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1
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Wang Y, Lei T, Xie W, Su Y. Children's Neural Processing of the Misfortunes and Fortunes of Prosocial and Antisocial Individuals. Dev Sci 2025; 28:e70030. [PMID: 40375747 DOI: 10.1111/desc.70030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/27/2025] [Indexed: 05/18/2025]
Abstract
Behavioral studies have found that children are less likely to share the feelings of antisocial individuals than those of prosocial individuals. However, the underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. To address this gap, the current study utilized electroencephalogram (EEG) to examine the neural responses of 4- to 12-year-old children to the misfortunes and fortunes of prosocial and antisocial individuals (N = 73). When observing the experiences of prosocial individuals, children exhibited a greater amplitude of parietal P3, an indicator of top-down allocated attention, to misfortunes compared to fortunes. This difference disappeared when observing the experiences of antisocial individuals. Additionally, children displayed stronger mu suppression, indicating neural mirroring, toward prosocial individuals than antisocial individuals while observing their experiences. The current findings suggest that children allocate more attention resources to the experiences, especially misfortunes, of prosocial individuals than antisocial individuals. These findings deepened our understanding of how children react to others' experiences based on others' moral behaviors from a neural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tongye Lei
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanze Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Su
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Raghuraman N, White JN, Watson L, Belleï-Rodriguez CÉ, Shafir R, Wang Y, Colloca L. Neuropsychological mechanisms of observational learning in human placebo effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2025; 242:889-900. [PMID: 38743108 PMCID: PMC11561162 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Scientific evidence indicates that placebo effects are psychoneurobiological events involving the contribution of distinct central nervous systems and peripheral physiological mechanisms that influence pain perception and other symptoms. Placebo effects can occur without formal conditioning and direct prior experience because crucial information can be acquired through observational learning. Observation of benefits in another person results in placebo effects of a magnitude like those induced by directly experiencing an analgesic benefit. Understanding the psychological mechanisms of observationally induced placebo effects is a complex and multifaceted endeavor. While previous reviews have highlighted various frameworks and models to understand these phenomena, the underlying biological mechanisms have been overlooked. We summarize critically current understanding of its behavioral and neural mechanisms. Understanding the neural mechanisms of hypoalgesia driven by observation can serve as a foundation for future development of novel theoretical and methodological approaches and ultimately, applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Raghuraman
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Program in Epidemiology and Human Genetics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Placebo Beyond Opinions Center, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jewel N White
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Placebo Beyond Opinions Center, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lakota Watson
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Roni Shafir
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Placebo Beyond Opinions Center, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Placebo Beyond Opinions Center, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Luana Colloca
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Placebo Beyond Opinions Center, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA.
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.
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3
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Cenka K, Spaccasassi C, Petkovic S, Pezzetta R, Arcara G, Avenanti A. Temporal dynamics of implicit moral evaluation: From empathy for pain to mentalizing processes. Neuropsychologia 2024; 205:109033. [PMID: 39515579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/02/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
To understand how we evaluate harm to others, it is crucial to consider the offender's intent and the victim's suffering. Previous research investigating event-related potentials (ERPs) during moral evaluation has been limited by small sample sizes and a priori selection of electrodes and time windows that may bias the results. To overcome these limitations, we examined ERPs in 66 healthy human adults using a data-driven analytic approach involving cluster-based permutation tests. Participants performed an implicit moral evaluation task requiring to observe scenarios depicting intentional harm (IHS), accidental harm (AHS), and neutral actions (NAS) while judging whether each scenario was set indoors or outdoors. Our results revealed two distinct clusters, peaking at ∼170 and ∼250 ms, showing differences between harm scenarios (IHS and AHS) and NAS, suggesting rapid processing of the victim's physical outcome. The difference between IHS and AHS scenarios emerged later, at ∼400 ms, potentially reflecting subsequent evaluation of the agent's intentions. Source analysis showed that brain regions associated with empathy for pain were associated with the earlier peaks at ∼170 and ∼250 ms, while the modulation of the activity of the mentalizing network was presented at ∼250 and ∼400 ms. These findings advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying implicit moral evaluation. Notably, they provide electrocortical new insights for models of implicit moral evaluation, suggesting an early neural response linked to empathy for pain, with subsequent integration of empathy response with mentalizing processes, followed by later cognitive evaluations, likely reflecting the assessment of the agent's moral responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamela Cenka
- Centro Studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Spaccasassi
- Centro Studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy
| | - Stella Petkovic
- Centro Studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy; Sapienza, University of Rome and CLN2S@SAPIENZA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Avenanti
- Centro Studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy; Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
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4
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Tang Z, Liu Y, Zhao X, Hu W, Zhang M, Ren Y, Wei Z, Yang J. Stress-induced cortisol response predicts empathy for pain: The role of task-based connectivity between the insula and sensorimotor cortex during acute stress. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 33:100682. [PMID: 39502834 PMCID: PMC11536065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Empathy for pain is a key driver of prosocial behavior and is influenced by acute psychosocial stress. However, the role of task-based brain connectivity during acute stress have been neglected. Hence, we aimed to explore the relationship between the magnitude of cortisol response to acute stress and empathy for pain, as well as the neural connectivity mechanisms involved. In this study, 80 healthy participants (37 women and 43 men) were exposed to the acute psychosocial stress paradigm (ScanSTRESS) and were scanned by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Saliva samples were collected to measure the magnitude of cortisol stress response. Subsequently, the participants took part in a pain-video task to assess their empathy for pain. Six participants were excluded because of physical discomfort or excessive head movement in all runs during the task-dependent fMRI scan. Therefore, 33 women and 41 men were included in data analysis. We found that empathy for pain was negatively correlated with the magnitude of cortisol stress response (r = -0.268, p = 0.018) and that the task-based connectivity between the salience network and sensorimotor network, including its sub-network and sub-region, was negatively correlated with the magnitude of cortisol stress response, and positively correlated with empathy for pain. Furthermore, task-based connectivity between the insula and the paracentral lobule mediates the effect of the stress-induced cortisol response on empathy for pain (indirect effect = -0.0152, 95% CI = [-0.036, -0.001], p = 0.036). Our research suggests that empathy is not only correlated with stress-induced glucocorticoids but also tied to the stress-induced reduced communication between basic and higher brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yadong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Weiyu Hu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengning Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yipeng Ren
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhenni Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Yang Y, Zhao J, Zhang H, Bi T, Tian J, Li Q, Guo C. The mutual influences between working memory and empathy for pain: the role of social distance. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae061. [PMID: 39238223 PMCID: PMC11451274 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind the interaction of empathy for pain (EfP) and working memory (WM), particularly how they are influenced by social factors like perceived social distance (SD), is vital for comprehending how humans dynamically adapt to the complexities of social life. However, there is very little known about these mechanisms. Accordingly, we recruited 116 healthy participants to investigate the bidirectional influence and electrophysiological responses between WM and EfP, including the role of SD. Our research results revealed that the interaction between WM load and SD significantly influenced the processing of EfP. Specifically, high WM load and distant SD facilitated early processing of EfP. Conversely, low WM load and close SD promoted late processing of EfP. Furthermore, the interaction between EfP and SD significantly influenced the performance of ongoing WM tasks. Specifically, the kin's pain, compared to kin's nonpain, improved the participant's performance on low-load WM tasks; however, it diminished the participant's performance on tasks with high WM load. Overall, these results provide evidence at both behavioral and neural levels for the mutual influence of WM and EfP during the same temporal process, and SD emerged as a crucial moderating factor during these mutual influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Taiyong Bi
- Research Center of Humanities and Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Jiangli Tian
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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6
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Lin C, Lin X, Lian W, Zhang W, Peng W. Brains in sync, friends in empathy: interbrain neural mechanisms underlying the impact of interpersonal closeness on mutual empathy. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241326. [PMID: 39378995 PMCID: PMC11461084 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Many everyday empathetic experiences arise within our social interactions and depend significantly on interpersonal closeness. However, the interbrain processes underlying social-oriented empathy by interpersonal closeness remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a dyadic social judgement task with dyads of friends and strangers, where targets received social evaluative feedback and empathizers observed the scenario in different experimental trials. Results showed that dyads of friends exhibited greater affect sharing than strangers when witnessing their partners being accepted or rejected. This was supported by the more pronounced event-related potential similarity in friends during the 340-840 ms post-feedback window, mediating the link between interpersonal closeness and affect sharing. Furthermore, witnessing emotional feedback elicited greater interbrain neural synchronization of brain α-oscillation between the empathizer's left prefrontal cortex and the target's left temporoparietal junction in dyads of friends compared with those of strangers. This empathy-related synchronization was associated with mutual affect sharing within dyads of friends but not within dyads of strangers. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of empathy to interpersonal closeness, which links to sustained attention and detailed evaluation in social scenarios, along with functional communication between brain regions for mentalizing and emotional regulation. These insights have therapeutic potential for improving social functioning and relationship satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennan Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Lian
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Department for Cognition, Emotion and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenting Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Ghezeljeh FK, Kazemi R, Rostami R, Zandbagleh A, Khomami S, Vandi FR, Hadipour AL. Female Cerebellum Seems Sociable; An iTBS Investigation. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1783-1794. [PMID: 38530595 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum has been shown to be engaged in tasks other than motor control, including cognitive and affective functions. Prior neuroimaging studies have documented the role of this area in social cognition and despite these findings, no studies have yet examined the causal relationship between the cerebellum and social cognition. This study aimed to investigate the role of the cerebellum in empathy and theory of mind (ToM) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study. 32 healthy participants were assigned to either a sham or active group. For the active group, an intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) protocol at 100% of the motor threshold was applied to the cerebellum, while the control group received sham stimulation. An eyes-closed EEG session, the Empathy Quotient (EQ) test, and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) were administered before and after the iTBS session. The results demonstrated differences in cognitive empathy, ToM, and a decrease in the activity of the default mode network (DMN) between the active and sham groups in females. Females also showed a decrease in the activity of the affective empathy network and connectivity in the DMN. We conclude that cognitive empathy and ToM are associated with cerebellar activity, and due to sex-related differences in the cortical organization of this area which is modulated by sex hormones, the stimulation of the cerebellum in males and females yields different results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Farshi Moghadam (16 St.), North Kargar Ave., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zandbagleh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Khomami
- Department of Psychology, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abed L Hadipour
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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8
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Kim AY, Kim YY. Reduced late positive potentials to distress in individuals with high psychopathic traits during pain judgment tasks. Biol Psychol 2024; 190:108810. [PMID: 38723762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the empathic processing of individuals with psychopathic traits and healthy controls in response to pain, applying affective perspective-taking (Self vs. Other). Twenty subjects with high psychopathic traits and twenty control subjects performed pain judgment tasks in the study. During the tasks, late positive potentials (LPPs) of the participants were measured to assess emotional processing in reaction to visual stimuli depicting painful or non-painful situations. In early LPP time stage (500-700 ms), the control group and the psychopathic trait group exhibited comparable levels of empathic processing regarding pain. However, in late LPP time window (700-1100 ms), the control group showed a greater LPP amplitude to Pain stimuli than No-pain stimuli, whereas the psychopathic trait group exhibited non-significant amplitude differences between Pain and No-pain stimuli. These findings imply that individuals with high psychopathic traits may swiftly terminate the processing and encounter difficulties in reappraising distress cues, especially in the late stage, providing psychophysiological support for distinctive empathic processing with temporal aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Yeong Kim
- Department of Forensic Psychology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young Youn Kim
- Department of Forensic Psychology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea.
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9
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Mehta S, Chahal A, Malik S, Rai RH, Malhotra N, Vajrala KR, Sidiq M, Sharma A, Sharma N, Kashoo FZ. Understanding Female and Male Insights in Psychology: Who Thinks What? J Lifestyle Med 2024; 14:1-5. [PMID: 38665321 PMCID: PMC11039442 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2024.14.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary psychology is the study of human psychological behavior. During childhood, men and women behave similarly; however, as a child approaches puberty, new physical and behavioral changes emerge. Behavioral psychology focuses on understanding the functioning and thought processes of the human mind. The general population lacks knowledge of basic behavioral differences between men and women, leaving them unaware of their role, limitations, societal responsibilities, resulting in an underestimation of their own natural talents and biology. Thus, people tend to follow societal norms rather than exploring and utilizing their natural talents. The current review was designed and conducted to enforce compression on behavioral psychology in both genders as well as to identify variations in hormonal activity and sexual preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mehta
- Dukhbhanjni Charitable Polyclinic, Shri Guru Hargobind Sahib Sewa Society, Haryana, India
| | - Aksh Chahal
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Malik
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Hirendra Rai
- School of Physiotherapy, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU) Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitesh Malhotra
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Reddy Vajrala
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Sidiq
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Galgotias University Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Physiotherapy, Arogyam Institute of Paramedical and Allied Sciences (Affiliated to H.N.B. Uttarakhand Medical Education University), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Health Science, Uttaranchal College of Health Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Faizan Zaffar Kashoo
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Pan Z, Zhang C, Su W, Qi X, Feng X, Gao L, Xu X, Liu J. Relationship between individual differences in pain empathy and task- and resting-state EEG. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120452. [PMID: 37949258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain empathy is a complex form of psychological inference that enables us to understand how others feel in the context of pain. Since pain empathy may be grounded in our own pain experiences, it exhibits huge inter-individual variability. However, the neural mechanisms behind the individual differences in pain empathy and its association with pain perception are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to characterize brain mechanisms associated with individual differences in pain empathy in adult participants (n = 24). The 32-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded at rest and during a pain empathy task, and participants viewed static visual stimuli of the limbs submitted to painful and nonpainful stimulation to solicit empathy. The pain sensitivity of each participant was measured using a series of direct current stimulations. In our results, the N2 of Fz and the LPP of P3 and P4 were affected by painful pictures. We found that both delta and alpha bands in the frontal and parietal cortex were involved in the regulation of pain empathy. For the delta band, a close relationship was found between average power, either in the resting or task state, and individual differences in pain empathy. It suggested that the spectral power in Fz's delta band may reflect subjective pain empathy across individuals. For the alpha band, the functional connectivity between Fz and P3 under painful picture stimulation was correlated to individuals' pain sensitivity. It indicated that the alpha band may reflect individual differences in pain sensitivity and be involved in pain empathy processing. Our results suggested the distinct role of the delta and alpha bands of EEG signals in pain empathy processing and may deepen our understanding of the neural mechanisms underpinning pain empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Pan
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan 637000, PR China
| | - Wenjie Su
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingang Qi
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyue Feng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lanqi Gao
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan 637000, PR China.
| | - Jixin Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Miedzobrodzka E, van Hooff JC, Krabbendam L, Konijn EA. Desensitized gamers? Violent video game exposure and empathy for pain in adolescents - an ERP study. Soc Neurosci 2023; 18:365-381. [PMID: 37990996 PMCID: PMC10721224 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2023.2284999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This Event-Related Potential (ERP) study aimed to test how habitual and short-term violent video game exposure (VVGE) may affect empathy for pain responses in adolescents. In a within-subjects design, boys (N = 56; aged 12-16 years) performed a pain judgment task before and immediately after playing a violent video game. In this task, participants judged whether photos of hands depicted on their screen were in a painful situation or not. While both the P3 and the LPP components were not related to habitual violent video game exposure, general exposure to antisocial media content predicted lower P3 amplitudes to painful pictures. Further, 40 min of violent gameplay did not affect the P3 responses; however, it temporarily decreased LPP responses to painful pictures, suggesting a modest short-term desensitization effect. However, this latter interpretation is limited by a strong LPP pain effect - a significant amplitude difference between painful and non-painful pictures - that remained present in the post-game condition. Such persistent LPP effect may relate to the notion that adolescents are still learning how to properly regulate their emotional reactions. This study contributes to the limited literature on violent video games' desensitization in adolescents' brains, opening new avenues for media violence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Miedzobrodzka
- Department of Communication Science, Media Psychology Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Neuro-, and Developmental Psychology and Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna C. van Hooff
- College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lydia Krabbendam
- Department of Clinical, Neuro-, and Developmental Psychology and Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elly A. Konijn
- Department of Communication Science, Media Psychology Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Mari T, Henderson J, Ali SH, Hewitt D, Brown C, Stancak A, Fallon N. Machine learning and EEG can classify passive viewing of discrete categories of visual stimuli but not the observation of pain. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:50. [PMID: 37715119 PMCID: PMC10504739 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of machine learning (ML) in classifying physical pain from non-pain states using electroencephalographic (EEG) data. However, the application of ML to EEG data to categorise the observation of pain versus non-pain images of human facial expressions or scenes depicting pain being inflicted has not been explored. The present study aimed to address this by training Random Forest (RF) models on cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded while participants passively viewed faces displaying either pain or neutral expressions, as well as action scenes depicting pain or matched non-pain (neutral) scenarios. Ninety-one participants were recruited across three samples, which included a model development group (n = 40) and a cross-subject validation group (n = 51). Additionally, 25 participants from the model development group completed a second experimental session, providing a within-subject temporal validation sample. The analysis of ERPs revealed an enhanced N170 component in response to faces compared to action scenes. Moreover, an increased late positive potential (LPP) was observed during the viewing of pain scenes compared to neutral scenes. Additionally, an enhanced P3 response was found when participants viewed faces displaying pain expressions compared to neutral expressions. Subsequently, three RF models were developed to classify images into faces and scenes, neutral and pain scenes, and neutral and pain expressions. The RF model achieved classification accuracies of 75%, 64%, and 69% for cross-validation, cross-subject, and within-subject classifications, respectively, along with reasonably calibrated predictions for the classification of face versus scene images. However, the RF model was unable to classify pain versus neutral stimuli above chance levels when presented with subsequent tasks involving images from either category. These results expand upon previous findings by externally validating the use of ML in classifying ERPs related to different categories of visual images, namely faces and scenes. The results also indicate the limitations of ML in distinguishing pain and non-pain connotations using ERP responses to the passive viewing of visually similar images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Mari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, 2.21 Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - Jessica Henderson
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, 2.21 Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - S Hasan Ali
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, 2.21 Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Danielle Hewitt
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, 2.21 Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Christopher Brown
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, 2.21 Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrej Stancak
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, 2.21 Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Nicholas Fallon
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, 2.21 Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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13
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Wu AMS, Zhou H, Dang L, Chen JH. Is Empathy Associated with Gambling and Its Addiction? A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:689-711. [PMID: 35618858 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering the low levels of empathy associated with substance-related addictions and the similarities between gambling disorder (GD) and substance-related addiction, understanding the relationship between empathy and GD may clarify the mechanism of addiction development. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the empirical evidence for the potential protective role of emotional and cognitive empathy against GD development via internalizing and/or externalizing pathways. We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews and 11 articles met the inclusion criteria. Although most of the reviewed studies used correlational designs and non-gambling-specific samples, this review highlights (1) significant relationships between both types of empathy and the neural activity of gambling behaviors, and (2) reduced cognitive empathy (i.e., fantasy and perspective taking) and increased emotional empathy (i.e., personal distress) among problem gamblers than their gambling counterparts. Despite the lack of studies directly testing the protective role of empathy against GD, the existing studies (n = 8) nevertheless shed light on the potential protective effects of both types of empathy on GD development. This review identified research gaps, which can be addressed in future studies by discovering the underlying mechanisms (e.g., internalizing and externalizing pathways) of these relationships. Experimental or longitudinal studies in gamblers investigating how different types of empathy are associated with GD via these pathways are called for as their findings have implications for prevention and intervention designs for GD and other addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Le Dang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Faculty of Teacher Education, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Juliet Honglei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China
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14
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Engskov AS, Ydrefors A, El-Jaleb K, Åkeson J. Prospective paired crossover evaluation of potential impact of investigator gender on perceived pain intensity early after acute or scheduled surgery. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 37095547 PMCID: PMC10127324 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative pain is common but often difficult to assess, and there are many potential confounders. Over the last decades, the gender of investigator as well as participant has been found to influence pain perception in both preclinical and clinical studies. However, to our knowledge this has not been studied in various postoperative patients. Objectives of this study were to test the hypotheses that pain intensity levels early after acute or scheduled in- or out-hospital surgery are lower when evaluated by a female investigator, and higher when reported by a female patient. METHODS In this prospective observational paired crossover study, two investigators of opposite genders independently obtained individually reported pain intensity levels with a visual analogue scale in a mixed cohort of adult postoperative study patients at Skåne University Hospital in Malmö, Sweden. RESULTS In total, 245 (129 female) study patients were included and then one female excluded. The study patients rated their intensity of postoperative pain lower when evaluated by a female than by a male investigator (P = 0.006), where the male patients constituted the significant difference (P < 0.001). Pain intensity levels did not differ between female and male study patients (P = 0.210). CONCLUSIONS Main findings of lower pain intensity reported by males to a female than to a male investigator early after surgery in this paired crossover study in mixed postoperative patients, indicate that potential impact of investigator gender on pain perception should be considered and further evaluated in clinical bedside practice. Trial registration Retrospectively registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov research database on 24th June 2019 with TRN number NCT03968497.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sellgren Engskov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Skåne University Hospital, Carl Bertil Laurells Gata 9, 3rd floor, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Ydrefors
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karolin El-Jaleb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Åkeson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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15
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Dalle Nogare L, Cerri A, Proverbio AM. Emojis Are Comprehended Better than Facial Expressions, by Male Participants. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:278. [PMID: 36975303 PMCID: PMC10045925 DOI: 10.3390/bs13030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emojis are colorful ideograms resembling stylized faces commonly used for expressing emotions in instant messaging, on social network sites, and in email communication. Notwithstanding their increasing and pervasive use in electronic communication, they are not much investigated in terms of their psychological properties and communicative efficacy. Here, we presented 112 different human facial expressions and emojis (expressing neutrality, happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust) to a group of 96 female and male university students engaged in the recognition of their emotional meaning. Analyses of variance showed that male participants were significantly better than female participants at recognizing emojis (especially negative ones) while the latter were better than male participants at recognizing human facial expressions. Quite interestingly, male participants were better at recognizing emojis than human facial expressions per se. These findings are in line with more recent evidence suggesting that male individuals may be more competent and inclined to use emojis to express their emotions in messaging (especially sarcasm, teasing, and love) than previously thought. Finally, the data indicate that emojis are less ambiguous than facial expressions (except for neutral and surprise emotions), possibly because of the limited number of fine-grained details and the lack of morphological features conveying facial identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Mado Proverbio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20162 Milan, Italy
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16
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Lopez S, Del Percio C, Lizio R, Noce G, Padovani A, Nobili F, Arnaldi D, Famà F, Moretti DV, Cagnin A, Koch G, Benussi A, Onofrj M, Borroni B, Soricelli A, Ferri R, Buttinelli C, Giubilei F, Güntekin B, Yener G, Stocchi F, Vacca L, Bonanni L, Babiloni C. Patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia show partially preserved parietal 'hubs' modeled from resting-state alpha electroencephalographic rhythms. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:780014. [PMID: 36776437 PMCID: PMC9908964 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.780014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Graph theory models a network by its nodes (the fundamental unit by which graphs are formed) and connections. 'Degree' hubs reflect node centrality (the connection rate), while 'connector' hubs are those linked to several clusters of nodes (mainly long-range connections). Methods Here, we compared hubs modeled from measures of interdependencies of between-electrode resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalography (rsEEG) rhythms in normal elderly (Nold) and Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) participants. At least 5 min of rsEEG was recorded and analyzed. As ADD is considered a 'network disease' and is typically associated with abnormal rsEEG delta (<4 Hz) and alpha rhythms (8-12 Hz) over associative posterior areas, we tested the hypothesis of abnormal posterior hubs from measures of interdependencies of rsEEG rhythms from delta to gamma bands (2-40 Hz) using eLORETA bivariate and multivariate-directional techniques in ADD participants versus Nold participants. Three different definitions of 'connector' hub were used. Results Convergent results showed that in both the Nold and ADD groups there were significant parietal 'degree' and 'connector' hubs derived from alpha rhythms. These hubs had a prominent outward 'directionality' in the two groups, but that 'directionality' was lower in ADD participants than in Nold participants. Discussion In conclusion, independent methodologies and hub definitions suggest that ADD patients may be characterized by low outward 'directionality' of partially preserved parietal 'degree' and 'connector' hubs derived from rsEEG alpha rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Del Percio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lizio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Arnaldi
- Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Famà
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide V. Moretti
- Alzheimer’s Disease Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences and CESI, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS Synlab SDN, Naples, Italy
- Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carla Buttinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bahar Güntekin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Görsev Yener
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, Izmir, Türkiye
- Faculty of Medicine, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Telematic University San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vacca
- Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele of Cassino, Cassino, Italy
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17
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Chen T, Li Q, Peng M, Li X. Moral transgression modulates empathy for pain: Evidence from ERP and EEG data. Biol Psychol 2023; 176:108467. [PMID: 36455804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Empathy for others' pain plays a critical role in human social interactions; however, the influence of moral transgression remains unclear. We examined the effect of moral transgression on the behavioral and underlying neural processes of empathy for others' pain. Participants performed a pain-empathy task separately in a moral transgression condition and a neutral behavior condition, while an electroencephalogram was recorded. Event-related potential (ERP) results showed that empathic response, as reflected in the late positive component, was smaller when participants performed the task in the moral transgression condition than in the neutral behavior condition. Time-frequency results also showed decreased empathic effect on the beta event-related desynchronization response in the moral transgression as compared to the neutral behavior condition. However, empathic response as reflected in the N2 component was comparable between the moral conditions. These findings demonstrate a moral transgression effect on both cognitive evaluations and sensorimotor processes of empathy for others' pain. Furthermore, spontaneous alpha-oscillation power recorded prior to the onset of empathy-inducing stimuli was significantly higher in the moral transgression condition than in the neutral behavior condition. Consequently, differences in sustained attention may be the physiological foundation of the impact of moral transgression of the observed person on the cognitive and sensorimotor processes of empathy for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Chen
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Peng
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of the Ministry of Education and School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xu Li
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior of the Ministry of Education and School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Chin JH, Haring KS, Kim P. Understanding the neural mechanisms of empathy toward robots to shape future applications. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1145989. [PMID: 37125225 PMCID: PMC10130423 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1145989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview on how modern neuroscience evaluations link to robot empathy. It evaluates the brain correlates of empathy and caregiving, and how they may be related to the higher functions with an emphasis on women. We discuss that the understanding of the brain correlates can inform the development of social robots with enhanced empathy and caregiving abilities. We propose that the availability of these robots will benefit many aspects of the society including transition to parenthood and parenting, in which women are deeply involved in real life and scientific research. We conclude with some of the barriers for women in the field and how robotics and robot empathy research benefits from a broad representation of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna H. Chin
- Family and Child Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, Brain, Artificial Intelligence, and Child (BAIC) Center, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kerstin S. Haring
- Humane Robot Technology (HuRoT) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kerstin S. Haring
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Family and Child Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, Brain, Artificial Intelligence, and Child (BAIC) Center, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Balconi M, Kopiś-Posiej N, Venturella I, Zabielska-Mendyk E, Augustynowicz P, Angioletti L. The Effect of Cognitive Strategies and Facial Attractiveness on Empathic Neural Responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14617. [PMID: 36361497 PMCID: PMC9656427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Empathy is a phenomenon that brings together both emotions and an understanding of another person. Recent studies have disentangled the mechanisms of empathy into emotional and cognitive aspects. Event-related potential (ERP) studies suggest that emotional empathy is related to the modulation of the amplitude of early ERPs, and cognitive empathy is linked to later ERPs. In the current study, we examined the influences of facial attractiveness on empathic response and the effect of cognitive strategies with setting the participants' attention to attractiveness or pain. Participants (N= 19) viewed photos of physically attractive and unattractive men and women receiving painful stimulation. The amplitude of the N2 component measured at the frontal regions was more negative in painful stimulation compared to the non-painful, but only for attractive faces. There were no differences between painful and non-painful stimulation for unattractive faces. The amplitude of the P3 measured at the central-parietal region component was more positive in the painful condition compared to the non-painful one, but only when participants performed a pain judgment task. There were no differences in the attractiveness judgment task. This study showed that the attractiveness of a model and drawing the participants' attention to pain constitute an essential modulator of pain empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Natalia Kopiś-Posiej
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Irene Venturella
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia Zabielska-Mendyk
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Augustynowicz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
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20
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Wu X, Lu X, Zhang H, Bi Y, Gu R, Kong Y, Hu L. Sex difference in trait empathy is encoded in the human anterior insula. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5055-5065. [PMID: 36190444 PMCID: PMC10151876 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Females are considered the more empathic sex. This conventional view, however, has been challenged in the past few decades with mixed findings. These heterogeneous findings could be caused by the fact that empathy is a complex and multifaceted construct. To clarify whether sex differences exist in certain dimensions of empathy and whether they are associated with specific neural bases, this study measured trait empathy using the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) and collected brain structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data in a large sample of healthy participants (206 males vs. 302 females). We found that females scored higher in the personal distress (PD) subscale than males, but they were comparable to males in other IRI subscales. Sex difference in PD was encoded by brain structural (e.g. gray matter volume in left anterior insula [AI]) and functional (e.g. resting-state functional connectivity between left AI and temporoparietal junction/inferior frontal gyrus) characteristics. Notably, the relationship between sex and PD was indirect-only and serially mediated by AI-associated structural and functional characteristics. Altogether, our results suggested that sex difference existed in self-oriented affective empathy (i.e. PD) and highlighted the importance of the AI, both structurally and functionally, in mediating the sex difference in trait empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuejing Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yazhuo Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Single-dose testosterone administration modulates instant empathic responses to others' pain: An EEG study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 141:105768. [PMID: 35500352 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Whether or not testosterone can impair empathy remains unclear in the literature. Given that empathic responses to others' emotional experiences depend strongly upon top-down controlled mechanisms of attention, here we investigated whether the effects of testosterone administration on pain empathy could be modulated by manipulating attention. We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled within-participant design, in which either testosterone or placebo was administrated in separate sessions. Images depicting painful or nonpainful scenes were presented to induce instant empathic responses. Experiment 1 adopted the pain-judgment and hands-counting tasks to direct attention toward painful or nonpainful aspect of the images, respectively. Experiment 2 employed the pain-rating task to estimate affective and cognitive aspects of pain empathy. When discriminating nonpainful aspects of the images in the hands-counting task, accuracies were lower and empathic late positive potential responses were greater in testosterone sessions than in placebo sessions. This suggested that testosterone enhanced empathic responses to task-irrelevant pain-related features, which interfered with task performance. When providing empathic ratings to the images in the pain-rating task, empathic event-related potentials in the early stage were only observed in the testosterone session. This suggested that testosterone facilitated automatic affective reactivity to others' pain when elaborately processing empathic stimuli. Nevertheless, when discriminating painful aspects of the images in the pain-judgment task, we did not observe any significant differences between the two sessions. These results demonstrated that testosterone effects on enhancing brain reactivity to empathic stimuli were dependent upon task demands deploying attention allocation. The enhancement likely arose from the altered brain state (e.g., increased vigilance and arousal levels) after testosterone administration, as evidenced by the reduced amplitude of spontaneous α-oscillation recorded before the onset of the images. It expands our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that affect empathy, and highlights the role of testosterone.
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Giocondo F, Borghi AM, Baldassarre G, Caligiore D. Emotions Modulate Affordances-Related Motor Responses: A Priming Experiment. Front Psychol 2022; 13:701714. [PMID: 35756268 PMCID: PMC9215344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.701714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, research on affordances and emotions follows two separate routes. For the first time, this article explicitly links the two phenomena by investigating whether, in a discrimination task (artifact vs. natural object), the motivational states induced by emotional images can modulate affordances-related motor response elicited by dangerous and neutral graspable objects. The results show faster RTs: (i) for both neutral and dangerous objects with neutral images; (ii) for dangerous objects with pleasant images; (iii) for neutral objects with unpleasant images. Overall, these data support a significant effect of emotions on affordances. The article also proposes a brain neural network underlying emotions and affordance interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Giocondo
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Borghi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldassarre
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-up, ISTC-CNR Spin-off, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Caligiore
- AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-up, ISTC-CNR Spin-off, Rome, Italy.,Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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23
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Knopp M, Burghardt J, Meyer B, Sprung M. How Individual and Situational Factors Influence Measures of Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind in Psychiatric Inpatients. Front Psychol 2022; 13:855038. [PMID: 35664128 PMCID: PMC9161354 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders are associated with difficulties to correctly infer the mental states of other's (theory of mind; ToM). These inferences either relate to affective states of others (affective ToM) or to their thoughts, intentions, or beliefs (cognitive ToM) and can be associated with mental disorder. The current study explores the influence of individual and situational effects on the measurement of ToM abilities within two clinical samples, to increase generalizability. We analyzed data from 229 in-patients; 103 patients treated for alcohol use disorder and 126 patients treated for a personality disorder. ToM was assessed with the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC). We analyzed changes in test performance over the course of the test using a logistic linear mixed effects model. Performance on the cognitive ToM items decreased over time, while performance on the affective ToM items increased over time. This difference was more pronounced among older individuals. The results show important moderators of ToM performance that might help to resolve inconsistencies in the current literature about ToM abilities in different clinical or age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Knopp
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Burghardt
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Manuel Sprung
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Psychiatric Rehabilitation Clinic Gars am Kamp, Psychosomatisches Zentrum Waldviertel, Gars am Kamp, Austria
- Psychosomatisches Zentrum Waldviertel, University Hospital for Psychosomatic Medicine Eggenburg, Eggenburg, Austria
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24
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Costa TG, Duque L, do Amaral LC, Viana RB, da Silva WF, Vancini RL, Andrade MS, de Lira CAB. Unpleasant Pictures Exposure Evokes Different Repercussion on Emotional State and Heart Rate Response in Healthy Women and Men. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2022; 47:85-94. [PMID: 35006474 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-021-09532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the heart rate response, emotion and changes in anxiety and anger levels after exposure to unpleasant pictures from the International Assessment Pictures System (IAPS) compared with neutral picture exposure in healthy individuals. Forty participants (23 women) visited the laboratory on two occasions. State anger and state anxiety levels were evaluated pre- and post-visualization of a set of IAPS pictures and heart rate was monitored during exposure. Two different picture sets were utilized-one with neutral pictures (that served as the control) and the other with unpleasant pictures. State anxiety and state anger were higher in post-unpleasant session for women than before (p < 0.001). For men, only state anxiety was higher in the post-unpleasant session (p < 0.001). State anxiety (p = 0.004) and state anger (p < 0.001) post-unpleasant session was higher for women than in men. The pleasure and dominance domains were lower in the unpleasant session for both men and women (p < 0.001), and the arousal domain was higher for both men and women (p < 0.001) than in the neutral session. In the unpleasant session, arousal was higher (p = 0.004), and dominance was lower (p < 0.001) among women than among men, but no difference in pleasure was found (p > 0.05). For women, average heart rate was higher on unpleasant session, compared to neutral (p = 0.01), but not for men (p > 0.05). Women are more sensitive and react strongly to unpleasant picture exposure. The IAPS unpleasant session was not able to induce anger levels in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Guilarducci Costa
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Avenue Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Duque
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Avenue Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Carrara do Amaral
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Avenue Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Borges Viana
- Superior School of Physical Education and Physiotherapy of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Estácio de Sá College, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Wellington Fernando da Silva
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Avenue Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Avenue Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.
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25
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OUP accepted manuscript. Health Promot Int 2022:6586599. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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The influence of social pain experience on empathic neural responses: the moderating role of gender. Exp Brain Res 2021; 240:53-69. [PMID: 34854933 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Empathy for pain, the ability to share and understand the pain of others, plays an important role in the survival and development of individuals. Previous studies have found that social pain experience affects empathy for pain, but potential gender differences have not been considered. The stage of information processing during which gender is most likely to play a moderating role has yet to be clarified. In the current study, we set up two groups (social pain experience priming: social exclusion group; positive social interaction experience priming: social inclusion group) with a Cyberball game paradigm. We recorded the electrophysiological responses when participants were completing an empathy task. An early frontal P2 and N2 differentiation between painful stimuli and neutral stimuli was observed and females showed larger P2 amplitudes than males. At the P3 stage, in the social exclusion group, males showed similar parietal P3 amplitudes for painful and neutral stimuli, while females showed smaller P3 amplitudes for painful stimuli. At the central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) stage, females in the social inclusion group showed larger LPP amplitudes for painful stimuli than males. Our results suggest that gender plays a significant moderating role in how social pain experience affects empathy for pain during the late cognitive processing stage. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the cognitive mechanism behind the results for the P3 component in females and the results partially confirmed our speculation. This study provides a neurophysiological basis for the dynamic gender differences in the effects of social pain experience on empathy for pain.
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Sellgren Engskov A, Lejbman I, Åkeson J. Randomized cross-over evaluation of investigator gender on pain thresholds in healthy volunteers. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2021; 19:Doc14. [PMID: 34955699 PMCID: PMC8662746 DOI: 10.3205/000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims: This randomized cross-over study in healthy volunteers was designed primarily to evaluate the potential impact of investigator gender on electrical pain threshold (EPT) and corresponding pain intensity levels, and secondly to evaluate potential differences in those interventions between female and male study participants. Methods: Forty adult volunteers (22 females) were included. An electrical stimulation device was used to determine EPT levels (in pain magnitude scores) in series of three in each study participant - once by a female, and once by a male investigator - according to a predefined cross-over design schedule. Corresponding levels of pain intensity were scored on a visual analog scale (VAS) slide ruler. Results: Study data was obtained and analysed in all participants. Significantly higher EPT levels were determined by the female investigator compared with the male investigator (median 22 (IQR 12-31) vs. 8 (6-10) pain magnitude scores; p<0.0001), despite similar levels of reported pain intensity (1.9 (1.2-3.0) vs. 2.0 (1.1-3.4) VAS units; p>0.300). There were no differences in EPT levels between female and male subjects evaluated by female (p>0.300) and male (p=0.125) investigators, or between the first and second series of stimulation (p>0.300). Conclusions: Our finding of significantly higher EPT levels when study participants of both genders - despite no difference in reported pain intensity - were evaluated by a female than by a male investigator, indicates a potential impact of investigator gender on the individual perception of pain. Implications: By contributing to a better understanding of how individual pain threshold levels are potentially influenced by investigator gender, this study might facilitate future evaluation of pain conditions in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sellgren Engskov
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Anna Sellgren Engskov, Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Carl Bertil Laurells Gata 9, 3rd Floor, 20502 Malmö, Sweden, Phone: +46 40331000, E-mail:
| | - Ilja Lejbman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Åkeson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Kopiś-Posiej N, Cudo A, Tużnik P, Wojtasiński M, Augustynowicz P, Zabielska-Mendyk E, Bogucka V. The impact of problematic Facebook use and Facebook context on empathy for pain processing: An event-related potential study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bi T, Xie Q, Gao J, Zhang T, Kou H. The Effect of Empathy on the Attentional Processing of Painful and Emotional Stimuli. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1223-1234. [PMID: 34408507 PMCID: PMC8364384 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s318657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Empathy is shown to affect the attentional processing of painful stimuli and emotional stimuli. However, whether the attentional effects on emotional stimuli depend on emotional valence and the nature of the relationship between the attentional effects on different stimuli are still unknown. Methods In the present study, 25 high-empathy (HE) participants and 25 low-empathy (LE) participants were recruited to perform dot-probe tasks on painful stimuli and emotional stimuli. Results The results showed that HE individuals had weak attentional disengagement to painful pictures. More importantly, regarding emotional pictures, HE individuals showed attentional avoidance to negative emotion pictures, while LE individuals showed attentional bias to positive emotion pictures. Correlation analysis showed that the attentional bias score and attentional disengagement score were only associated with each other within the same category of stimuli (painful, positive or negative stimuli). Conclusion These results revealed that HE individuals mainly showed attentional avoidance to negative stimuli, while LE individuals mainly showed attentional bias to positive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyong Bi
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinhong Xie
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China.,School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Gao
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Kou
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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Jain A, Tabatabai R, Vo A, Riddell J. "I Have Nothing Else to Give": A Qualitative Exploration of Emergency Medicine Residents' Perceptions of Burnout. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2021; 33:407-415. [PMID: 33522297 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2021.1875833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PHENOMENON: Resident physicians experience high degrees of burnout. Medical educators are tasked with implementing burnout interventions, however they possess an incomplete understanding of residents' lived experiences with this phenomenon. Attempts to understand burnout using quantitative methods may insufficiently capture the complexities of resident burnout and limit our ability to implement meaningful specialty-specific interventions. Qualitative studies examining how residents conceptualize burnout have been briefly examined in other specialties, however the specific stressors that characterize emergency medicine training may lead residents to experience burnout differently. This study used qualitative methodology to explore emergency medicine trainees' perceptions of the complex phenomenon of burnout during their residency training years. Approach: In order to evaluate a novel wellness intervention at their emergency medicine residency program, the authors conducted four semi-structured focus groups with residents and recent alumni from May 2018 to August 2018. After the focus groups concluded, the authors noted that they lacked an insightful understanding of their residents' own experiences with physician burnout. Thus, they performed a secondary analysis of data initially gathered for the curricular evaluation. They followed a reflexive thematic analysis approach, analyzing all focus group transcripts in an iterative manner, discussing and refining codes, and developing thematic categories. Findings: Residents described individual-level manifestations of burnout in their day-to-day lives, a calloused view of patient suffering in the clinical environment, and a fatalistic view toward burnout during their training. They experienced a pervasive negativity, emotional fragility, and neglect of self that bled into their social environments. Clinically, burnout contributed to the erosion of the therapeutic physician-patient relationship. Residents perceived burnout as an inevitable and necessary element of their residency training years. Insights: Residents' lived experiences with burnout include nonclinical manifestations that challenge existing frameworks suggesting that burnout is restricted to the work domain. Burnout interventions in emergency medicine training programs may be more effective if educators inculcate habitual practices of self-monitoring in trainees and explicitly set resident expectations of patient acuity in the clinical environment. UNLABELLED Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2021.1875833.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jain
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramin Tabatabai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne Vo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Riddell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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31
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The neural substrate of schadenfreude: The effects of competition level changes on the processing of pain in others. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Proverbio AM. Sex differences in the social brain and in social cognition. J Neurosci Res 2021; 101:730-738. [PMID: 33608982 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported sex differences in empathy and social skills. In this review, several lines of empirical evidences about sex differences in functions and anatomy of social brain are discussed. The most relevant differences involve face processing, facial expression recognition, response to baby schema, the ability to see faces in things, the processing of social interactions, the response to the others' pain, interest in social information, processing of gestures and actions, biological motion, erotic, and affective stimuli. Sex differences in oxytocin-based parental response are also reported. In conclusion, the female and male brains show several neuro-functional differences in various aspects of social cognition, and especially in emotional coding, face processing, and response to baby schema. An interpretation of this sexual dimorphism is provided in the view of evolutionary psychobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mado Proverbio
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Galang CM, Jenkins M, Fahim G, Obhi SS. Exploring the relationship between social power and the ERP components of empathy for pain. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:174-188. [PMID: 33534653 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1886165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Social power (the ability to control or influence another's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors) and empathy (the ability to both share and understand the thoughts and feelings of others) are fundamental to social life. Here, we explore the relationship between social power and the ERP components associated with empathy for pain. Participants were induced into states of high and low social power via a double blind version of the episodic recall task (e.g., "recall a time you felt powerful"). Afterward, they completed a pain categorization task, viewing pictures of hands that were in pain or not in pain, from a first-person or third-person visual perspective. Whereas both high and low social power states were associated with enhanced N2 amplitudes when observing another in pain, only the high social power state was associated with an enhancement of the P3. Based on this pattern of data, we tentatively suggest that, whereas social power does not seem to impact the initial emotional response to observing another's pain (as indexed by the N2), low social power might induce changes in the cognitive evaluation of another's pain relative to high social power (as indexed by the P3). We discuss our findings in relation to the broader literature on power and empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Michael Galang
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Jenkins
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Fahim
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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CHEN J, WU K, SHI Y, AI X. The relationship between dispositional self-construal and empathy foringroup and outgroup members’ pain: evidence from ERPs. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Palmieri A, Meconi F, Vallesi A, Capizzi M, Pick E, Marcato S, Kleinbub JR, Sorarù G, Sessa P. Enhanced Neural Empathic Responses in Patients with Spino-Bulbar Muscular Atrophy: An Electrophysiological Study. Brain Sci 2020; 11:E16. [PMID: 33374355 PMCID: PMC7824338 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spino-bulbar muscular atrophy is a rare genetic X-linked disease caused by testosterone insensitivity. An inverse correlation has been described between testosterone levels and empathic responses. The present study explored the profile of neural empathic responding in spino-bulbar muscular atrophy patients. METHODS Eighteen patients with spino-bulbar muscular atrophy and eighteen healthy male controls were enrolled in the study. Their event-related potentials were recorded during an "Empathy Task" designed to distinguish neural responses linked with experience-sharing (early response) and mentalizing (late response) components of empathy. The task involved the presentation of contextual information (painful vs. neutral sentences) and facial expressions (painful vs. neutral). An explicit dispositional empathy-related questionnaire was also administered to all participants, who were screened via neuropsychological battery tests that did not reveal potential cognitive deficits. Due to electrophysiological artefacts, data from 12 patients and 17 controls were finally included in the analyses. RESULTS Although patients and controls did not differ in terms of dispositional, explicit empathic self-ratings, notably conservative event-related potentials analyses (i.e., spatio-temporal permutation cluster analyses) showed a significantly greater experience-sharing neural response in patients compared to healthy controls in the Empathy-task when both contextual information and facial expressions were painful. CONCLUSION The present study contributes to the characterization of the psychological profile of patients with spino-bulbar muscular atrophy, highlighting the peculiarities in enhanced neural responses underlying empathic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Palmieri
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato, 35139 Padova, Italy; (A.P.); (E.P.); (S.M.); (J.R.K.)
- Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Meconi
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neurosciences (DNS) & Padova Neuroscience Centre, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.V.); (G.S.)
- Brain Imaging & Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Pick
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato, 35139 Padova, Italy; (A.P.); (E.P.); (S.M.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Sonia Marcato
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato, 35139 Padova, Italy; (A.P.); (E.P.); (S.M.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Johann R. Kleinbub
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato, 35139 Padova, Italy; (A.P.); (E.P.); (S.M.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences (DNS) & Padova Neuroscience Centre, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Paola Sessa
- Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology (DPSS), University of Padova, Via Venezia, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Chang W, Wang H, Yan G, Lu Z, Liu C, Hua C. EEG based functional connectivity analysis of human pain empathy towards humans and robots. Neuropsychologia 2020; 151:107695. [PMID: 33245968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans can show emotional reactions toward humanoid robots, such as empathy. Previous neuroimaging studies have indicated that neural responses of empathy for others' pain are modulated by an early automatic emotional sharing and a late controlled cognitive evaluation process. Recent studies about pain empathy for robots found humans present similar empathy process towards humanoid robots under painful stimuli as well as to humans. However, the whole-brain functional connectivity and the spatial dynamics of neural activities underlying empathic processes are still unknown. In the present study, the functional connectivity was investigated for ERPs recorded from 18 healthy adults who were presented with pictures of human hand and robot hand under painful and non-painful situations. Functional brain networks for both early and late empathy responses were constructed and a new parameter, empathy index (EI), was proposed to represent the empathy ability of humans quantitatively. We found that the mutual dependences between early ERP components was significantly decreased, but for the late components, there were no significant changes. The mutual dependences for human hand stimuli were larger than to robot hand stimuli for early components, but not for late components. The connectivity weights for early components were larger than late components. EI value shows significant difference between painful and non-painful stimuli, indicating it is a good indicator to represent the empathy of humans. This study enriches our understanding of the neurological mechanisms implicated in human empathy, and provides evidence of functional connectivity for both early and late responses of pain empathy towards humans and robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 730070, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China.
| | - Guanghui Yan
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 730070, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zhiguo Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China.
| | - Chengcheng Hua
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Chen J, Chang B, Li W, Shi Y, Shen H, Wang R, Liu L. Dispositional Self-Construal Modulates the Empathy for Others' Pain: An ERP Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:508141. [PMID: 33123035 PMCID: PMC7573162 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.508141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that temporal self-construal priming can modulate the empathic neural responses to others' pain. However, little is known about the influences of the dispositional self-construal on empathic neural responses to others' pain. The present study aimed to investigate neural correlates that underlie the modulation effect of dispositional self-construal on perception of others' pain. Event-related potentials were recorded for pictures depicting the hands of strangers in painful or no-painful situations while subjects performed a pain judgment task. The regression analysis on behavioral data showed that the level of interdependent self-construal could positively predict behavioral ratings of perceived pain, but not the self-unpleasantness. The ERP results showed painful stimuli elicited decreased N2 amplitudes and larger P3 amplitudes than those by no-painful stimuli. Moreover, the level of interdependent self-construal (interdependence minus independence scores) could predict the amplitude differences on the P3 component (painful minus neutral stimulus conditions), but not the N2 component: the higher the level of the interdependent self-construal, the larger amplitude differences of P3 to painful stimuli (vs. no-painful stimuli). These findings extended previous studies by showing a clear modulation effect of the dispositional self-construal on empathic neural responses to others' pain, and that this modulation effect occurred at the late cognitive evaluation stage indexed by the P3 component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Bijia Chang
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yupeng Shi
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Haizhou Shen
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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38
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Jiang Y, Zhu M, Yu F, Wang K. Impaired empathy in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy: An event-related potentials study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107274. [PMID: 32693373 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that may be complicated by neurobehavioral comorbidities. In a previous study, we identified impairment of empathy in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). However, the temporal processing of empathy in patients with IGE is not well understood. METHODS We investigated empathy for pain and self-reported empathy in 21 patients with IGE and 22 healthy control subjects. All study participants were required to complete a pain empathy task involving images of individuals in pain and neutral conditions during recording of event-related potentials. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the patients with IGE showed impaired cognitive empathy but intact emotional empathy on the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index; they also had normal N1, N2, and late positive potential (LPP) but lower P3 amplitudes evoked by depictions of pain in others when compared with neutral images during the pain judgment task; the difference in the effects of pain empathy on the pain task between the IGE group and the control group was statistically significant. CONCLUSION These results indicate that later processing of pain empathy is impaired but early processing is intact in patients with IGE. The present study extends the findings of our previous behavioral study by providing solid evidence of impaired empathy in patients with IGE at the neural processing level.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuBao Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China..
| | - MingYu Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fengqiong Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui, China; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui, China; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China..
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39
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Kopiś N, Francuz P, Zabielska-Mendyk E, Augustynowicz P. Feeling Other People's Pain: An Event-Related Potential Study on Facial Attractiveness and Emotional Empathy. Adv Cogn Psychol 2020; 16:169-175. [PMID: 32685061 PMCID: PMC7355155 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy is the ability to understand and react to other people's inner states. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that there are two aspects of empathy which are subserved by distinct brain networks. The emotional aspect of empathy is reflected by bottom-up processes and the cognitive aspect of empathy is influenced by top-down processes. Both aspects can be studied by measuring the reaction of participants exposed to the pictures of models who feel physical pain, for example, having a needle stuck in their cheek. The early event-related potential (ERP) N2 has been reported in observing other’s physical pain and has been suggested as a biomarker of the emotional aspect of empathy. The present study investigated the time course of processing other’s pain and the influence of face attractiveness on the early ERP component. Participants (N = 24) viewed photos of physically attractive and unattractive men and women during painful (a needle in the check) and nonpainful stimulation (Q-tip touching the skin). N1 and P2 components were sensitive to face attractiveness. The amplitude of the N2 component was more positive for the stimuli associated with pain than for neutral stimuli, but only for unattractive faces. Therefore, we suggest that a difference in the N2 amplitude to pain in unattractive faces most likely reflects a difference in emphatic response depending on facial attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kopiś
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland1
| | - Piotr Francuz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland1
| | - Emilia Zabielska-Mendyk
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland1
| | - Paweł Augustynowicz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland1
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40
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Ren Q, Lu X, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Hu L. Can self-pain sensitivity quantify empathy for others' pain? Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13637. [PMID: 32686117 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Empathy is essential for the survival of social species. In many studies, especially those with animal models, empathy for pain was evaluated by the modulation of pain sensitivity. However, the relationship between pain sensitivity and empathy for pain is not well established. Here, by performing two experiments, we aimed to investigate their relationship at both behavioral and electrophysiological levels. In Experiment 1, we characterized individual pain sensitivity using pain threshold and tolerance in a cold pressor test, self-report empathy using Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and pain-related psychological factors, including pain-related anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, and pain-related fear, using well-validated questionnaires. We observed that pain sensitivity was positively correlated with emotional empathy, and their relationship was mediated by pain-related anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and pain-related fear. In Experiment 2, we quantified empathy for pain using pain intensity and unpleasantness as well as event-related potentials (ERPs) in an empathy for pain task. Positive correlations were observed between pain sensitivity and psychophysiological empathic responses (i.e., the P3 component and the late positive potential in ERPs), and their relationship was mediated by pain-related fear. These results suggested that being influenced by some pain-related psychological factors, individuals with higher pain sensitivity tended to have stronger empathy for pain, manifested as stronger emotional reactions to others' pain. Our results indicated that the conventional strategy of using pain sensitivity to quantify empathy should be treated with caution, as their relationship could be disturbed by experimental manipulations or pathological modulations that could influence individual emotional states or cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyue Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Mairon N, Nahum M, Stolk A, Knight RT, Perry A. Behavioral and EEG Measures Show no Amplifying Effects of Shared Attention on Attention or Memory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8458. [PMID: 32439964 PMCID: PMC7242358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shared attention experiments examine the potential differences in function or behavior when stimuli are experienced alone or in the presence of others, and when simultaneous attention of the participants to the same stimulus or set is involved. Previous work has found enhanced reactions to emotional stimuli in social situations, yet these changes might represent enhanced communicative or motivational purposes. This study examines whether viewing emotional stimuli in the presence of another person influences attention to or memory for the stimulus. Participants passively viewed emotionally-valenced stimuli while completing another task (counting flowers). Each participant performed this task both alone and in a shared attention condition (simultaneously with another person in the same room) while EEG signals were measured. Recognition of the emotional pictures was later measured. A significant shared attention behavioral effect was found in the attention task but not in the recognition task. Compared to event-related potential responses for neutral pictures, we found higher P3b response for task relevant stimuli (flowers), and higher Late Positive Potential (LPP) responses for emotional stimuli. However, no main effect was found for shared attention between presence conditions. To conclude, shared attention may therefore have a more limited effect on cognitive processes than previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Mairon
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mor Nahum
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Anat Perry
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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42
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Gu R, Liu J, Cui F. Pain and social decision-making: New insights from the social framing effect. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2019.9050020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the social function of painful experience as revealed by recent studies on social decision-making. Observing others suffering from physical pain evokes empathic reactions that can lead to prosocial behavior (e.g., helping others at a cost to oneself), which might be regarded as the social value of pain derived from evolution. Feelings of guilt may also be elicited when one takes responsibility for another’s pain. These social emotions play a significant role in various cognitive processes and may affect behavioral preferences. In addition, the influence of others’ pain on decision-making is highly sensitive to social context. Combining neuroimaging techniques with a novel decision paradigm, we found that when asking participants to trade-off personal benefits against providing help to other people, verbally describing the causal relationship between their decision and other people’s pain (i.e., framing) significantly changed participants’ preferences. This social framing effect was associated with neural activation in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), which is a brain area that is important in social cognition and in social emotions. Further, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on this region successfully modulated the magnitude of the social framing effect. These findings add to the knowledge about the role of perception of others’ pain in our social life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fang Cui
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518060, China
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43
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Lübke KT, Sachse C, Hoenen M, Pause BM. Mu-Suppression as an Indicator of Empathic Processes in Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Adults. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:635-644. [PMID: 31602582 PMCID: PMC7031183 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-reported empathy differs with gender and sexual orientation. The current study investigated whether mu-suppression, reflecting brain activity especially related to state empathy, also is modulated by gender and sexual orientation. Pictures of painful and non-painful actions were presented to 20 lesbians, 20 gay men, 20 heterosexual men and 20 heterosexual women, while EEG was recorded. Individual peak frequencies of mu-activity (electrodes C3, C4) were detected within the 6-11 Hz band for each participant, and mu-suppression indices were calculated. Further, verbal indicators of state empathy (pain ratings) and compassion were assessed. Only heterosexual individuals showed the typical pattern of enhanced mu-suppression in response to painful relative to non-painful pictures. Lesbian women and gay men did not show a differential mu-response. Moreover, they felt less compassion compared to heterosexual individuals. In line with this finding, the more compassion the participants reported, the stronger the mu-suppression in response to painful relative to non-painful pictures was. Pain ratings did not vary with sexual orientation. The lesser compassion reported by lesbian women and gay men is discussed as a mediator of their non-differential mu-suppression response. It is hypothesized that this pattern might relate to gay men and lesbian women tending to perceive the anonymous depicted actors as outgroup members, hence showing less compassion and reduced mu-suppression. As empathy is often related to negative feelings (empathic stress), a clear distinction between individuals to empathize with versus individuals not to emphasize with may well be an adaptive feature in same-sex oriented individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin T Lübke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Sachse
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoenen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina M Pause
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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44
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Yu H, Nan W, Yang G, Li Q, Wu H, Liu X. Your Performance Is My Concern: A Perspective-Taking Competition Task Affects ERPs to Opponent's Outcomes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1162. [PMID: 31736696 PMCID: PMC6829177 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that people have more empathic responses to in-group members and more schadenfreude to out-group members. As a dimension of cognitive empathy, perspective-taking has been considered to be related to the enhancement of empathy. We tried to combine these effects through manipulation of a competitive task with opponents and an in-group partner and investigated the potential effect of in-group bias or the perspective-taking effect on outcome evaluation. We hypothesized that the neural activities would provide evidence of in-group bias. We tested it with a simple gambling observation task and recorded subjects' electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. Our results showed that the opponent's loss evoked larger feedback-related negativity (FRN) and smaller P300 activity than the partner's loss condition, and there was a win vs. loss differential effect in P300 for the opponent only. The principal component analysis (PCA) replicated the loss vs. win P300 effect to opponent's performance. Moreover, the correlation between the inclusion of the other in the self (IOS) scores and FRN suggests perspective-taking may induce greater monitoring to opponent's performance, which increases the win vs. loss differentiation brain response to the out-group agent. Our results thus provide evidence for the enhanced attention toward out-group individuals after competition manipulation, as well as the motivation significance account of FRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhi Nan
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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45
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Ma X, Wu K, Zhang E. The Role of Social Power in Neural Responses to Others' Pain. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2320. [PMID: 31681112 PMCID: PMC6804528 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that empathic responses are modulated by social power. However, there is little consensus regarding how an observer's social power can shape empathic responses. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to explore the role of social power in empathic responses. Specifically, to induce the sense of power, we asked participants to recall a past situation in which they were in a position of power (high power prime) or a situation in which they were lacking power (low power prime). Afterward, we used ERPs to record the responses when participants were viewing pictures depicting other people in painful or non-painful situations. The results revealed that larger amplitudes in the earlier P2 and the later P3 components in response to painful stimuli than to non-painful stimuli. Besides, participants primed with high power only showed larger P1 amplitudes than participants primed with low power. The present study extended previous studies by showing that social power tends to enhance the early sensory processing of both painful and non-painful stimuli, instead of directly decreasing the level of empathic responses to others' pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Ma
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Entao Zhang
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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46
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Galang CM, Jenkins M, Obhi SS. Exploring the effects of visual perspective on the ERP components of empathy for pain. Soc Neurosci 2019; 15:186-198. [PMID: 31564225 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2019.1674686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous neurophysiological research suggests that there are event-related potential (ERP) components associated with empathy for pain: an early affective component (N2) and two late cognitive components (P3/LPP). The current study investigated whether and how the visual perspective from which a painful event is observed affects these ERP components. Participants viewed images of hands in pain vs. not in pain from a first-person or third-person perspective. We found that visual perspective influences both the early and late components. In the early component (N2), there was a larger mean amplitude during observation of pain vs no-pain exclusively when images were shown from a first-person perspective. We suggest that this effect may be driven by misattributing the on-screen hand to oneself. For the late component (P3), we found a larger effect of pain on mean amplitudes in response to third-person relative to first-person images. We speculate that the P3 may reflect a later process that enables effective recognition of others' pain in the absence of misattribution. We discuss our results in relation to self- vs other-related processing by questioning whether these ERP components are truly indexing empathy (an other-directed process) or a simple misattribution of another's pain as one's own (a self-directed process).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Michael Galang
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael Jenkins
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sukhvinder S Obhi
- Social Brain, Body and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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47
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Qinqin W, Guangming R. Processing of Painful Pictures in Individuals With High and Low Rejection Sensitivity: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials. Iperception 2019; 10:2041669519879722. [PMID: 31632629 PMCID: PMC6767732 DOI: 10.1177/2041669519879722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have investigated the relation between the processing of painful stimuli and rejection. Little was known, however, about the impact of the rejection sensitivity (RS) on the processing of painful pictures. This study addressed this issue using high temporal resolution event-related potential techniques. Thirty high RS (20 women and 10 men who scored in the top 20th percentile of the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire scores) and 30 low RS (20 women and 10 men who scored in the bottom 20th percentile) volunteers participated in the experiment. All volunteers performed a discrimination task of painful pictures in which they were asked to judge whether target pictures were painful or not. Behaviorally, participants exhibited shorter reaction times for painful than nonpainful pictures. For the P100 component, low RS participants showed stronger brain activities for painful than nonpainful pictures, suggesting vigilance toward painful pictures. High RS participants, however, exhibited no P100 amplitude differences between painful and nonpainful pictures, indicating an analgesia phenomenon. Furthermore, we found that there were larger amplitudes in the late late positive complex component for painful compared with nonpainful pictures, regardless of participants' RS. This suggested a person's further assessment for painful pictures. In short, our findings demonstrated that the level of RS influenced the pain processing at a very early stage of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Guangming
- Department of Psychology, Institute of
Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
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48
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Maffei A, Spironelli C, Angrilli A. Affective and cortical EEG gamma responses to emotional movies in women with high vs low traits of empathy. Neuropsychologia 2019; 133:107175. [PMID: 31449821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to investigate how differences in trait empathy can influence emotional reactivity to a specific set of affective categories. Forty-one female students, divided in High (HE, n = 20) and Low (LE, n = 21) trait empathy, watched eight validated movie clips divided in four emotional categories (Erotic, Fear, Compassion and Neutral) while subjective evaluation of emotion and EEG gamma activity were recorded. Analysis of self-reports revealed that HE compared to LE exhibited an increased arousal level to all emotional clips. Concerning EEG data, the HE group showed a greater cortical gamma to all the emotional categories compared to the Neutral, while the LE group had greater response only to the negative clips. Participants in the HE group also showed a strong positive correlation between subjective arousal and cortical activity in response to Fear and Compassion clips. The greatest correlation was found to Compassion clips and was located in the right inferior parietal lobe (r(18) = 0.63), an important hub for both sensory-emotion integration and empathic sharing of others' emotions. Results suggest that high empathy was associated with enhanced gamma activity and greater self-reported arousal to all emotional stimuli. Furthermore, in this group, scenes with crying characters prompted a distinctive and localized cortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maffei
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Spironelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy; PNC - Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angrilli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy; IN CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, Italy; PNC - Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy.
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49
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Głębocka A. Stress and Dehumanizing Behaviors of Medical Staff Toward Patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1133:97-104. [PMID: 30632115 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Dehumanization is defined as aggressive behaviors which offend people's dignity. This phenomenon is a serious problem in medicine as it affects interpersonal relationships between medical professionals and patients, patients' well-being, and the capability of following medical recommendations. There are a few factors determining dehumanizing behaviors: infrahumanization, perceiving patients as nonhuman beings, compassion fatigue, and stress. The main goal of this study was to examine the impact of stress on dehumanizing behaviors. A quasi-experimental survey was conducted in a group of 96 nurses. The following psychometric measures were employed in the study: scale of behavioral indicators of patient's dehumanization (SBIPD), mood adjective checklist (UMACL), interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) assessing aspects of empathy, and the Eysenck personality traits (EPQ-R) questionnaires. Comparative inter-group analysis (experimental vs. control) confirmed that stress on the side of medical professionals influenced the acceptance of dehumanization; it particularly influenced the cognitive evaluations of patent dehumanizing behaviors. These evaluations have no relationship to empathy, neuroticism, and psychoticism in the control group. However, moderate correlation occurred between the patent dehumanization and neuroticism in the experimental group. The findings lead to the conclusion that stress experienced in the work setting can have an effect on dehumanizing practices in medicine. One of the best ways to combat dehumanization in medicine is to reduce stress by improving the work conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Głębocka
- Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, The Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski University, Cracow, Poland.
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Lu J, Peng X, Liao C, Cui F. The stereotype of professional roles influences neural responses to moral transgressions: ERP evidence. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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