are well established in schizophrenia, considerably less work has examined olfactory performance in other neuropsychiatric conditions. In the current study, we examined odor identification, odor discrimination, detection threshold, and odor hedonic processing performance in individuals with bipolar I disorder (n = 43; n = 13 with psychotic features), bipolar II disorder (n = 48), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 134), anxiety (n = 48), and no mental disorder (n = 72) who participated in a community-based family study. METHODS Best estimate DSM-IV diagnoses were based on in-depth personal interviews as well as interviews with family members. Olfactory tests were administered during an in-person clinical visit and were compared using robust linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and psychiatric medication use, as well as nicotine use when necessary. RESULTS Compared to controls, odor identification performance was lower among individuals with MDD (b = -1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.50, -0.24) and bipolar I disorder (b = -1.79, 95% CI: -3.51, -0.67). Among the latter group, performance was only reduced among those with psychotic features (b = -3.49, 95% CI: -6.33, -0.65), particularly for pleasant odors (b = -1.46, 95% CI: -2.51, -0.42). Those with MDD showed lower identification accuracy for neutral odors (b = -0.63, 95% CI: -1.20, -0.06). Performances on measures of odor discrimination and detection threshold did not differ by diagnostic group. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings indicate that odor identification difficulties may exist in mood disorders, especially when psychotic features are present. In contrast, the global olfactory dysfunction observed in schizophrenia may not be a feature of other neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyulata Kamath
- Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diana Paksarian
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lihong Cui
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen R Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Rottstädt F, Han P, Weidner K, Schellong J, Wolff‐Stephan S, Strauß T, Kitzler H, Hummel T, Croy I. Reduced olfactory bulb volume in depression-A structural moderator analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2573-2582. [PMID: 29493048 PMCID: PMC6866619 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Removal of the olfactory bulb (OB) leads to depression like behavior in rodents. A link between depression and olfactory function is also established in humans. We hypothesized that the human OB volume relates to depressive state and tested whether such a potential coherence is moderated by structural alterations in other brain regions. METHODS Eighty-three participants (32 patients with major depression and 51 matched healthy controls) underwent structural MR scanning. Individual OB volumes were compared between patients and controls and the impact of depression and comorbidity was analyzed with multiple regression analysis. Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry revealed structures co-varying with both depressive state and OB volume. RESULTS The OB volume of patients was significantly reduced and this reduction averaged out at 17% compared to the controls. The OB volume was correlated to the volume of the insula, superior temporal cortex, and amygdala. The independent variables of depression (β = -.37), age (β = -.25), and gender (β = -.40) explained the individual OB volume variation (R2 = .37). The correlation between OB volume and depression was moderated by volumetric reductions in a cluster including the insula and superior temporal gyrus (STG). CONCLUSIONS The OB volume relates to depression in humans and to the volume of structures which are critical for salience detection. We assume that a reduced OB volume causes diminished neural olfactory input which facilitates volume reduction in the insula and STG. The OB volume may hence constitute a factor of vulnerability to depression. Olfactory-based deep brain stimulation is discussed as a future therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Rottstädt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Pengfei Han
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Julia Schellong
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | - Timmy Strauß
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and PsychotherapyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8050080. [PMID: 29734670 PMCID: PMC5977071 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction has been well studied in depression. Common brain areas are involved in depression and in the olfactory process, suggesting that olfactory impairments may constitute potential markers of this disorder. Olfactory markers of depression can be either state (present only in symptomatic phases) or trait (persistent after symptomatic remission) markers. This study presents the etiology of depression, the anatomical links between olfaction and depression, and a literature review of different olfactory markers of depression. Several studies have also shown that olfactory impairment affects the quality of life and that olfactory disorders can affect daily life and may be lead to depression. Thus, this study discusses the links between olfactory processing, depression, and quality of life. Finally, olfaction is an innovative research field that may constitute a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of depression.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Though olfactory deficits are well-documented in schizophrenia, fewer studies have examined olfactory performance profiles across the psychosis spectrum. The current study examined odor identification, discrimination, and detection threshold performance in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, major depression with psychotic features, and other psychotic conditions. METHOD FEP patients (n = 97) and healthy adults (n = 98) completed birhinal assessments of odor identification, discrimination, and detection threshold sensitivity for lyral and citralva. Participants also completed measures of anticipatory pleasure, anhedonia, and empathy. Differences in olfactory performances were assessed between FEP patients and controls and within FEP subgroups. Sex-stratified post hoc analyses were employed for a complete analysis of sex differences. Relationships between self-report measures and olfactory scores were also examined. RESULTS Individuals with psychosis had poorer scores across all olfactory measures when compared to the control group. Within the psychosis cohort, patients with schizophrenia-associated psychosis had poorer odor identification, discrimination, and citralva detection threshold scores relative to controls. In schizophrenia patients, greater olfactory disturbance was associated with increased negative symptomatology, greater self-reported anhedonia, and lower self-reported anticipatory pleasure. Patients with mood-associated psychosis performed comparable to controls though men and women in this cohort showed differential olfactory profiles. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that olfactory deficits extend beyond measures of odor identification in FEP with greater deficits observed in schizophrenia-related subgroups of psychosis. Studies examining whether greater olfactory dysfunction confers greater risk for developing schizophrenia relative to other forms of psychosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Division of Medical Psychology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 218, Baltimore, MD 21287-7218, US; tel: 410-614-6342, fax: 410-955-0504, e-mail:
| | - Patricia Lasutschinkow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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22
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Size matters - The olfactory bulb as a marker for depression. J Affect Disord 2018; 229:193-198. [PMID: 29324366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depression is mainly related to structural and functional alterations in brain networks involving limbic and prefrontal regions. Reduced olfactory sensitivity in depression is associated with reduced olfactory bulb (OB) volume. We determined if the OB volume reduction is a specific biomarker for depression and whether its diagnostic accuracy allows its use as a valid biomarker to support its diagnosis. METHODS 84 in-patients with mixed mental disorders and 51 age-matched healthy controls underwent structural MR imaging with a spin-echo T2-wheighted sequence. Individual OB volume was calculated manually (interrater-reliability = .81, p < .001) and compared between groups. Multiple regression analysis with OB volume as dependent variable and Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis to obtain its diagnostic accuracy for depression were ruled out. RESULTS Patients exhibited a 13.5% reduced OB volume. Multiple regression analysis showed that the OB volume variation was best explained by depression (β = -.19), sex (β = -.31) and age (β = -.29), but not by any other mental disorder. OB volume attained a diagnostic accuracy of 68.1% for depression. LIMITATIONS The patient group mainly contained highly comorbid patients with mostly internalizing disorders which limits the generalisability of the results of the regression analysis. CONCLUSION The OB may serve as a marker for depression. We assume that reduced neural olfactory input to subsequent limbic and salience processing structures moderates this relation. However, the OB was in an inferior position compared to conventional questionnaires for diagnosis of depression. Combination with further structural or functional measurements is suggested.
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Sagar-Ouriaghli I, Milavic G, Barton R, Heaney N, Fiori F, Lievesley K, Singh J, Santosh P. Comparing the DSM-5 construct of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder and ICD-10 Mixed Disorder of Emotion and Conduct in the UK Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (UK-LAMS) Study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1095-1104. [PMID: 29730721 PMCID: PMC6133106 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is important to understand new diagnostic entities in classifications of psychopathology such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) (code F34.8) construct of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) and to compare it with possible equivalent disorders in other classificatory systems such as the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10), which has a category that superficially appears similar, that is, Mixed Disorder of Emotion and Conduct (MDEC) (code F92). In this study, the United Kingdom (UK) arm (UK-LAMS) of the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) supported Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) multi-site study was used to evaluate and retrospectively construct DMDD and MDEC diagnoses in order to compare them and understand the conditions they co-occur with, in order to improve the clinical understanding. In particular, the phenomenology of UK-LAMS participants (n = 117) was used to determine whether DMDD is a unique entity within the DSM-5. The findings showed that 24 of 68 participants with either DMDD or MDEC (35.3%) fulfilled both diagnostic criteria for DMDD and MDEC, suggesting that these entities do contain overlapping features, particularly symptoms relating to Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)/Conduct Disorder (CD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)/Hyperkinetic Disorder (HKD) and/or an anxiety disorder. The data also showed that most of the participants who met DMDD criteria also fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for ODD/CD, ADHD, followed by an anxiety disorder. In this context, this raises the issue whether DMDD is a unique construct or whether the symptomology for DMDD can be better explained as a specifier for ODD/CD and ADHD. Unlike DMDD, MDEC clearly specifies that the label should only be used if emotional and conduct disorders co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Sagar-Ouriaghli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - G. Milavic
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R. Barton
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N. Heaney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - F. Fiori
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK ,Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB UK
| | - K. Lievesley
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - J. Singh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paramala Santosh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. .,Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD) Research Team, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
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Abstract
The volume of the olfactory bulb (OB) is strongly reduced in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and this group exhibits markedly decreased olfactory function. It has been suggested that olfactory input is important for maintaining balance in limbic neurocircuits. The aim of our study was to investigate whether reduced OB volume is associated with response to therapy in MDD. Twenty-four inpatients (all women, age 21-49 years, mean 38 ± 10 years SD) with MDD and 36 healthy controls (all women, age 20-52 years, mean 36 ± 10 years SD) underwent structural MRI. OB volume was compared between responders (N = 13) and non-responders (N = 11) to psychotherapy. Retest of OB volume was performed about 6 months after the end of therapy in nine of the patients. Therapy responders exhibited no significant difference in OB volume compared to healthy controls. However, average OB volume of non-responders was 23 % smaller compared to responders (p = .0011). Furthermore, OB volume was correlated with the change of depression severity (r = .46, p = .024). Volume of the OB did not change in the course of therapy. OB volume may be a biological vulnerability factor for the occurrence and/or maintenance of depression, at least in women.
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Götz T, Stadler L, Fraunhofer G, Tomé AM, Hausner H, Lang EW. A combined cICA-EEMD analysis of EEG recordings from depressed or schizophrenic patients during olfactory stimulation. J Neural Eng 2016; 14:016011. [PMID: 27991435 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/14/1/016011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We propose a combination of a constrained independent component analysis (cICA) with an ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to analyze electroencephalographic recordings from depressed or schizophrenic subjects during olfactory stimulation. APPROACH EEMD serves to extract intrinsic modes (IMFs) underlying the recorded EEG time. The latter then serve as reference signals to extract the most similar underlying independent component within a constrained ICA. The extracted modes are further analyzed considering their power spectra. MAIN RESULTS The analysis of the extracted modes reveals clear differences in the related power spectra between the disease characteristics of depressed and schizophrenic patients. Such differences appear in the high frequency γ-band in the intrinsic modes, but also in much more detail in the low frequency range in the α-, θ- and δ-bands. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed method provides various means to discriminate both disease pictures in a clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Th Götz
- CIML Group, Biophysics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Coppin G, Parma V, Pause BM. Editorial: Affective Sciences through the Chemical Senses. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1590. [PMID: 27807423 PMCID: PMC5069419 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Coppin
- Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck for Metabolism ResearchCologne, Germany; Swiss Center for Affective SciencesGeneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression, Department of Psychology, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Parma
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA)Trieste, Italy; Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPA, USA
| | - Bettina M Pause
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Brand G, Schaal B. [Olfaction in depressive disorders: Issues and perspectives]. Encephale 2016; 43:176-182. [PMID: 27623124 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on sensorial interactions with psychiatric diseases and particularly with the depressive syndrome has mainly focused on visual or auditory processes and much less on olfaction. The depressive illness is one of the most frequent psychiatric diagnoses in the community, with approximately one in five women and one in eight men experiencing a major depressive episode during their lifetime. Although genetic, epigenetic, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, neuroendocrinological and neuroimmunological changes can be detected during depression, the etiology of depression remains partly unclear. The current explanatory models are based on two main factors, i.e. pharmacological dysfunctions and stress effects. In this way and because of strong connections between olfactory pathways and cerebral areas implied in mood regulation and emotions (i.e. the limbic system and prefrontal areas), the interactions between olfaction and depression could constitute a relevant way of research at three different levels. First, olfactory dysfunction observed in depression could serve the diagnosis and contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms implied in thymic pathologies. Published papers show a decrease of olfactory sensitivity in major depression which does not occur in bipolar or saisonal depression. Second, it has been shown that olfactory deficits could induce depressive symptoms. In this context, an animal model (olfactory bulbectomized rat) reinforces the hypothesis of the important role of olfaction in depression based on neuroanatomical and neurochemical observations. Third, several publications have demonstrated that odors can positively impact the depressive mood. Thus, a remediation by odors in depression appears to be a promising way. From several decades, the olfaction/depression interactions have been covered by a broad literature. Thus, the present review will not propose an exhaustive examination but aims to point out the most recently published papers and highlight their contributions to the understanding of olfactory processes implied in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brand
- Département neurosciences, université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, place Leclerc, 25000 Besançon, France; Centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, CNRS, laboratoire d'éthologie développementale et de psychologie cognitive, université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UMR 6265), 9E, boulevard Jeanne-d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - B Schaal
- Centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, CNRS, laboratoire d'éthologie développementale et de psychologie cognitive, université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UMR 6265), 9E, boulevard Jeanne-d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
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28
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Olfaction as a marker for depression. J Neurol 2016; 264:631-638. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Hoenen M, Müller K, Pause BM, Lübke KT. Fancy Citrus, Feel Good: Positive Judgment of Citrus Odor, but Not the Odor Itself, Is Associated with Elevated Mood during Experienced Helplessness. Front Psychol 2016; 7:74. [PMID: 26869973 PMCID: PMC4735708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatherapy claims that citrus essential oils exert mood lifting effects. Controlled studies, however, have yielded inconsistent results. Notably, studies so far did not control for odor pleasantness, although pleasantness is a critical determinant of emotional responses to odors. This study investigates mood lifting effects of d-(+)-limonene, the most prominent substance in citrus essential oils, with respect to odor quality judgments. Negative mood was induced within 78 participants using a helplessness paradigm (unsolvable social discrimination task). During this task, participants were continuously (mean duration: 19.5 min) exposed to d-(+)-limonene (n = 25), vanillin (n = 26), or diethyl phthalate (n = 27). Participants described their mood (Self-Assessment-Manikin, basic emotion ratings) and judged the odors’ quality (intensity, pleasantness, unpleasantness, familiarity) prior to and following the helplessness induction. The participants were in a less positive mood after the helplessness induction (p < 0.001), irrespective of the odor condition. Still, the more pleasant the participants judged the odors, the less effective the helplessness induction was in reducing happiness (p = 0.019). The results show no odor specific mood lifting effect of d-(+)-limonene, but indicate a positive effect of odor pleasantness on mood. The study highlights the necessity to evaluate odor judgments in aromatherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hoenen
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Müller
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany; Federal Employment Agency GermanyNürnberg, Germany
| | - Bettina M Pause
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin T Lübke
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Pichon AM, Coppin G, Cayeux I, Porcherot C, Sander D, Delplanque S. Sensitivity of Physiological Emotional Measures to Odors Depends on the Product and the Pleasantness Ranges Used. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1821. [PMID: 26648888 PMCID: PMC4664615 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions are characterized by synchronized changes in several components of an organism. Among them, physiological variations provide energy support for the expression of approach/avoid action tendencies induced by relevant stimuli, while self-reported subjective pleasantness feelings integrate all other emotional components and are plastic. Consequently, emotional responses evoked by odors should be highly differentiated when they are linked to different functions of olfaction (e.g., avoiding environmental hazards). As this differentiation has been observed for contrasted odors (very pleasant or unpleasant), we questioned whether subjective and physiological emotional response indicators could still disentangle subtle affective variations when no clear functional distinction is made (mildly pleasant or unpleasant fragrances). Here, we compared the sensitivity of behavioral and physiological [respiration, skin conductance, facial electromyography (EMG), and heart rate] indicators in differentiating odor-elicited emotions in two situations: when a wide range of odor families was presented (e.g., fruity, animal), covering different functional meanings; or in response to a restricted range of products in one particular family (fragrances). Results show clear differences in physiological indicators to odors that display a wide range of reported pleasantness, but these differences almost entirely vanish when fragrances are used even though their subjective pleasantness still differed. Taken together, these results provide valuable information concerning the ability of classic verbal and psychophysiological measures to investigate subtle differences in emotional reactions to a restricted range of similar olfactory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Pichon
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Coppin
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Emotion, Elicitation and Expression Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - David Sander
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Emotion, Elicitation and Expression Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delplanque
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Emotion, Elicitation and Expression Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Yaldizli Ö, Penner IK, Yonekawa T, Naegelin Y, Kuhle J, Pardini M, Chard DT, Stippich C, Kira JI, Bendfeldt K, Amann M, Radue EW, Kappos L, Sprenger T. The association between olfactory bulb volume, cognitive dysfunction, physical disability and depression in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2015; 23:510-9. [PMID: 26699999 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Olfactory bulb atrophy is associated with cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and with major depression. It has been suggested that olfactory bulb atrophy or dysfunction is therefore a marker of neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is now also recognized as having a significant neurodegenerative component. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate associations between physical and cognitive disability, depression and olfactory bulb volume in MS. METHODS In total, 146 patients with MS (mean age 49.0 ± 10.9 years, disease duration 21.2 ± 9.3 years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 3.0 (range 0-7.5), 103 relapsing-remitting, 35 secondary progressive and eight primary progressive MS) underwent a standardized neurological examination, comprehensive neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); data of 27 healthy people served as age- and gender-matched control subjects. The olfactory bulb was semi-automatically segmented on high-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI. RESULTS Mean olfactory bulb volume was lower in MS patients than healthy controls (183.9 ± 40.1 vs. 209.2 ± 59.3 μl; P = 0.018 adjusted to intracranial volume). Olfactory bulb volume was similar across clinical disease subtypes and did not correlate with cognitive performance, EDSS scores or total proton density/T2 white matter lesion volume. However, in progressive MS, the mean olfactory bulb volume correlated with depression scores (Spearman's rho = -0.38, P < 0.05) confirmed using a multivariate linear regression analysis including cognitive fatigue scores. This association was not observed in relapsing-remitting MS. CONCLUSION Olfactory bulb volume was lower in MS than in healthy controls. Olfactory bulb volume does not seem to mirror cognitive impairment in MS; however, it is associated with higher depression scores in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö Yaldizli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - I-K Penner
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Yonekawa
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Naegelin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Kuhle
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Pardini
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - D T Chard
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, NMR Research Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - C Stippich
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J-I Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Bendfeldt
- Medical Image Analysis Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Amann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Image Analysis Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - E-W Radue
- Medical Image Analysis Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Kappos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, DKD Helios Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
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32
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Human amygdala activations during nasal chemoreception. Neuropsychologia 2015; 78:171-94. [PMID: 26459095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review serves as a comprehensive discussion of chemosensory stimulation of the amygdala in healthy humans. Following an introduction of the neuroanatomy of chemosensory processing in primary and secondary olfactory structures, functional resonance magnetic imaging and positron imaging tomography studies are systematically categorized based on valence of stimuli, stimulus concentration, and paradigm-dependent amygdala activation. The amygdala shows patterns of lateralization due to stimulus valence. Main findings include pleasant odors being associated with bilateral or left amygdala activation, and unpleasant odors being associated with activation of the right amygdala, suggesting a crucial role of the right amygdala in evolutionary preservation. Potentially threatening social stimuli, however, might be processed apart from the olfactory system and tend to activate the left amygdala. Amygdala response to chemosensory stimuli correlated with simultaneous activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), piriform cortex (PC), and insula, suggesting a close-knit network of these areas during stimulus processing.
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33
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Gorka SM, Phan KL, Shankman SA. Convergence of EEG and fMRI measures of reward anticipation. Biol Psychol 2015; 112:12-9. [PMID: 26394333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in reward anticipation are putative mechanisms for multiple psychopathologies. Research indicates that these deficits are characterized by reduced left (relative to right) frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal abnormalities in mesolimbic and prefrontal neural regions during reward anticipation. Although it is often assumed that these two measures capture similar mechanisms, no study to our knowledge has directly examined the convergence between frontal EEG alpha asymmetry and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during reward anticipation in the same sample. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate if and where in the brain frontal EEG alpha asymmetry and fMRI measures were correlated in a sample of 40 adults. All participants completed two analogous reward anticipation tasks--once during EEG data collection and the other during fMRI data collection. Results indicated that the two measures do converge and that during reward anticipation, increased relative left frontal activity is associated with increased left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)/medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation. This suggests that the two measures may similarly capture PFC functioning, which is noteworthy given the role of these regions in reward processing and the pathophysiology of disorders such as depression and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Gorka
- University of Illinois-Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison St. (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, USA; University of Illinois-Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - K Luan Phan
- University of Illinois-Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison St. (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, USA; University of Illinois-Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line, 820 S. Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois-Chicago, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stewart A Shankman
- University of Illinois-Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison St. (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Patients with autoimmune diseases often present with olfactory impairment. The aim of the study was to assess the olfactory functions of female patients with fibromyalgia (FM) compared with patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and with healthy female controls. Olfactory functions were assessed in 24 patients with FM, 20 patients with SSc and 21 age-matched healthy controls. The sense of smell was evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test including the three stages of smell: threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) of the different odors. The severity of fibromyalgia was assessed using the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ). The short form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire was also completed in order to seek a relationship between the patients perception of quality of life and the different aspects of the smell sense. Depression was evaluated in both FM and SSc patients utilizing the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II) questionnaire. Patients with FM had significantly lower TDI smell scores compared with both SSc patients and healthy controls (p < 0.005, One-Way ANOVA). Hyposmia (defined as TDI scores below 30) were observed in 14 of 24 (42 %) patients with FM compared to 3 of 20 (15 %) patients with SSc and 1 of the healthy controls (4.3 %) (p < 0.02). FM patients had significantly lower thresholds of smell compared to both healthy controls and patients with SSc (p < 0.001), whereas for patients with SSc only the ability to discriminate between odors was impaired (p < 0.006). We could not detect any statistical correlation between smell abilities and clinical manifestation of SSc or the FIQ and SF-36 scores among FM patients. However the correlation between depression, defined by the BDI-II score, and the sense of smell differed between patients with FM and patients with SSc. As only among SSc patients a lower sense of smell correlated with a higher BDI-II score (p = 0.02). Our findings suggest that there is a decrease in the sense of smell both in FM and SSc patients compared with healthy controls. However these impairments differ between patients group and might represent different mechanisms that affect the sense of smell.
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35
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Maheu ME, Devorak J, Freibauer A, Davoli MA, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Increased doublecortin (DCX) expression and incidence of DCX-immunoreactive multipolar cells in the subventricular zone-olfactory bulb system of suicides. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:74. [PMID: 26082689 PMCID: PMC4450175 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmortem studies have confirmed the occurrence of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in humans and implicated this process in antidepressant response, yet neurogenesis in other regions remains to be examined in the context of depression. Here we assess the extent of subventricular zone-olfactory bulb (SVZ-OB) neurogenesis in adult humans having died by suicide. Protein expression of proliferative and neurogenic markers Sox2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and doublecortin (DCX) were examined in postmortem SVZ and OB samples from depressed suicides and matched sudden-death controls. In the SVZ, DCX-immunoreactive (IR) cells displayed phenotypes typical of progenitors, whereas in the olfactory tract (OT), they were multipolar with variable size and morphologies suggestive of differentiating cells. DCX expression was significantly increased in the OB of suicides, whereas SVZ DCX expression was higher among unmedicated, but not antidepressant-treated, suicides. Although very few DCX-IR cells were present in the control OT, they were considerably more common in suicides and correlated with OB DCX levels. Suicides also displayed higher DCX-IR process volumes. These results support the notion that OB neurogenesis is minimal in adult humans. They further raise the possibility that the differentiation and migration of SVZ-derived neuroblasts may be altered in unmedicated suicides, leading to an accumulation of ectopically differentiating cells in the OT. Normal SVZ DCX expression among suicides receiving antidepressants suggests a potentially novel mode of action of antidepressant medication. Given the modest group sizes and rarity of DCX-IR cells assessed here, a larger-scale characterization will be required before firm conclusions can be made regarding the identity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Maheu
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Montreal, QC, Canada ; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Devorak
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander Freibauer
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Antonietta Davoli
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Montreal, QC, Canada ; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Montreal, QC, Canada ; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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36
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Couto B, Adolfi F, Sedeño L, Salles A, Canales-Johnson A, Alvarez-Abut P, Garcia-Cordero I, Pietto M, Bekinschtein T, Sigman M, Manes F, Ibanez A. Disentangling interoception: insights from focal strokes affecting the perception of external and internal milieus. Front Psychol 2015; 6:503. [PMID: 25983697 PMCID: PMC4416458 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoception is the moment-to-moment sensing of the physiological condition of the body. The multimodal sources of interoception can be classified into two different streams of afferents: an internal pathway of signals arising from core structures (i.e., heart, blood vessels, and bronchi) and an external pathway of body-mapped sensations (i.e., chemosensation and pain) arising from peripersonal space. This study examines differential processing along these streams within the insular cortex (IC) and their subcortical tracts connecting frontotemporal networks. Two rare patients presenting focal lesions of the IC (insular lesion, IL) or its subcortical tracts (subcortical lesion, SL) were tested. Internally generated interoceptive streams were assessed through a heartbeat detection (HBD) task, while those externally triggered were tapped via taste, smell, and pain recognition tasks. A differential pattern was observed. The IC patient showed impaired internal signal processing while the SL patient exhibited external perception deficits. Such selective deficits remained even when comparing each patient with a group of healthy controls and a group of brain-damaged patients. These outcomes suggest the existence of distinguishable interoceptive streams. Results are discussed in relation with neuroanatomical substrates, involving a fronto-insulo-temporal network for interoceptive and cognitive contextual integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas Couto
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Adolfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejo Salles
- Physics Department, University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Canales-Johnson
- UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Medical Research Council-Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Cambridge, UK
| | - Pablo Alvarez-Abut
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Indira Garcia-Cordero
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Pietto
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariano Sigman
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sidney, NSW, Australia
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sidney, NSW, Australia ; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia
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37
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Hemanth Kumar BS, Mishra SK, Trivedi R, Singh S, Rana P, Khushu S. Demyelinating evidences in CMS rat model of depression: a DTI study at 7 T. Neuroscience 2014; 275:12-21. [PMID: 24881571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression is among the most debilitating diseases worldwide. Long-term exposure to stressors plays a major role in development of human depression. Chronic mild stress (CMS) seems to be a valid animal model for depression. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is capable of inferring microstructural abnormalities of the white matter and has shown to serve as non-invasive marker of specific pathology. We developed a CMS rat model of depression and validated with behavioral experiments. We measured the diffusion indices (mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (λ∥) and radial (λ⊥) diffusivity) to investigate the changes in CMS rat brain during depression onset. Diffusion indices have shown to be useful to discriminate myelin damage from axon loss. DTI was performed in both control and CMS rats (n=10, in each group) and maps of FA, MD, λ∥ and λ⊥ diffusivity values were generated using in-house built software. The diffusion indices were calculated by region of interest (ROI) analysis in different brain regions like the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulum, thalamus, caudate putamen, corpus callosum, cerebral peduncle and sensory motor cortex. The results showed signs of demyelination, reflected by increased MD, decreased FA and increased λ⊥. The results also suggest a possible role of edema or inflammation concerning the brain morphology in CMS rats. The overall finding using DTI suggests there might be a major role of loss of myelin sheath, which leads to disrupted connectivity between the limbic area and the prefrontal cortex during the onset of depression. Our findings indicate that interpretation of these indices may provide crucial information about the type and severity of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hemanth Kumar
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - S K Mishra
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - R Trivedi
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - S Singh
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - P Rana
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - S Khushu
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
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Olfaction as a marker for depression in humans. J Affect Disord 2014; 160:80-6. [PMID: 24445134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies show a strong link between the loss of olfactory function and depressive behavior. We analyzed, whether olfactory function is a marker for depression in humans. If so, reduced olfactory function can be expected in depression that improves to level of normality after successful antidepressive treatment. METHODS Twenty-seven female in-patients with depression were compared to 28 healthy age-matched women at the beginning and at the end of antidepressive therapy or at two visits, respectively. Olfactory function was assessed comprehensively including threshold, discrimination and identification testing, chemosensory event related potentials and olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS At the beginning of psychotherapy the patients exhibited reduced olfactory discrimination, prolonged latencies of the event-related potential and reduced activation in secondary olfactory structures (thalamus, insula, and left middle orbitofrontal). After therapy, patients improved significantly in all of the parameters and consequently the differences between control group and patients vanished. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSION We conclude that olfaction is a marker for depression. However, the results are limited to a relatively selective sample of depressed women.
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Vigil JM, Strenth C. No pain, no social gains: A social-signaling perspective of human pain behaviors. World J Anesthesiol 2014; 3:18-30. [DOI: 10.5313/wja.v3.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we describe a social-signaling perspective of human pain and pain empathizing behaviors which is based on the premise that pain percepts evolved to serve both intrapersonal as well as interpersonal, communicative functions. This perspective offers a generative framework for understanding the natural origin and proximate expression of felt pain and pain empathizing behaviors. The basic thesis is that humans evolved sensory-behavioral heuristics for perceiving and inhibiting exogenous and endogenous pain sensations as part of more general expressive styles characterized by the demonstration of vulnerability gestures (i.e., trustworthiness cues) versus empowerment gestures (i.e., capacity cues), and these styles ultimately facilitate broader self-protection and social novelty-seeking life-history behavior strategies, respectively. We review the extant literature on how social contextual factors (e.g., audience characteristics) and how structural and functional components of individual’s social network appear to influence the expression of pain behaviors in ways that support basic predictions from the social-signaling perspective. We also show how the perspective can be used to interpret conventional findings of sex differences in pain percepts and pain empathizing behaviors and for predicting how the situational context and individual’s peer networks modulate these differences in vitro and in vitro. We conclude the article by describing how pain researchers may better understand how varying levels and divergent directions of changes in affect tend to co-occur with systematic changes in internal vs external pain sensitivities, and thus why, from an evolutionary perspective, pain may occur in the presence and absence of physical tissue damage.
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Schablitzky S, Pause BM. Sadness might isolate you in a non-smelling world: olfactory perception and depression. Front Psychol 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 24570666 PMCID: PMC3916769 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) occurs with a high prevalence among mental illnesses. MDD patients experience sadness and hopelessness, with blunted affective reactivity. However, such depressive episodes are also key symptoms in other depressive disorders, like Bipolar Disorder (BPD) or Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Moreover, depressive symptoms can also be found in healthy individuals, but are experienced as less severe or for a shorter duration than in patients. Here, it is aimed to summarize studies investigating odor perception in depression, including depressive states in healthy individuals and patient populations. Odor perception in depression has been assessed with psychophysical methods (olfactory sensitivity, odor identification, and discrimination), and odor ratings (intensity, emotional valence, familiarity). In addition, some studies investigated affective reactions to odors, and physiological and anatomical correlates of odor perception in depression. The summary reveals that MDD is associated with reduced olfactory sensitivity. However, odor identification and discrimination scores seem to be unaffected by depression. The reduced olfactory sensitivity might be associated with a reduced ability to encode olfactory information and a reduced volume of the olfactory bulb. While similar processes seem to occur in healthy individuals experiencing depressive states, they have not been observed in BPD or SAD patients. However, in order to conclude that the reduced olfactory sensitivity is directly linked to depression, it is suggested that studies should implement control measures of cognitive performances or perceptual abilities in other stimulus modalities. It is concluded that the reduced olfactory performance in MDD patients seems to be disorder-, modality-, and test-specific, and that the application of an appropriate olfactory and cognitive test-battery might be highly useful in the differential diagnosis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina M. Pause
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Olfactory disorders are common and affect about one-fifth of the general population. The main causes of olfactory loss are post viral upper respiratory infection, nasal/sinus disease, and head trauma and are therefore very frequent among patients in ear, nose, and throat clinics. We have systematically reviewed the impact of quantitative, qualitative, and congenital olfactory disorders on daily life domains as well as on general quality of life and depression. From the extensive body of literature, it can be concluded that loss of the sense of smell leads to disturbances in important areas, mainly in food enjoyment, detecting harmful food and smoke, and to some extent in social situations and working life. Most patients seem to deal well and manage those restrictions. However, a smaller proportion has considerable problems and expresses a noticeable reduction in general quality of life and enhanced depression. The impact of coping strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Croy
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Medicinaregatan 16, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- I Croy
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Dresden Medical School, Germany
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43
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Burón E, Bulbena A. Olfaction in affective and anxiety disorders: a review of the literature. Psychopathology 2013; 46:63-74. [PMID: 22889716 DOI: 10.1159/000338717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfaction and its relation to mental health is an area of growing interest. Brain areas linked to olfaction partially overlap with brain areas involved in psychiatric disorders; consequently, the study of olfactory function allows us to explore the integrity of these brain areas with a non-invasive and effective method. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to review olfactory function in affective and anxiety disorders. METHODS For this purpose, an extensive literature review of English-language studies on olfactory function in patients with the aforementioned pathologies was performed using several online databases. A manual search of relevant journals and books as well as reference lists from selected papers was also performed. RESULTS The available data show that depressed patients are usually characterised by preserved olfactory function, except for detection threshold, where contrasting reports have been found. Bipolar disorder has been studied to a lesser extent, but the findings have shown a lack of impairment in most cases. Research on seasonal affective disorders is scant, and future studies are needed to make conclusions. Anxiety disorders have been scarcely approached, but the results note identification deficits in obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory assessment appears to be a complementary, valuable research tool in the study of psychiatric disorders. However, further investigation is needed to improve our understanding of olfactory function in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Burón
- Parc de Salut Mar, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Barcelona, Spain.
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44
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Different time course of emotion regulation towards odors and pictures: Are odors more potent than pictures? Biol Psychol 2012; 91:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Learning about the functions of the olfactory system from people without a sense of smell. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33365. [PMID: 22457756 PMCID: PMC3310072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system provides numerous functions to humans, influencing ingestive behavior, awareness of environmental hazards and social communication. Approximately 1/5 of the general population exhibit an impaired sense of smell. However, in contrast to the many affected, only few patients complain of their impairment. So how important is it for humans to have an intact sense of smell? Or is it even dispensable, at least in the Western world? To investigate this, we compared 32 patients, who were born without a sense of smell (isolated congenital anosmia--ICA) with 36 age-matched controls. A broad questionnaire was used, containing domains relevant to olfaction in daily life, along with a questionnaire about social relationships and the BDI-questionnaire. ICA-patients differed only slightly from controls in functions of daily life related to olfaction. These differences included enhanced social insecurity, increased risk for depressive symptoms and increased risk for household accidents. In these domains the sense of olfaction seems to play a key role.
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46
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Hemanth Kumar BS, Mishra SK, Rana P, Singh S, Khushu S. Neurodegenerative evidences during early onset of depression in CMS rats as detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:53-9. [PMID: 22449862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by anhedonia and feeling of sadness and chronic mild stress (CMS) seems to be a valuable animal model of depression. CMS animal model was induced and validated using behavioral studies. In the present study we investigated the neuro-metabolite changes occurring in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during the onset of depression, in CMS rat model using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) at field strength of 7 T. Results showed that CMS caused depression-like behavior in rats, as indicated by the decrease in sucrose consumption and locomotor activity. (1)H MRS was performed in both control and CMS rats (n=10, in each group) and the quantitative assessment of the neurometabolites was done using LC model. Relative concentrations of all the metabolites along with the macromolecules were calculated for analysis. The results revealed a significant decrease of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), NAA+NAAG, Glx and GABA levels in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of CMS animals and an elevated level of myo-ionisitol (mI) and taurine (Tau) was observed only in hippocampus. These metabolite fluctuations revealed by proton MRS indicate that there might be change in the neuronal integrity of the glial cells and neurons within prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in CMS model of depression. The present study also suggests that there may be a degenerative process concerning the brain morphology in the CMS rats. The overall finding using (1)H MRS suggests that, there might be a major role of the glia and neuron in the onset of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hemanth Kumar
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Brig. SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
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47
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Atanasova B, Gaillard P, Minier F, Belzung C, El-Hage W. Hedonic Olfactory Perception in Depression: Relationship between Self-Evaluation and Autonomic Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2012.311144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nabhen SL, Morales VP, Guil MJ, Höcht C, Bianciotti LG, Vatta MS. Mechanisms involved in the long-term modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase by endothelins in the olfactory bulb of normotensive rats. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:196-205. [PMID: 21129429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulbs play a relevant role in the interaction between the animal and its environment. The existence of endothelin-1 and -3 in the rat olfactory bulbs suggests their role in the control of diverse functions regulated at this level. Tyrosine hydroxylase, a crucial enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is tightly regulated by short- and long-term mechanisms. We have previously reported that in the olfactory bulbs endothelins participate in the short-term tyrosine hydroxylase regulation involving complex mechanisms. In the present work we studied the effect of long-term stimulation by endothelins on tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat olfactory bulbs. Our findings show that endothelin-1 and -3 modulated catecholaminergic transmission by increasing enzymatic activity. However, these peptides acted through different receptors and intracellular pathways. Endothelin-1 enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity through a super high affinity ET(A) receptor and cAMP/PKA and CaMK-II pathways, whereas, endothelin-3 through a super high affinity atypical receptor coupled to cAMP/PKA, PLC/PKC and CaMK-II pathways. Endothelins also increased tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and the enzyme total level as well as the phosphorylation of Ser 19, 31 and 40 sites. Furthermore, both peptides stimulated dopamine turnover and reduced its endogenous content. These findings support that endothelins are involved in the long-term regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, leading to an increase in the catecholaminergic activity which might be implicated in the development and/or maintenance of diverse pathologies involving the olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Nabhen
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IQUIMEFA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dere E, Pause BM, Pietrowsky R. Emotion and episodic memory in neuropsychiatric disorders. Behav Brain Res 2010; 215:162-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Kayser J, Tenke CE, Malaspina D, Kroppmann CJ, Schaller JD, Deptula A, Gates NA, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Gil R, Bruder GE. Neuronal generator patterns of olfactory event-related brain potentials in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 2010; 47:1075-86. [PMID: 20456657 PMCID: PMC3341093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To better characterize neurophysiologic processes underlying olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia, nose-referenced 30-channel electroencephalogram was recorded from 32 patients and 35 healthy adults (18 and 18 male) during detection of hydrogen sulfide (constant-flow olfactometer, 200 ms unirhinal exposure). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were transformed to reference-free current source density (CSD) waveforms and analyzed by unrestricted Varimax-PCA. Participants indicated when they perceived a high (10 ppm) or low (50% dilution) odor concentration. Patients and controls did not differ in detection of high (23% misses) and low (43%) intensities and also had similar olfactory ERP waveforms. CSDs showed a greater bilateral frontotemporal N1 sink (305 ms) and mid-parietal P2 source (630 ms) for high than low intensities. N1 sink and P2 source were markedly reduced in patients for high intensity stimuli, providing further neurophysiological evidence of olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kayser
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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