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Ubl ST, Vieider RP, Seilern Und Aspang J, Siemoneit SF, Pfeiffer TR, Gaebler C, Platzgummer H. Bone Bruise Patterns After Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears Differ Between Alpine Skiers and Pivoting Sports Athletes. Am J Sports Med 2025:3635465251332272. [PMID: 40263927 DOI: 10.1177/03635465251332272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant injuries after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear differ between sports, which may be related to divergent loading patterns. Bone bruises (BBs) can provide insight into the biomechanical injury mechanism. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to compare BB patterns and concomitant injuries after noncontact ACL tears between pivoting sports athletes and alpine skiers. It was hypothesized that pivoting sports athletes would have a higher prevalence and depth of BBs and a higher prevalence of concomitant injuries. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 446 consecutive patients with ACL injuries between December 2016 and November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with contact injuries, an injury mechanism other than alpine skiing or pivoting sports, missing magnetic resonance imaging, failed previous nonoperative treatment, open physes, or incomplete ACL tears were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to classify BB location and depth as well as concomitant meniscal and collateral ligament injuries. There were 2 groups (alpine skiers vs pivoting sports athletes) that were propensity score matched for age, body mass index, and sex. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to detect differences, with significance set at P < .05. The Fleiss kappa (κ) was used to assess observer agreement. RESULTS Propensity score matching of 122 included patients resulted in 27 patients per group. Pivoting sports athletes showed a higher prevalence of BBs in the lateral femoral condyle than alpine skiers (85.2% vs 51.9%, respectively; P = .008). No significant differences were found for BB prevalence in other anatomic locations, BB depth, and concomitant meniscal and collateral ligament injuries. Post hoc power analysis showed a power of 75%. Observer agreement was almost perfect for BB prevalence (κ = 0.95-1.00), substantial for BB depth (κ = 0.68-0.75), and substantial to almost perfect for concomitant injuries (κ = 0.64-0.94). CONCLUSION The prevalence of BBs in the lateral femoral condyle was higher in pivoting sports athletes than in alpine skiers after acute noncontact ACL tears. This suggests that ACL injuries in pivoting sports are associated with higher lateral compression forces in a pivot-shift mechanism, whereas anterior tibial translation and tibial rotation may be the predominant loading pattern in alpine skiing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen T Ubl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Trauma Surgery, and Sports Medicine, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Romed P Vieider
- Department of Sports Orthopaedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Steffen F Siemoneit
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Trauma Surgery, and Sports Medicine, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas R Pfeiffer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Trauma Surgery, and Sports Medicine, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Sportambulatorium Wien - Zentrum fuer Orthopaedie und Sportchirurgie, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Platzgummer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Babler F, Gaetke-Udager K, Crawford EA, Yablon CM. Imaging of soccer injuries in adolescent female athletes. Skeletal Radiol 2025; 54:743-762. [PMID: 38478081 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
Soccer participation is increasing among female adolescents with a concomitant rise of injuries in this group. Age- and sex-related factors, such as the transition from skeletal immaturity to skeletal maturity as well as anatomic, physiologic, neuromuscular, and behavioral differences between females and males, all play a role in injury patterns for these athletes. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in this group have received a great deal of attention in the medical literature and the media in recent years with increasing knowledge about causative factors, surgical management, and injury prevention. There have been fewer studies specifically focused on female adolescent soccer players in relation to other types of injuries, such as patellar dislocation/instability; other knee and ankle ligament tears; hip labral tears; muscle strains and tears; and overuse injuries such as apophysitis, patellofemoral pain syndrome, and bone stress injuries. Because imaging plays a critical role in diagnosis of soccer-related injuries in female adolescents, knowledge of the mechanisms of injury, imaging findings, and clinical considerations are essential for radiologists involved in the care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Babler
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Eileen A Crawford
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Corrie M Yablon
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Fuchs A, Ovsepyan S, Frodl A, Yilmaz T, Siegel M, Krause M, Stein T, Schmal H, Izadpanah K. Posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fractures in patients undergoing primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction-An MRI analysis of 556 cases. J Exp Orthop 2025; 12:e70284. [PMID: 40421406 PMCID: PMC12104868 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.70284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Purpose Posterolateral impaction fractures of the tibial plateau are known to be associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. These fractures are often related to high energy pivoting injuries, which is why the frequency of such injuries is of key concern for patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction. The objective of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of posterolateral tibial fractures, as well as concomitant injuries in patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction. Methods A retrospective case series was conducted to study the occurrence and type of posterolateral tibial impaction fractures in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction between October 2015 and October 2020. Patients records were reviewed to collect patient demographics, exact injury patterns and details about concomitant injuries. Descriptive statistics were performed to determine the incidence of each type of posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fracture, as well as concomitant injuries. Results Of the 556 knees with primary ACL reconstruction, a total of 171 posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fractures were identified. 385 patients showed no fracture. Intraoperative arthroscopic examination showed lateral meniscus (LM) tears in 144 cases and medial meniscus (MM) tears in 163 cases. LM posterior root tears were found in 21 patients, MM posterior root tears in eight patients. Medial meniscal ramp lesions were found in a total of 39 knees. Conclusion 30.8% of the patients showed posterolateral tibial plateau impression fractures, here LM tears were more frequent with the highest incidence in IIIB fractures. MM tears are more frequent in patients without posterolateral impaction fractures, while LM posterior root tears are more frequent than MM posterior root tears among the whole study population. The clinical relevance of this study lies in the exact analysis of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures in patients with ACL lesions, with the resulting therapeutic consequences dependent on the fracture type and concomitant injuries. Level of Evidence: Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fuchs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University HospitalAlbert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Spartak Ovsepyan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University HospitalAlbert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Frodl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University HospitalAlbert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Tayfun Yilmaz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University HospitalAlbert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Markus Siegel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University HospitalAlbert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Thomas Stein
- SPORTHOLOGICUM Frankfurt, Center for Sport & Joint InjuriesFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Department of Sports Medicine, Frankfurt am MainGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University HospitalAlbert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity Hospital OdenseOdenseDenmark
| | - Kaywan Izadpanah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University HospitalAlbert Ludwigs University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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Högberg J, Petersson L, Zsidai B, Horvath A, Cristiani R, Samuelsson K, Hamrin Senorski E. No difference in ACL revision rates between hamstring and patellar tendon autograft in patients with ACL-R and a concurrent meniscal injury irrespective of meniscal treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2025. [PMID: 39844666 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Revised: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 01/24/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to compare (1) the rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) revision and (2) subjective knee function using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) between isolated ACL reconstruction (ACL-R) and ACL-R and concurrent meniscal injury, based on graft selection and meniscal treatment. METHODS Data from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry were extracted in November 2022 for patients who underwent primary ACL-R. Patients were divided into two main groups based on graft choice: hamstring tendon (HT) or patellar tendon (PT) autograft, with four meniscal sub-groups: no injury, resection, repair or left in situ. The primary outcome was the rate of ACL revision within 5 years of primary ACL-R, and the secondary outcome was subjective knee function measured with the mean KOOS subscale scores and the rate of patients achieving a patient-acceptable symptom state (PASS) at the 1-, 2- and 5-year follow-up. RESULTS The analysis of ACL revision was performed on 45,656 patients, and 7639 patients for the analysis of subjective knee function. The overall rate of ACL revision was 2.4% and 4.9% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. There were no differences in the rate of ACL revision within 5 years of primary surgery irrespective of graft choice or meniscal injury treatment. Patients with ACL-R and concurrent meniscal resection or meniscal injury left in situ achieved a PASS at the 1 (∆ = -11.3% to -29.5%), 2 (∆ = -12.7% to -40.3%) and 5-year (∆ = -12.0% to -30.6%) follow-up to a greater extent when receiving HT autograft compared to PT autograft. CONCLUSION Graft selection was not associated with ACL revision in patients with ACL-R and concurrent meniscal injury, regardless of meniscal injury treatment. Superior subjective knee function was reported by patients who underwent ACL-R with HT autograft compared with PT autograft where the injured meniscus was resected or left in situ. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Högberg
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Petersson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bálint Zsidai
- Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Horvath
- Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Cristiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Sports Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center (SSTRC), FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Samuelsson
- Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal
| | - Eric Hamrin Senorski
- Sportrehab Sports Medicine Clinic, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Garra S, Li ZI, Moore MR, Rao N, Eskenazi J, Alaia EF, Alaia MJ, Strauss EJ, Jazrawi LM. Characterization of bone marrow edema patterns among patients with Segond fracture in the setting of acute anterior cruciate ligament injury: A comparative MRI study. Knee 2024; 51:1-10. [PMID: 39236633 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2024.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the anatomic distribution of bone marrow edema on MRI among patients who sustained a Segond fracture compared to those with an isolated ACL tear. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed of patients aged 18-40 years old who presented with an acute isolated ACL tear between January 2012 and May 2022. Two blinded readers reviewed all knee MRIs to assess bone marrow edema using the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score and the area of each sub-compartment was scored. RESULTS There were 522 patients in the final analysis, of which 28 patients (5.4%) were identified to have a Segond fracture. The Segond group demonstrated significantly greater rates of WORMS grades 2 and 3 in the central lateral femoral condyle, as well as the anterior, central, and posterior lateral tibial plateau. Furthermore, the Segond group demonstrated significantly greater rates of WORMS grades 2 and 3 in the central medial femoral condyle and the anterior medial tibial plateau. Bone edema at the central lateral femoral condyle (R = 0.034, p = 0.019) and central tibial plateau (R = 0.093, p = 0.033) were significantly correlated with lateral meniscus tears, while the edema in the posterior medial femoral condyle was correlated with medial meniscus tears (R = 0.127, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Patients who present with ACL tear and a concomitant Segond fracture demonstrate significantly more extensive bone marrow edema in both the medial and lateral compartments of the knee compared to patients with an isolated ACL tear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Garra
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States.
| | - Zachary I Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States
| | - Michael R Moore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States
| | - Naina Rao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States
| | - Jordan Eskenazi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States
| | - Erin F Alaia
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, United States
| | - Michael J Alaia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States
| | - Eric J Strauss
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States
| | - Laith M Jazrawi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, United States
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Cristiani R, van de Bunt F, Kvist J, Stålman A. High prevalence of associated injuries in anterior cruciate ligament tears: A detailed magnetic resonance imaging analysis of 254 patients. Skeletal Radiol 2024; 53:2417-2427. [PMID: 38532195 PMCID: PMC11410909 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the type and prevalence of associated injuries by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. METHODS Data from the Natural Corollaries and Recovery after ACL injury multicenter longitudinal cohort study were analyzed. Between May 2016 and October 2018, patients aged between 15 and 40 years, who had experienced an ACL tear within the last 6 weeks and sought medical attention at one of seven healthcare clinics in Sweden, were invited to participate. The mean time from injury to MRI was 19.6 ± 15.2 days. An orthopedic knee surgeon and a musculoskeletal radiologist reviewed all the MRI scans. The following structures were assessed: posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) complex, lateral collateral ligament (LCL), popliteus tendon, medial meniscus (MM), lateral meniscus (LM), and cartilage. In addition, the presence of bone bruising, impaction fractures in the lateral femoral condyle (LFC) or posterolateral tibia (PLT), and Segond fractures were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 254 patients (48.4% males) with a mean age of 25.4 ± 7.1 years were included. The prevalence of associated injuries was as follows: PCL (0.4%), MCL {41.3% [superficial MCL and deep MCL (dMCL) 16.5%; isolated dMCL 24.8%]}, LCL (2.4%), MM (57.4%), LM (25.2%), cartilage (15.0%), bone bruising (92.9%), impaction fracture in the LFC (45.7%) and PLT (4.7%), and Segond fracture (7.5%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of associated injuries in patients with ACL tears was high. The findings reported in this study may serve as a reference tool for orthopedic surgeons and radiologists in the diagnosis of associated injuries using MRI in patients with ACL tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cristiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Capio Artro Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Sophiahemmet Hospital, Valhallavägen 91, 11486, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Joanna Kvist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Stålman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Capio Artro Clinic, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Sophiahemmet Hospital, Valhallavägen 91, 11486, Stockholm, Sweden
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Seppänen A, Kiekara T, Suomalainen P, Mäenpää H, Huhtala H, Järvelä T. No difference was found between double-bundle and single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions in terms of osteoarthritis at 15-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:2770-2779. [PMID: 38819943 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to determine whether the grade of osteoarthritis (OA) is higher with single-bundle (SB) or double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The hypothesis was that there will be no difference in the grade of OA between the techniques. METHODS This study was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a follow-up period of 15 years. Patients were randomly assigned to either the SB group (n = 78) or the DB group (n = 75). Surgical techniques were anatomic, and the rehabilitation protocol was standardised. Evaluation included Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) difference and absolute OA results. OA was defined as a KL grade of at least 2. RESULTS At 15-year follow-up, information was available on 101 patients (66%), of whom 56 (37%) were accepted in the final statistical analysis. No difference was found between the SB and DB techniques in terms of KL difference or absolute OA results. Significantly less OA was found in the contralateral knee (21%) than in the reconstructed knee (59%) (p < 0.001). Patients with meniscal tears who underwent partial meniscal resection during ACL reconstruction had a significantly higher rate of OA changes (82%) compared with patients with isolated ACL tears (33%) (p < 0.001). A longer delay between initial injury and surgery did not appear to affect the severity of the KL classification. CONCLUSION At 15-year follow-up, no difference was found between the DB and SB techniques in terms of OA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arttu Seppänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Kiekara
- Medical Imaging Center, Tampere University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Piia Suomalainen
- Head of Tampere University Hospital Orthopaedics Trauma Unit, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Mäenpää
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tampere University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Järvelä
- Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Center, Hospital Mehiläinen, Tampere, Finland
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Chung K, Ham H, Kim SH, Seo YJ. Effect of Graft Choice for ACL Reconstruction on Clinical Outcomes in Combined ACL and MCL Injuries: Comparison Between Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone and Hamstring Autografts. J Clin Med 2024; 13:6316. [PMID: 39518456 PMCID: PMC11546250 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13216316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The optimal graft, particularly in combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries, remains controversial. We evaluated the influence of graft choice between bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and hamstring autografts on clinical outcomes in combined ACL and MCL injuries. Methods: This retrospective analysis included patients with concurrent ACL and MCL injuries who underwent single-bundle ACL reconstruction with BPTB (group B) or hamstring (group H) grafts, between 2010 and 2019, with a ≥2-year follow-up. Patients were classified based on the MCL injury grade (I, II, or III). Clinical outcomes were assessed through knee stability evaluations using valgus stress radiographs and the KT-2000 arthrometer, patient-reported outcomes using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score and Lysholm score, and radiologic outcomes using the IKDC radiographic grade. Results: The study included 169 patients (group B, 92; group H, 77). No significant between-group differences in knee stability or functional outcomes were found after follow-up. Within the same MCL injury grade, particularly in high-grade MCL injuries, BPTB grafts resulted in significantly better medial stability (side-to-side difference in medial joint opening on valgus stress radiographs: grade II, p = 0.006; grade III, p = 0.039) and functional outcomes (IKDC subjective score: grade II, p = 0.045; grade III, p = 0.038) than hamstring grafts. In the hamstring group, higher-grade MCL injuries were associated with worse outcomes (Lysholm knee score, p = 0.009; IKDC subjective score, p = 0.015). Conclusions: Graft choice in ACL reconstruction with concomitant MCL injuries may affect clinical outcomes, particularly in high-grade MCL injuries. Although both graft types performed similarly overall, BPTB grafts provided superior medial stability and functional results in higher-grade MCL injuries. However, caution is needed when interpreting these results due to limitations such as the small sample size and the lack of randomization in graft selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangho Chung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeongwon Ham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea
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Al Mohammad B, Gharaibeh MA. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Orthop Res Rev 2024; 16:233-242. [PMID: 39385973 PMCID: PMC11463185 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s450336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is considered the most commonly injured ligament of the knee. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has become an indispensable imaging tool and modality of choice for assessing and managing knee conditions. This article outlines an effective MRI imaging technique that improves the diagnostic accuracy of ACL injuries of the knee, covering the appropriate pulse sequences and optimal imaging planes. Furthermore, the article provides a comprehensive review of the appearance of complete and partial ACL tears on MRI in the acute and chronic phases. In addition, it identifies and illustrates the primary MRI signs (signs related to the absence or abnormal visualization of the ACL fibers) and secondary MRI signs (signs related to the mechanism of injury or associated knee injuries) of ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badera Al Mohammad
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Monther A Gharaibeh
- Department of Special Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
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Boonrod A, Jaruwanneechai K, Saengpetch N, Sumanont S, Prachaney P. Biomechanical impact of meniscal ramp lesions on knee joint contact characteristics in ACL deficient knees: a cadaveric analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2024; 34:2735-2742. [PMID: 38761201 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-024-03995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the changes in contact characteristics of the tibiofemoral joint resulting from a meniscal ramp lesion in the medial meniscus. METHODS Twelve cadaveric knees (six matched pairs) were subjected to a 600 N axial load using a custom testing jig, which allowed for knee positioning at 0°, 45°, and 90° of flexion without other constraints. The knees were randomly assigned to either a ramp lesion group (n = 6) or a posterior root lesion group (n = 6). Four testing conditions were examined: (1) intact, (2) isolated ramp lesion, (3) isolated posterior root tear of the medial meniscus, and (4) combined ramp lesion and posterior root tear of the medial meniscus. Contact characteristics were evaluated using a flexible pressure sensor, the I-Scan System. RESULTS Peak contact pressure in isolated ramp lesions (4.15 ± 0.98 MPa, P = 0.206) showed non-significant increases compared to the intact condition (3.86 ± 1.32 MPa). Peak contact pressure in isolated posterior root tears (4.58 ± 1.70 MPa, P = 0.040) and, combined ramp and posterior root lesions (4.67 ± 1.47 MPa, P = 0.003) were significantly higher than that in the intact condition. The knee flexion position significantly affected the medial tibiofemoral joint's contact area, contact pressure, and peak contact pressure (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION Isolated ramp lesions did not significantly impact force transmission, contact area, or contact pressure. In contrast, isolated root lesions and combined ramp and posterior root tears of the medial meniscus significantly intensified the changes in contact characteristics in the medial tibiofemoral joint compared to the intact condition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artit Boonrod
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Khananut Jaruwanneechai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nadhaporn Saengpetch
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sermsak Sumanont
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Road, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Parichat Prachaney
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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11
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Ubl ST, Vieider RP, Seilern und Aspang J, Gaebler C, Platzgummer H. Bone bruise distribution predicts anterior cruciate ligament tear location in non-contact injuries. J Exp Orthop 2024; 11:e12034. [PMID: 38741902 PMCID: PMC11089843 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose It is unclear whether different injury mechanisms lead to divergent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear locations. This study aims to analyse the relationship between bone bruise (BB) distribution or depth and ACL tear location. Methods A retrospective analysis of 446 consecutive patients with acute non-contact ACL injury was performed. Only patients with complete ACL tears verified during subsequent arthroscopy were included. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to classify BB location, BB depth, ACL tear location and concomitant injuries (medial/lateral meniscus and medial/lateral collateral ligament). Demographic characteristics included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), type of sport and time between injury and MRI. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of ACL tear location. Results One hundred and fifty-eight skeletally mature patients met the inclusion criteria. The presence of BB in the lateral tibial plateau was associated with a more distal ACL tear location (β = -0.27, p < 0.001). Less BB depth in the lateral femoral condyle showed a tendency towards more proximal ACL tears (β = -0.14; p = 0.054). Older age predicted a more proximal ACL tear location (β = 0.31, p < 0.001). No significant relationship was found between ACL tear location and gender, BMI, type of sport, concomitant injuries and time between injury and MRI. Conclusion ACL tear location after an acute non-contact injury is associated with distinct patterns of BB distribution, particularly involving the lateral compartment, indicating that different injury mechanisms may lead to different ACL tear locations. Level of Evidence Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen T. Ubl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Cologne Merheim Medical CenterWitten/Herdecke UniversityCologneGermany
| | - Romed P. Vieider
- Department of Sports Orthopaedics, Klinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Jesse Seilern und Aspang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Grady Memorial HospitalEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Sportambulatorium Wien – Zentrum für Orthopaedie und Sportchirurgie (ZOS)ViennaAustria
| | - Hannes Platzgummer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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12
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Moteshakereh SM, Zarei H, Nosratpour M, Zaker Moshfegh M, Shirvani P, Mirahmadi A, Mahdavi M, Minaei Noshahr R, Farrokhi M, Kazemi SM. Evaluating the Diagnostic Performance of MRI for Identification of Meniscal Ramp Lesions in ACL-Deficient Knees: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024; 106:1117-1127. [PMID: 38595146 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite vigorous efforts to delineate the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of meniscal ramp lesions, there is still a great deal of uncertainty regarding its diagnostic performance. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the diagnostic performance of MRI for detecting ramp lesions in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees. METHODS We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase and included all articles, published before October 20, 2022, comparing the accuracy of MRI with that of arthroscopy as the gold standard for diagnosis of ramp lesions. We performed statistical analysis using Stata and Meta-DiSc software. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2) tool. RESULTS This meta-analysis evaluated 21 diagnostic performance comparisons from 19 original research articles (2,149 patients). The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve for diagnosing a ramp lesion were 0.70 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.66 to 0.73), 0.88 (95% Cl, 0.86 to 0.89), 6.49 (95% Cl, 4.12 to 10.24), 0.36 (95% Cl, 0.28 to 0.46), 24.33 (95% Cl, 12.81 to 46.19), and 0.88, respectively. Meta-regression using different variables yielded the same results. CONCLUSIONS MRI exhibited a DOR of 24.33 and moderate sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing ramp lesions in ACL-deficient knees. However, arthroscopy using a standard anterolateral portal with intercondylar viewing is recommended to confirm a diagnosis of a ramp lesion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammadmisagh Moteshakereh
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooshmand Zarei
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Miad Nosratpour
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Zaker Moshfegh
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Proushat Shirvani
- School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirahmadi
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Mahdavi
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Minaei Noshahr
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Farrokhi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Morteza Kazemi
- Bone, Joint and Related Tissue Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Sohn S, AlShammari SM, Lee JH, Kim MS. Bone Bruises and Concomitant Meniscus and Cartilage Damage in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:515. [PMID: 38790382 PMCID: PMC11118087 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Bone bruises in acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are closely linked to the occurrence of simultaneous meniscal and cartilage damage. Despite the frequent occurrence of associated injuries including bone bruises, meniscus, and cartilage damage in patients with ACL injuries, a systematic review of the relationships between the presence of bone bruises and the extent of meniscus and cartilage injuries has yet to be conducted. (2) Methods: Multiple comprehensive databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, were searched for studies that evaluated the relationship between bone bruises and meniscus or cartilage injuries following ACL injuries. Study selection, data extraction, and meta-analysis were performed. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was used for quality assessments, and Review Manager 5.3 was used for data analysis. (3) Results: Data were extracted from 22 studies encompassing a total of 2891 patients with ACL injuries. Among the included studies, six studies investigated the relationships between bone bruises and medial meniscus (MM) or lateral meniscus (LM) injuries, while three studies investigated the relationships between bone bruises and cartilage injuries. There were no significant correlations between the presence of bone bruises and MM injuries (relative risk (RR) = 1.32; p = 0.61). A quantitative analysis indicated that individuals with bone bruises had a 2.71-fold higher likelihood of sustaining LM injuries than those without bone bruises (RR = 2.71; p = 0.0003). The analysis confirmed a significant relationship between bone bruises and cartilage injuries (RR = 6.18; p = 0.003). (4) Conclusions: Bone bruises occur most frequently in the lateral compartment. Bone bruises resulting from ACL injuries are related to accompanying LM injuries and cartilage injuries. Knowing these associations and the frequency of injuries may allow orthopedic surgeons to promptly address ACL-related meniscus and cartilage injuries on MRI results and in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueen Sohn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea;
| | | | - Jeong Han Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | - Man Soo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
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14
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Garra S, Moore MR, Li ZI, Eskenazi J, Jazrawi T, Bi AS, Campbell KA, Alaia MJ, Strauss EJ. Segond fracture: an indicator for increased risk of lateral meniscus injury in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2024; 34:1883-1891. [PMID: 38448565 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-024-03857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and anatomic distribution of meniscus injury in patients who have sustained acute ACL injuries with and without concomitant Segond fracture. We hypothesized that patients who have sustained a torn ACL with a concomitant Segond fracture would have a higher incidence of lateral meniscal injuries than patients with an isolated ACL injury. METHODS Patients who underwent ACL reconstruction from 2012 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Segond fractures were identified on knee radiographs. Inclusion criteria were age 18-40, injury during sports activity, and reconstruction within 90 days of injury. Sports activity, anatomic location of meniscus injury, and meniscus treatment were documented. Multivariable regression was used to identify predictors of meniscus injury/treatment. RESULTS There were 25 of 603 (4.1%) patients who had an ACL tear with concomitant Segond fracture. The incidence of lateral meniscus injury in the Segond group (72%) was significantly higher than in the non-Segond cohort (49%; p = 0.024). A significantly smaller proportion of medial meniscus injuries among patients with Segond fractures were repaired (23.1%) compared to the non-Segond group (54.2%; p = 0.043). Multivariate analysis found patients with Segond fractures to have increased odds of lateral meniscus injury (OR 2.68; [1.09, 6.60], p = 0.032) and were less likely to have medial meniscus injuries repaired (OR 0.35; [0.15, 0.81], p = 0.014). Additionally, males had increased odds of lateral meniscus injury (OR 1.54; [1.08 - 2.91], p = 0.017), which were more likely to require repair (OR 1.48; [1.02, 2.14], p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Among acute ACL injuries, the incidence of lateral meniscus injury is greater among patients with Segond fractures. Patients with Segond fracture were less likely to undergo repair of medial meniscal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Garra
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Tel-Hashomer "Sheba" Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Michael R Moore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Zachary I Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Eskenazi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Taylor Jazrawi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Andrew S Bi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kirk A Campbell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michael J Alaia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Eric J Strauss
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, 333 East 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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15
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Sohn S, AlShammari SM, Hwang BJ, Kim MS. A Systematic Review of Bone Bruise Patterns following Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: Insights into the Mechanism of Injury. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:396. [PMID: 38671817 PMCID: PMC11048204 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of bone bruises in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and the location of the bruises relative to the tibia and femur. Understanding the relative positions of these bone bruises could enhance our comprehension of the knee loading patterns that occur during an ACL injury. (2) Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that evaluated the presence of bone bruises following ACL injuries. Study selection, data extraction, and a systematic review were performed. (3) Results: Bone bruises were observed in 3207 cases (82.8%) at the lateral tibia plateau (LTP), 1608 cases (41.5%) at the medial tibia plateau (MTP), 2765 cases (71.4%) at the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), and 1257 cases (32.4%) at the medial femoral condyle (MFC). Of the 30 studies, 11 were able to assess the anterior to posterior direction. The posterior LTP and center LFC were the most common areas of bone bruises. Among the 30 studies, 14 documented bone bruises across all four sites (LTP, MTP, LFC, and MFC). The most common pattern was bone bruises appearing at the LTP and LFC. (4) Conclusions: The most frequently observed pattern of bone bruises was restricted to the lateral aspects of both the tibia and femur. In cases where bone bruises were present on both the lateral and medial sides, those on the lateral side exhibited greater severity. The positioning of bone bruises along the front-back axis indicated a forward shift of the tibia in relation to the femur during ACL injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueen Sohn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea;
| | | | - Byung Jun Hwang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | - Man Soo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
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16
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Grunenberg O, Gerwing M, Oeckenpöhler S, Peez C, Briese T, Glasbrenner J, Hägerich LM, Raschke MJ, Kittl C, Herbst E. The anteromedial retinaculum in ACL-injured knees: An overlooked injury? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:881-888. [PMID: 38469949 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyse the pattern of injury to the medial knee structures in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injured patients. It was hypothesised that anteromedial injuries would be more common than posteromedial lesions. METHODS One hundred and twenty subjects aged 18-25 years with a primary ACL injury were included. Patients were excluded if the time between injury and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was more than 28 days or if a knee dislocation or fracture was present. The MRIs were analysed with particular emphasis on injuries to the medial knee structures, menisci and bone bruise patterns. Injuries to the ligaments and anteromedial retinaculum (AMR) were graded according to severity, ranging from periligamentous oedema (grade I), partial fibre disruption of less or more than 50% (grade IIa or IIb) to complete tears (grade III). RESULTS AMR injury was seen in 87 subjects (72.5%) on the coronal plane and in 88 (73.3%) on the axial plane, with grade III lesions observed in 27 (22.5%) and 29 knees (24.2%). Injuries to the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL), deep MCL (dMCL) and posterior oblique ligament (POL) were detected in 60 patients (50%), 93 patients (77.5%) and 38 patients (31.6%). However, grade III injuries to the POL were observed in only seven knees (5.8%). Medial meniscus injuries were associated with lesions of the sMCL and AMR (p < 0.05), while lateral meniscus injuries were significantly more common in patients with dMCL rupture (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Data from this study suggest that injuries to the AMR are much more common than posteromedial lesions in subjects with ACL injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Grunenberg
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Mirjam Gerwing
- Clinic of Radiology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Simon Oeckenpöhler
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Peez
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thorben Briese
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Glasbrenner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Luise M Hägerich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael J Raschke
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kittl
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Elmar Herbst
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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17
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Fritz B. [Imaging of the anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral rotational instability of the knee joint]. RADIOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 64:261-270. [PMID: 38441595 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-024-01278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is essential for the stability of the knee joint and ACL tears are one of the most common sports injuries with a high incidence, especially in sports that require rotational movements and abrupt changes in direction. Injuries of the ACL are rarely isolated and are often accompanied by meniscal and other internal knee injuries, which increase the risk of osteoarthritis. The spectrum of ACL injuries includes strains, partial tears and complete tears. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role in the diagnostics as it can accurately depict not only the ACL but also accompanying injuries. Proton density and T2-weighted sequences are particularly suitable for evaluating the ACL, which is usually well visible and assessable in all planes. In addition to depicting fiber disruption as a direct sign and central diagnostic indicator of an ACL tear, there are numerous other direct and indirect signs of an ACL injury in MRI. These include abnormal fiber orientations, signal increases and an anterior subluxation of the tibia relative to the femur. The bone marrow edema patterns often associated with ACL tears are indicative of the underlying injury mechanism. The treatment of ACL tears can be conservative or surgical depending on various factors, such as the patient's activity level and the presence of accompanying injuries. The precise and comprehensive description of ACL injuries by radiology is crucial for optimal treatment planning. Anterolateral rotational instability (ALRI) of the knee joint characterizes a condition of excessive lateral and rotational mobility of the tibia in relation to the femur in the anterolateral knee region. This instability is primarily caused by a rupture of the ACL, with the anterolateral ligament (ALL) that was rediscovered about 10 years ago, also being attributed a role in stabilizing the knee. Although ALRI is primarily diagnosed through clinical examinations, MRI is indispensable for detecting injuries to the ACL, ALL, and other internal knee structures, which is essential for developing an optimal treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fritz
- Abteilung für Radiologie, Universitätsklinik Balgrist, Forchstr. 340, 8008, Zürich, Schweiz.
- Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz.
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18
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Kato J, Fukushima H, Hanaki S, Kawanishi Y, Kobayashi M, Ota K, Yoshida M, Takenaga T, Kawaguchi Y, Kuroyanagi G, Sakai H, Murakami H, Nozaki M. Efficacy of all-inside devices in reducing gap and step-off in knee extension for ramp lesion repair: A cadaveric study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:257-264. [PMID: 38226718 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to assess the dynamics of the tear site of meniscal ramp lesions, particularly considering knee flexion angles, and validate anchor fixation using an all-inside device. METHODS Eight Thiel-embalmed paired cadaveric knees with their whole bodies were used in this study. The ramp lesions were created arthroscopically, and ramp lesion dynamics were evaluated by gradually extending the knee from 90° of knee flexion. Changes in the gap and step-off (0: no step-off; 1: cross-sectional overlap exists; and 2: tibial articular surface exposed) were evaluated at 90°, 60°, 30°, and 10° of knee flexion. After dynamic evaluation, all-inside repairs of the ramp lesions using all-inside devices were conducted. Dissection was performed to confirm the position of anchor fixation. RESULTS As the knee was extended, the gap significantly decreased at all knee flexion angles. Similarly, the step-off grade decreased as the knee was extended, and the step-off completely disappeared in all cases when the knee was extended from 30° to 10°. The average knee flexion angle at which the gap and step-off completely disappeared was 22.5°. After suturing the ramp lesion, arthroscopic evaluation showed that the gap had disappeared and the step-off had been repaired in all cases. Anchor fixation locations were not found within the joint but were fixed to the semimembranosus tendon or its surrounding articular capsule. Overall, 31% (5/16) anchors were fixed to the attachment site of the semimembranosus tendon, whereas the remaining were fixed to the articular capsule, located peripherally to the semimembranosus tendon. CONCLUSION Suturing with an all-inside device for ramp lesions is a good option, and the repair in knee extension was found to be reasonable, considering the dynamics of ramp lesions in this study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Kato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fukushima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shunta Hanaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawanishi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki City, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Midori Municipal Hospital, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kyohei Ota
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takenaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Gen Kuroyanagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nozaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
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Severyns M, Odri GA, Vendeuvre T, Marchand JB, Germaneau A, Dramé M. Meniscal injuries in skeletally immature children with tibial eminence fractures. Systematic review of literature. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2023; 47:2439-2448. [PMID: 36961530 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-023-05787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the mechanisms of injury are similar to ACL rupture in adults, publications dealing with meniscal lesions resulting from fractures of the intercondylar eminence in children are much rarer. The main objective was to measure the frequency of meniscal lesions associated with tibial eminence fractures in children. The second question was to determine whether there is any available evidence on association between meniscal tears diagnostic method, and frequencies of total lesions, total meniscal lesions, and total entrapments. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they reported data on intercondylar tibial fracture, or tibial spine fracture, or tibial eminence fracture, or intercondylar eminence fracture. Article selection was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS In total, 789 studies were identified by the literature search. At the end of the process, 26 studies were included in the final review. This systematic review identified 18.1% rate of meniscal tears and 20.1% rate of meniscal or IML entrapments during intercondylar eminence fractures. Proportion of total entrapments was significantly different between groups (17.8% in the arthroscopy group vs. 6.2% in the MRI group; p < .0001). Also, we found 20.9% of total associated lesions in the arthroscopy group vs. 26.1% in the MRI group (p = .06). CONCLUSION Although incidence of meniscal injuries in children tibial eminence fractures is lower than that in adults ACL rupture, pediatric meniscal tears and entrapments need to be systematically searched. MRI does not appear to provide additional information about the entrapment risk if arthroscopy treatment is performed. However, pretreatment MRI provides important informations about concomitant injuries, such as meniscal tears, and should be mandatory if orthopaedic treatment is retained. MRI modalities have yet to be specified to improve the diagnosis of soft tissues entrapments. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review of the literature REGISTRATION: PROSPERO N° CRD42021258384.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Severyns
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinique Porte Océane, CESAL F-85340, Les Sables d'Olonne, France.
| | - Guillaume Anthony Odri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Lariboisière, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Tanguy Vendeuvre
- Pprime Institut UP 3346, CNRS, University of Poitiers, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Marchand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinique Porte Océane, CESAL F-85340, Les Sables d'Olonne, France
| | - Arnaud Germaneau
- Pprime Institut UP 3346, CNRS, University of Poitiers, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Moustapha Dramé
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200, Fort-de-France, France
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20
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Mostowy M, Ruzik K, Ebisz M, LaPrade RF, Malinowski K. Impaction Fractures of the Lateral Femoral Condyle Related to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Scoping Review Concerning Diagnosis, Prevalence, Clinical Importance, and Management. Clin Orthop Surg 2023; 15:781-792. [PMID: 37811510 PMCID: PMC10551676 DOI: 10.4055/cios22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During pivot-shift anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, bone bruises or impaction fractures of the lateral femoral condyle (LFC-IF) may occur due to impaction between the posterior part of the lateral tibial plateau and anterocentral part of the LFC. The purpose of the study was to systematically review the literature concerning the diagnosis, prevalence, clinical importance, and management of LFC-IF occurring during ACL injuries. Methods Included were studies concerning impaction fractures of the anterocentral part of the LFC occurring during ACL injuries. Studies concerning only bone bruises or cartilage lesions, without subchondral bone impaction, were not included. A search was performed in Medline and Scopus databases, with final search in May 2022. A secondary search was conducted within the bibliographies of included articles and using "Cited In" option. Two authors independently extracted data in three domains: study design, LFC-IF characteristics, and LFC-IF importance and management. Results A total of 35 studies were included for review with several studies reporting on multiple domains. Summarily, 31 studies were on the diagnosis and prevalence, 19 studies reported on the clinical importance, and 4 studies reported on the management of LFC-IF. Conclusions A LFC-IF occurs due to the pivot-shift mechanism of ACL injury. Its radiological feature is defined as an impaction of terminal sulcus deeper than 1 mm and is present in up to 52% of patients with a torn ACL. An LFC-IF causes injury to the cartilage, probably leads to its progressive degeneration, and is significantly associated with an increased risk of a lateral meniscus injury. A large LFC-IF might be associated with greater rotational knee instability. Although several techniques of LFC-IF treatment were proposed, none of them has been evaluated on a large cohort of patients to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mostowy
- Orthopedic and Trauma Department, Veteran's Memorial Teaching Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kacper Ruzik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Ebisz
- Artromedical Orthopaedic Clinic, Belchatow, Poland
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21
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Li J, Mao Y, Wang D, Fu W, Li Q, Tang X, Chen G, Chen X, Yao L, You M, Xiong Y, Li J. Correlation Between the Location and Distance of Kissing Contusions and Knee Laxity in Acute Noncontact ACL Injury. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:3179-3189. [PMID: 37715506 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231196865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone bruise (BB) and kissing contusion are common features of acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The correlation between the location and distance of kissing contusions and knee laxity remains unclear. PURPOSE To determine the significance of different patterns of BB in acute noncontact ACL injury and assess the correlation between the location and distance of kissing contusions and the severity of knee laxity. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 205 patients with acute noncontact ACL injury undergoing arthroscopic treatment between January 2021 and May 2022 were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients were grouped according to the different patterns of BB. The type of ACL injury and concomitant injuries were analyzed on MRI and confirmed by arthroscopy. Anterior knee laxity was assessed by the Ligs digital arthrometer and stress radiography, and rotational knee laxity was assessed by the intraoperative pivot-shift test. The MRI parameters of the location and distance of kissing contusions were measured to assess their correlations with the severity of knee laxity. RESULTS Of the 205 patients with acute noncontact ACL injury, 38 were in the non-BB group and 167 were in the BB group, the latter including 32 with the isolated BB on the lateral tibial plateau and 135 with kissing contusions. There was no significant difference in the mean time from initial injury to MRI scan between the non-BB group and the BB group (14.34 ± 2.92 vs 15.17 ± 2.86 days; P = .109) or between the isolated BB subgroup and the kissing contusion subgroup (14.94 ± 2.92 vs 15.23 ± 2.85 days; P = .605). The side-to-side difference (SSD) in anterior knee laxity and the incidences of complete ACL injury, concomitant injuries, and high-grade pivot-shift test were significantly higher in the BB group than in the non-BB group, and in the kissing contusion subgroup compared with the isolated BB subgroup. The kissing contusion index of the lateral femoral condyle (LFC) and the sagittal distance of kissing contusions were significantly correlated with the SSD in anterior knee laxity and the grade of pivot-shift test (P < .001). CONCLUSION The presence of BB, in particular the appearance of kissing contusions, was related to greater knee laxity and higher incidences of complete ACL injury and concomitant injuries in acute noncontact ACL injury. For patients with kissing contusions, as the location of BB on the LFC moved forward and the distance between kissing contusions increased, anterior and rotational knee laxity became more serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiao Li
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunhe Mao
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Duan Wang
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weili Fu
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingke You
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Sports Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Bae BS, Yoo S, Lee SH. Ramp lesion in anterior cruciate ligament injury: a review of the anatomy, biomechanics, epidemiology, and diagnosis. Knee Surg Relat Res 2023; 35:23. [PMID: 37626385 PMCID: PMC10464050 DOI: 10.1186/s43019-023-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ramp lesions, commonly observed in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, have been previously defined as longitudinal tears around the meniscocapsular junction. However, the definitions and interpretations of ramp lesions have varied, emphasizing the need to confirm their presence before surgery and the importance of direct visualization using arthroscopy. Recent histological studies have reported new findings on ramp lesions, shedding light on their attachment mechanisms. The anatomical structures around the ramp lesion, such as the posterior horn of medial meniscus (PHMM), semimembranosus (SM), posteromedial (PM) capsule, and meniscotibial ligament (MTL), were assessed regarding how these structures could be attached to each other. The studies of ramp lesions have also contributed to the progression of biomechanical studies explaining the cause and effects of ramp lesions. Ramp lesion has been proven to stabilize the anteroposterior (AP) instability of ACL. In addition, various laboratory studies have demonstrated the relationship between rotational instability of the knee joint and ramp lesions. The analysis of risk factors of ramp lesion helped to understand the injury mechanism of the lesion. Many authors have evaluated the prevalence of ramp lesions in patients with ACL injuries. The development of arthroscopy techniques has influenced the outcomes of ACL reconstruction with the easy detection of ramp lesions. This review article aims to analyze the past findings and recent advancements in anatomical, biomechanical, and epidemiological studies of ramp lesions in patients who underwent ACL reconstruction, and provide various perspectives ramp lesions in patients with ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Seung Bae
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunin Yoo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, 134-727, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hak Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, 134-727, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Von Rehlingen-Prinz F, Leiderer M, Dehoust J, Dust T, Kowald B, Frosch KH, Izadpanah K, Henes FO, Krause M. Association of medial collateral ligament complex injuries with anterior cruciate ligament ruptures based on posterolateral tibial plateau injuries. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:70. [PMID: 37553489 PMCID: PMC10409938 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined injury of the medial collateral ligament complex and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common two ligament injury of the knee. Additional injuries to the medial capsuloligamentous structures are associated with rotational instability and a high failure rate of ACL reconstruction. The study aimed to analyze the specific pattern of medial injuries and their associated risk factors, with the goal of enabling early diagnosis and initiating appropriate therapeutic interventions, if necessary. RESULTS Between January 2017 and December 2018, 151 patients with acute ACL ruptures with a mean age of 32 ± 12 years were included in this study. The MRIs performed during the acute phase were analyzed by four independent investigators-two radiologists and two orthopedic surgeons. The trauma impact on the posterolateral tibial plateau and associated injuries to the medial complex (POL, dMCL, and sMCL) were examined and revealed an injury to the medial collateral ligament complex in 34.4% of the patients. The dMCL was the most frequently injured structure (92.2%). A dMCL injury was significantly associated with an increase in trauma severity at the posterolateral tibial plateau (p < 0.02) and additional injuries to the sMCL (OR 4.702, 95% CL 1.3-133.3, p = 0.03) and POL (OR 20.818, 95% CL 5.9-84.4, p < 0.0001). Isolated injuries to the sMCL were not observed. Significant risk factors for acquiring an sMCL injury were age (p < 0.01) and injury to the lateral meniscus (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In about one-third of acute ACL ruptures the medial collateral ligament complex is also injured. This might be associated with an increased knee laxity as well as anteromedial rotational instability. Also, this might be associated with an increased risk for failure of revision ACL reconstruction. In addition, we show risk factors and predictors that point to an injury of medial structures and facilitate their diagnosis. This should help physicians and surgeons to precisely diagnose and to assess its scope in order to initiate proper therapies. With this in mind, we would like to draw attention to a frequently occurring combination injury, the so-called "unlucky triad" (ACL, MCL, and lateral meniscus). Level of evidence Level III Retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelius Von Rehlingen-Prinz
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, BG Hospital Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Leiderer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Dehoust
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, BG Hospital Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Dust
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgitt Kowald
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, BG Hospital Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Frosch
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, BG Hospital Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kaywan Izadpanah
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Oliver Henes
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, BG Hospital Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Krause
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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24
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Torre G, Buschini F, Zappia M, Battaglia MJ, Papalia R, Mariani PP. Semimembranosus Tendon Findings in Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: MRI Evaluation and Associated Lesions. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:2333-2341. [PMID: 37306054 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231176565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The semimembranosus (SM) tendon acts as a secondary dynamic stabilizer of the knee. It restrains external rotation and anterior translation of the medial compartment. Its role in the mechanism of injury during anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is unknown. HYPOTHESIS The bone bruise (BB) often detected at the posteromedial tibia in association with acute ACL tear may be related to the traction force from the SM tendon insertion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alterations can be detectable at the direct arm of the SM tendon in association with acute ACL injury. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study: Level of evidence, 3. METHODS In the first study phase, 36 noninjured patients underwent knee MRI. The anatomic appearance of the SM tendon was evaluated. An imaging score for evaluating the SM tendon was developed for the purpose of the study. The intensity (in the axial or sagittal plane), morphology, and thickness of the distal SM tendon was evaluated and scored (4 total points). In the second study phase, 52 patients undergoing acute ACL reconstruction were included. Preoperative MRI was examined and scored, with documentation of BB at the posteromedial tibial plateau. Finally, arthroscopic diagnosis of a ramp lesion was confirmed. Logistic regression analysis was carried out for correlation between an altered MRI scoring system and the presence of BB at the posteromedial tibial plateau, the presence of a ramp lesion, or both. RESULTS Interrater agreement of 100% was obtained in the noninjured cohort (ie, no alteration found in any patient). The score validation in the cohort of patients with acute ACL injury showed a Cohen κ of 0.78 (interrater agreement, 82.7%). The direct arm of the SM tendon was altered in 35 of 52 patients (67.3%). A ramp lesion of the medial meniscus was arthroscopically detected in 21 patients (40.4%). The presence of BB at the posteromedial tibial plateau was detected in 33 patients (63.5%) and at the posterior medial femoral condyle in 1 (1.9%). Correlation analysis showed a significant association of a pathologic SM score with the presence of BB at the posteromedial tibial plateau (odds ratio = 2.7; P = .001). Conversely, no correlation was observed between the pathologic score and the presence of a ramp lesion (odds ratio = 0.88; P = .578). CONCLUSION The prevalence of pathologic findings in the direct arm of the SM tendon insertion was high in the acutely injured cohort with ACL rupture and is correlated with the presence of BB at the posteromedial tibial plateau. The main hypothesis formulated for the study was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Torre
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Buschini
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Zappia
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Rocco Papalia
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Mariani
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Rome, Italy
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25
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Moon HS, Choi CH, Kim S, Yoo JH, Jung M, Kwon HJ, Hong YJ, Kim SH. Outpatient-based diagnostic criteria for partial ACL injury: clinical outcomes of non-operative treatment and radiographic predictor. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023; 143:2027-2036. [PMID: 35552802 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-022-04467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to (1) evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of patients who underwent non-operative treatment for partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears diagnosed using the outpatient-based diagnostic criteria and (2) investigate the radiographic predictors distinguishing patients at risk of non-operative treatment failure. METHODS From 2010 to 2019, patients diagnosed with partial ACL tears and treated with non-operative treatment were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were then classified into two groups: those who successfully responded to non-operative treatment (group S) and those who failed to respond to non-operative treatment and required surgical reconstruction within 6 months after injury (group F). ACL laxity, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and several radiographic parameters were analyzed. To identify radiographic predictors related to clinical outcomes, radiographic parameters were compared between the groups, which were statistically matched for potential confounders (age and activity level) using inverse probability of treatment weighting. RESULTS A total of 44 patients were analyzed (mean age, 28.7 ± 8.7 years; 31 men), and classified into two groups (group S, 23 patients; group F, 21 patients). There were no significant differences in ACL laxity and PROs between the groups at 1 year after either non-operative treatment or surgical reconstruction. A comparison of radiographic parameters between the groups revealed significant differences in several parameters related to secondary signs of ACL injury. Subsequent regression analyses revealed that anterior tibial translation and extent of bone bruises were radiographic predictors related to clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Non-operative treatment for partial ACL tears diagnosed using the outpatient-based diagnostic criteria can provide successful short-term clinical outcomes in selective patients. Secondary signs of ACL injuries, particularly the amount of anterior tibial translation and the extent of bone bruises, are radiographic predictors that could differentiate patients at risk of non-operative treatment failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Retrospective cohort study, III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Moon
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Hyuk Choi
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Center for Clinical Imaging Data Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hyun Yoo
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jun Kwon
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Hong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Arthroscopy and Joint Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Galloway C, Ward H, Higbie S, Kleihege J, Kumaravel M, Lowe WR, Bailey L. Relationship Between Bone Bruise Volume and Patient Outcomes After ACL Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671221146205. [PMID: 36860772 PMCID: PMC9969447 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221146205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subchondral bone injuries, or bone bruises, are commonly observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The current relationship between bone bruise volume and postsurgical outcomes remains poorly understood. Purpose To examine the influence of bone bruise volume on self-reported and objective functional outcomes at the time of return to play and 2 years following ACL reconstruction. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Clinical, surgical, and demographic data were obtained for a sample of convenience utilizing a single-surgeon ACL database (n = 1396). For 60 participants, femoral and tibial bone bruise volumes were estimated from preoperative MRI. Data obtained at the time of return to play included International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC-2000) score, ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) score, and performance on an objective functional performance battery. Two-year follow-up data included graft reinjury rate, level of return to sport/activity, and self-reported knee function using the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). The forward stepwise linear regression was used to determine the relationship between bone bruise volume and patient function. Results The distribution of bone bruise injuries was as follows: lateral femoral condyle (76.7%), lateral tibial plateau (88.3%), medial femoral condyle (21.7%), and medial tibial plateau (26.7%). Mean total bone bruise volume of all compartments was 7065.7 ± 6226.6 mm3. At the 2-year follow up, there were no significant associations between total bone bruise volume and time of return to play (P = .832), IKDC-2000 score (P = .200), ACL-RSI score (P = .370), or SANE score (P = .179). Conclusion The lateral tibial plateau was the most frequent site to sustain bone bruise injury. Preoperative bone bruise volume was not associated with delayed time to return to sport or self-reported outcomes at time of return to play or at 2 years postoperatively. Registration NCT03704376 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Galloway
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Memorial Hermann
Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hallie Ward
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Memorial Hermann
Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Steven Higbie
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Memorial Hermann
Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Steven Higbie, PT, DPT, SCS, CSCS, Department of Sports Medicine
and Rehabilitation, Memorial Hermann Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, 6400
Fannin Street, Suite 1600, Houston, TX 77030, USA (
)
| | - Jacquelyn Kleihege
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Memorial Hermann
Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manickam Kumaravel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern
Medical School at UT Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walter R. Lowe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UT
Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lane Bailey
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Memorial Hermann
Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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Haase L, Nelson G, Raji Y, Brown M, Karns M, Voos J, Calcei JG. Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Ipsilateral Segond Fractures Have High Rates of Concurrent Knee Pathology. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2023; 5:e375-e379. [PMID: 37101873 PMCID: PMC10123414 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of concomitant knee pathology in patients with ACL injuries and Segond fractures. Methods A retrospective study is undertaken with patients identified via query of CPT codes for ACL reconstruction from 2014 to 2020. All patients with preoperative radiographs were reviewed for the presence of Segond fractures. Operative reports were analyzed for the presence of concurrent pathology, including meniscus, cartilage, and other ligamentous injuries at the time of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. Results A total of 1,058 patients were included in the study. Segond fractures were identified in 50 (4.7%) patients. Ipsilateral concomitant knee pathology was identified in 84% of Segond patients. Thirty-eight (76%) patients had meniscal pathology with a total 49 meniscal injuries, of which 43 were treated operatively. Multiligamentous injuries were present in 16 patients (32%), with 8 patients undergoing further ligament repair/reconstruction at the time of surgery. Chondral injuries were identified in 13 patients (26%). Conclusions A high prevalence of concomitant meniscal, chondral, and ligamentous injuries was found in patients with Segond fractures. These additional injuries may require further operative management and may place patients at increased risk for future instability or degenerative changes. Patients with Segond fractures should be counseled preoperatively on the nature of their injuries and risk of associated pathologies. Level of Evidence Level IV, prognostic case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Haase
- Address correspondence to Lucas Haase, M.D., University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, U.S.A.
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28
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The injury mechanism correlation between MRI and video-analysis in professional football players with an acute ACL knee injury reveals consistent bone bruise patterns. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:121-132. [PMID: 35691962 PMCID: PMC9859865 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the MRI features, in particular bone bruises pattern, of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injured footballers, and to correlate them with the characteristics of injury mechanism and situation obtained from direct video footage. METHODS Nineteen professional football (soccer) players that sustained ACL injury while playing during an official match of First League Championship were included in the study. The video of injury was obtained from the Television broadcast. Knee Magnetic Resonance (MRI) was obtained within 7 days from the injury. BB and meniscal lesions were analyzed on MRI, while a video-analysis of mechanisms of ACL injury and injury dynamic were assessed from the videos. RESULTS The most commonly involved Bone Bruise areas in the knee were the Posterior Lateral Tibial Plateau (LTp) in 16 cases (84%) and the Central Lateral Femoral Condyle (LFc) in 11 cases (58%). Three patients (16%) had bone bruise in the Posterior Medial Tibial Plateau (MTp) while none (0%) had bone bruise in the Medial Femoral Condyle. Based on the bone bruise pattern, 11 (58%) had simultaneous LFc and LTp and were defined "Typical" while 8 (42%) had other locations or no bone bruise and were defined "Atypical". 9 out of 11 injuries (82%) of athletes with "Typical" pattern occurred with a "Pivoting" action", in contrast to only 1 case (12%) in those with "Atypical" bone bruise pattern (p = 0.0055). The most common situational mechanism pattern on video analysis was "pressing" (n = 7) accounting for the 47% of the "indirect" ACL injuries. In terms of movement pattern, ten injuries (52%) occurred during a "Pivoting" movement (7 pressing, 1 dribbling, 1 tackled, 1 goalkeeping), whereas the remaining were classified as "Planting" in four cases, "Direct Blow" in four cases and "Landing". CONCLUSION A well-defined and consistent bone bruise pattern involving the posterior tibial plateau and central femoral condyle of lateral compartment is present in footballers that sustained non-contact and indirect ACL injuries during pivoting with sudden change of direction/deceleration, while heterogeneous patterns were present in those with direct contact or injury mechanisms involving high horizontal velocity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Yi Z, Jiang J, Liu Z, Wang H, Yi Q, Zhan H, Liang X, Niu Y, Xiang D, Geng B, Xia Y, Wu M. The Association Between Bone Bruises and Concomitant Ligaments Injuries in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:20-32. [PMID: 36660483 PMCID: PMC9789248 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-022-00774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Bone bruises and concomitant ligament injuries after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have attracted attention, but their correlation and potential clinical significance remain unclear. Purpose To assess the relationship between bone bruises and concomitant ligamentous injuries in ACL injuries. Study design Systematic review. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was completed from inception to October 20, 2021. All articles that evaluated the relationship between bone bruises and related ligaments injuries were included. Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was used for quality assessment as well as Review Manager 5.3 was used for data analysis. Results A total of 19 studies evaluating 3292 patients were included. After meta-analysis, anterolateral ligament (ALL) injuries were associated with bone bruising on the lateral tibial plateau (LTP) (RR = 2.33; 95% CI 1.44-3.77; p = 0.0006), lateral femoral condyle (LFC) (RR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.37-2.85; p = 0.0003) and medial tibial plateau (MTP) (RR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.24-2.11; p = 0.0004); Moreover, medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries were associated with bone bruising on the femur (RR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.17-1.90; p = 0.001), and no statistical significance was found between bone bruising on the MTP and Kaplan fiber (KF) injuries (RR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.00-2.49; p = 0.05). Nonetheless, the current evidence did not conclude that bone bruises were associated with lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injuries. Conclusion For individuals with an ACL injury, bone bruises of the LTP, LFC, and MTP can assist in the diagnosis of ALL injuries. Furthermore, femoral bruising has potential diagnostic value for MCL injuries. Knowing these associations allows surgeons to be alert to ACL-related ligament injuries on MRI and during operations in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Niu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Dejian Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yayi Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, Intelligent Orthopaedic Industry Technology Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu People’s Republic of China
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Park YB, Kim H, Lee HJ, Baek SH, Kwak IY, Kim SH. The Clinical Application of Machine Learning Models for Risk Analysis of Ramp Lesions in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:107-118. [PMID: 36412925 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221137875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, known as "ramp lesions," are commonly found in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees but are frequently missed on routine evaluation. PURPOSE To predict the presence of ramp lesions in ACL-deficient knees using machine learning methods with associated risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS This study included 362 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between June 2010 and March 2019. The exclusion criteria were combined fractures and multiple ligament injuries, except for medial collateral ligament injuries. Patients were grouped according to the presence of ramp lesions on arthroscopic surgery. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors including age, sex, body mass index, time from injury to surgery (≥3 or <3 months), mechanism of injury (contact or noncontact), side-to-side laxity, pivot-shift grade, medial and lateral tibial/meniscal slope, location of bone contusion, mechanical axis angle, and lateral femoral condyle (LFC) ratio. The receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve were also evaluated. RESULTS Ramp lesions were identified in 112 patients (30.9%). The risk for ramp lesions increased with steeper medial tibial and meniscal slopes, higher knee laxity, and an increased LFC ratio. Comparing the final performance of all models, the random forest model yielded the best performance (area under the curve: 0.944), although there were no significant differences among the models (P > .05). The cut-off values for the presence of ramp lesions on receiver operating characteristic analysis were as follows: medial tibial slope >5.5° (P < .001), medial meniscal slope >5.0° (P < .001), and LFC ratio >71.3% (P = .033). CONCLUSION Steep medial tibial and meniscal slopes, an increased LFC ratio, and higher knee rotatory laxity were observed risk factors for ramp lesions in patients with an ACL injury. The prediction model of this study could be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool for ramp lesions in ACL-injured knees. In general, care should be taken in patients with ramp lesions and its risk factors during ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Beom Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojoon Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Han-Jun Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ho Baek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Youp Kwak
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The Incidence of Posterolateral Tibial Plateau and Central Lateral Femoral Condylar Impaction Fractures in a Pediatric and Young Adult Population. J Pediatr Orthop 2023; 43:18-23. [PMID: 36129359 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posterolateral tibial plateau and central lateral femoral condylar impaction fractures are known to occur in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. There have been no prior investigations into the incidence and morphology of posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fractures in the setting of ACL injury in a pediatric population. METHODS Patients between 9 and 22 years of age with knee magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) performed demonstrating complete or partial ACL tear were included in this study. MRI reports were reviewed to denote the presence of posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, or lateral collateral ligament injury, meniscus tears, cartilage lesions. MRIs were reviewed by 2 fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons to denote the presence of posterolateral tibial plateau and central lateral femoral condylar impaction fractures and physeal status of femoral and tibial physes. Statistical analysis performed included χ 2 analysis and the Student t testing. RESULTS A total of 328 patients with a primary ACL tear were identified. The mean age of patients included was 16.5 years (range: 9.0-21.5). The incidence of posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fractures was 83/328 (25.3%) while the incidence of lateral femoral condylar impaction fractures was 119/328 (36.3%). Bipolar impaction fractures occurred in 37/328 (11.3%). Of the 83 tibial impaction fractures identified, 82 were low-grade morphologic subtypes. Patients with lateral tibial plateau impaction fractures were older than those with no fracture (17.2±2.2 vs. 16.3±2.1, P =0.001). Only 3/38 (7.9%) patients with an open tibial physis sustained a tibial plateau impaction fracture compared with 80/290 (27.6%) with a closed tibial physis (χ 2 value: 6.9, P =0.009). There was no difference in proportion of patients with lateral femoral condylar impaction fractures based on femoral physeal status ( P =0.484). CONCLUSION The incidence of posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fractures in the setting of ACL tear in a pediatric and young adult patient population appears to be lower while lateral femoral condylar impaction fractures occur more frequently when comparing to previously reported incidences found in adult populations in the literature. Furthermore, posterolateral tibial plateau impaction fractures occur less frequently in those with an open proximal tibial physis and high-grade posterolateral tibial plateau bone loss is exceedingly rare in pediatric and young adult patients. Lateral femoral condylar impaction fractures are associated with lateral meniscal tears and medial meniscal ramp lesions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-cross-sectional study.
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Age and Bone Bruise Patterns Predict Tear Location in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 5:e41-e50. [PMID: 36866318 PMCID: PMC9971897 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the influence of demographic risk factors, anatomic risk factors, and injury mechanisms on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear patterns. Methods All patients undergoing knee magnetic resonance imaging at our institution for acute ACL tears (within 1 month of injury) in 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with partial ACL tears and full-thickness posterior cruciate ligament injuries were excluded. On sagittal magnetic resonance images, the proximal and distal remnant lengths were measured, and the tear location was calculated as the distal remnant length divided by the total remnant length. Previously reported demographic and anatomic risk factors associated with ACL injury were then reviewed, including the notch width index, notch angle, intercondylar notch stenosis, alpha angle, posterior tibial slope, meniscal slope, and lateral femoral condyle index. In addition, the presence and severity of bone bruises were recorded. Finally, risk factors associated with ACL tear location were further analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 254 patients (44% male patients; mean age, 34 years; age range, 9-74 years) were included, of whom 60 (24%) had a proximal ACL tear (tear at the proximal quarter). Multivariate enter logistic regression analysis showed that older age (P = .008) was predictive of a more proximal tear location whereas open physes (P = .025), bone bruises in both compartments (P = .005), and posterolateral corner injury (P = .017) decreased the likelihood of a proximal tear (R 2 = 0.121, P < .001). Conclusions No anatomic risk factors were identified to play a role in tear location. Although most patients have midsubstance tears, proximal ACL tears were more commonly found in older patients. Bone contusions involving the medial compartment are associated with midsubstance tears; these findings may indicate that different injury mechanisms play a role in the location at which the ACL tears. Level of Evidence Level III, prognostic, retrospective cohort study.
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Peez C, Wermers J, Glasbrenner J, Briese T, Raschke MJ, Herbst E, Kittl C. Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of the Medial Patellar Retinaculum Anatomy: the Anteromedial Side of the Knee Revisited. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221134818. [PMID: 36419479 PMCID: PMC9676305 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221134818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current literature, studies on the anatomy of the anteromedial region of the knee are scarce. However, the anteromedial structures, especially the longitudinal medial patellar retinaculum (MPR), may play an important role in restraining external tibial rotation. PURPOSE To conduct a layer-by-layer dissection of the anteromedial side of the knee and describe qualitatively and quantitatively the MPR anatomy pertaining to surgically relevant landmarks. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS A total of 10 fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees (mean age 81 ± 16.3 years) without history of previous ligament injury were used in this study. A layer-by-layer dissection was performed, and measurements were obtained using a tactile 3-dimensional (3-D) measuring arm to define the anatomy of the MPR in relation to surgically relevant landmarks, such as the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). The 3-D datasets were used for multiplanar reconstruction. RESULTS The tibial and femoral attachment of the MPR were identified in 100% of cases. Layer-by-layer dissection confirmed its close topography to the sMCL. The mean length of the MPR was 84.9 ± 9.1 mm. The average width of the tibial and femoral attachment was 23.8 ± 3.1 mm and 69.2 ± 8.2 mm, respectively. The distance from the midpoint of the MPR tibial attachment to the midpoint of the distal tibial attachment of the sMCL was 27.2 ± 5.8 mm. Femorally, the MPR attached at the anterior border of the MPFL over a mean distance of 52.3 ± 9.4 mm. CONCLUSION The MPR is a distinct tibiofemoral structure with well-defined tibial and femoral attachments, which could be consistently identified. Layer-by-layer dissection confirmed its close topography to the sMCL and MPFL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As injuries to the anteromedial side of the knee may contribute to anteromedial rotational rotatory instability (AMRI), precise knowledge of the underlying anatomy of the MPR may be necessary to perform an anatomic reconstruction of the anteromedial side of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peez
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Wermers
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Glasbrenner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thorben Briese
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael J. Raschke
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elmar Herbst
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kittl
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Mirghaderi SP, Salimi M, Kheirollahi M, Mortazavi SMJ, Akbari-Aghdam H. Anterior cruciate ligament injury and its postoperative outcomes are not associated with polymorphism in COL1A1 rs1107946 (G/T): a case-control study in the Middle East elite athletes. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:462. [PMID: 36271445 PMCID: PMC9817348 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear what role COL1A1 polymorphisms play in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury pathophysiology. The present study investigated the relationship between COL1A1-1997 guanine (G)/thymine (T) (rs1107946) polymorphism and ACL injury. Moreover, the possible effect of this polymorphism on the postoperative outcomes of ACL reconstruction surgery was evaluated. METHODS This prospective case-control study was performed on 200 young professional men with an ACL tear who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction surgery. Moreover, 200 healthy athletes without a history of tendon or ligament injury who were matched with the case group were selected as the control group. DNA was extracted from the leukocytes of participants, and the desired allele was genotyped. Clinical outcomes were collected for the case group before and one year after surgery. RESULTS The genotype distribution was in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg principle. In the ACL injury group, the G allele frequency was non-significantly higher than the healthy controls, with an odds ratio [95% CI] of 1.08 [0.79-1.47] (P = 64). We did not find a significant difference between the genotype of individuals-GG, GT, and TT-in the case and control groups (P > 0.05). Clinical outcomes of the ACL tear group were significantly improved in terms of preoperative values. However, none of them were significantly different between the three genotypes (GG, GT, and TT). CONCLUSION According to the findings of the present investigation, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at COL1A1 rs1107946 (G/T) was not a predisposing genetic factor for ACL injury in a young professional male athlete population in the Middle East. Furthermore, patients' responses to treatment were not different between distinct genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Peyman Mirghaderi
- Joint Reconstruction Research Center (JRRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salimi
- Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Kheirollahi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Akbari-Aghdam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Byrd JM, Colak C, Yalcin S, Clevel and Clinic Sports Medicine*, Winalski C, Cleveland Clinic Sports Medicine group, Briskin I, Farrow LD, Jones MH, Miniaci AA, Parker RD, Rosneck JT, Saluan PM, Strnad GJ, Spindler KP. Posteromedial Tibial Bone Bruise After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An MRI Study of Bone Bruise Patterns in 208 Patients. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221120636. [PMID: 36276425 PMCID: PMC9580091 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221120636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone bruise patterns after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture may predict the presence of intra-articular pathology and help explain the mechanism of injury. Lateral femoral condyle (LFC) and lateral tibial plateau (LTP) bone bruises are pathognomic to ACL rupture. There is a lack of information regarding medial tibial plateau (MTP) and medial femoral condyle (MFC) bone bruises. Purpose: To summarize the prevalence and location of MTP bone bruises with acute ACL rupture and to determine the predictors of MTP bone bruises. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Inclusion criteria were patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between February 2015 and November 2017, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 90 days of injury, and participation in the database. Exclusion criteria included previous ipsilateral surgery, multiligamentous injuries, and incomplete imaging. Due to the large number of cases remaining (n = 600), 150 patients were selected randomly from each year included in the study, for a total of 300 patients. Two readers independently reviewed injury MRI scans using the Costa-Paz bone bruise grading system. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with MTP bone bruises. Results: Included were 208 patients (mean age, 23.8 years; mean body mass index, 25.6). The mechanism of injury was noncontact in 59% of injuries, with over half from soccer, basketball, and football. The median time from injury to MRI scan was 12 days. Of the 208 patients, 98% (203/208) had a bone bruise, 79% (164/208) had an MTP bone bruise, and 83% (172/208) had bruises in both medial and lateral compartments. The most common pattern, representing 46.6% of patients (97/208), was a bruise in all 4 locations (MFC, LFC, MTP, and LTP). Of the 164 MTP bruises, 160 (98%) involved the posterior third of the plateau, and 161 were grade 1. The presence of an MFC bruise was the only independent risk factor for an MTP bruise (odds ratio, 3.71). The resulting nomogram demonstrated MFC bruise, sport, and mechanism of injury were the most important predictors of an MTP bruise. Conclusion: MTP bruise after acute ACL rupture was as prevalent as lateral bruises. The presence of a posterior MTP bruise suggested anterior tibial translation at the time of injury and could portend more medial compartment pathology at the time of injury than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kurt P. Spindler
- Kurt P. Spindler, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida Region, 3250 Meridian Pkwy, Krupa Building, Weston, FL 33331, USA (; )
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Diagnostic accuracy of a dual-energy computed tomography-based post-processing method for imaging bone marrow edema following an acute ligamentous knee injury. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51:1817-1827. [PMID: 35290479 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the ability of a custom dual-energy CT (DECT) post-processing material decomposition method to image bone marrow edema after acute knee injury. Using an independent validation cohort, the DECT method was compared to gold-standard, fluid-sensitive MRI. By including both quantitative voxel-by-voxel validation outcomes and semi-quantitative radiologist scoring-based assessment of diagnostic accuracy, we aimed to provide insight into the relationship between quantitative metrics and the clinical utility of imaging methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Images from 35 participants with acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries were analyzed. DECT material composition was applied to identify bone marrow edema, and the DECT result was quantitatively compared to gold-standard, registered fluid-sensitive MRI on a per-voxel basis. In addition, two blinded readers rated edema presence in both DECT and fluid-sensitive MR images for evaluation of diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Semi-quantitative assessment indicated sensitivity of 0.67 and 0.74 for the two readers, respectively, at the tibia and 0.55 and 0.57 at the femur, and specificity of 0.87 and 0.89 for the two readers at the tibia and 0.58 and 0.89 at the femur. Quantitative assessment of edema segmentation accuracy demonstrated mean dice coefficients of 0.40 and 0.16 at the tibia and femur, respectively. CONCLUSION The custom post-processing-based DECT method showed similar diagnostic accuracy to a previous study that assessed edema associated with ligamentous knee injury using a CT manufacturer-provided, built-in edema imaging application. Quantitative outcome measures were more stringent than semi-quantitative scoring methods, accounting for the low mean dice coefficient scores.
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A bone bruise at the lateral and medial tibial plateau with an anterior cruciate ligament injury is associated with a meniscus tear. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:2298-2306. [PMID: 34806125 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone bruises with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are well studied, but the association between bone bruises and multiple factors is unclear. The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between bone bruising and ACL injury and concomitant injury as well as clinical and functional scores. The second objective was to investigate the presence and distribution patterns of bone bruises. METHOD A total of 176 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction for primary ACL injury were included. The demographic characteristics and responses to clinical and functional assessments (the Visual Analog Scale for activities of daily living and sports, the Cincinnati Knee Rating System, the Lysholm score, the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and side-to-side difference in anterior laxity) were recorded at the initial visit. Concomitant injuries were evaluated by intraoperative assessment. RESULTS Bone bruises were detected in 141 patients (80.1%). The lateral femoral condyle (LFC) was the most common site in 116 patients (65.9%), followed by the lateral tibial plateau (LTP) in 82 patients (46.6%), medial tibial plateau (MTP) in 47 patients (26.7%) and medial femoral condyle (MFC) in 29 patients (16.5%). Regarding the distribution patterns, bone bruising at only the LFC, which was the most common pattern, was detected in 38 patients (27.0%). Bone bruising at the LTP or MTP was significantly associated with lateral (LM) and medial meniscus (MM) tears (odds ratios 4.0, 3.0, 4.3 and 40.5, 95% confidence intervals 1.5-11.6, 1.2-15.1, 1.2-17.3 and 8.6-283.0, respectively). No marked differences in the functional or clinical scores were noted. The severity of bone bruising at the MTP was significantly associated with MM tears and that at the LTP was significantly associated with LM tears. (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study showed association between bone bruising at LTP and LM tears or at MTP and MM tears. Additionally, it provided detailed information on the presence and distribution patterns of bone bruises at each anatomic site. These findings are clinically relevant and will aid in preoperatively diagnosing meniscus tears in cases of ACL injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Gousopoulos L, Hopper GP, Saithna A, Grob C, Levy Y, Haidar I, Fayard JM, Thaunat M, Vieira TD, Sonnery-Cottet B. Suture Hook Versus All-Inside Repair for Longitudinal Tears of the Posterior Horn of the Medial Meniscus Concomitant to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Matched-Pair Analysis From the SANTI Study Group. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2357-2366. [PMID: 35666109 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary meniscectomy rates after repair of longitudinal tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus (PHMM) performed concomitantly with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are reported to be as high as 25% with an all inside repair technique. Posteromedial portal suture hook repair is an emerging technique; however, it is unknown whether it confers a significantly reduced secondary meniscectomy rate compared with the current gold standard. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The primary objective of this study was to compare the secondary meniscectomy rates of suture hook repair and all inside repair for longitudinal tears of the PHMM performed concomitant to ACLR. The secondary outcome was to determine the risk factors associated with the failure of the repair. It was hypothesized that repair with an all inside device would be associated with higher secondary meniscectomy rates when compared with suture hook repair and that concomitant anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ALLR) would confer improved meniscal repair survivorship. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Patients with longitudinal tears of the PHMM who underwent meniscal repair during primary ACLR between January 2011 and December 2015 at our institution were eligible for the study. Patients undergoing suture hook repair were propensity matched in a 1:1 ratio to patients who underwent all inside repair. At the end of the study period, secondary meniscectomy rates were determined. RESULTS The study population comprised 237 matched pairs. The mean follow up was 97.7 ± 17.3 months. Patients who underwent an all inside repair had a >2-fold higher failure rate compared with patients who underwent suture hook repair through a posteromedial portal (31.2% vs 15.6%; P = .0003). Patients in the suture hook repair group undergoing additional ALLR demonstrated a >3-fold higher meniscal repair survival rate compared with all other subgroups (P = .0014). This association was not seen in the all inside repair group. The only statistically significant risk factor for meniscal repair failure was the suture repair technique (hazard ratio, 2.133 [95% CI, 1.383-3.292]; P = .0008). CONCLUSION Suture hook repair through a posteromedial portal is associated with a significantly lower secondary meniscectomy rate when compared with the all inside meniscal repair of longitudinal tears of the PHMM performed at the time of ACLR. Furthermore, patients in the suture hook repair group who underwent an additional ALLR had a significantly better meniscal repair survivorship compared with all other subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Gousopoulos
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Graeme P Hopper
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Adnan Saithna
- Arizona Brain, Spine & Sports Injuries Center, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Charles Grob
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Yoann Levy
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Ibrahim Haidar
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Fayard
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Thaunat
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Thais Dutra Vieira
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Sonnery-Cottet
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Hopital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Lyon, France
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Jorge PB, de Oliveira DE, de Resende VR, Horita MM, de Oliveira E Silva M, Duarte A, Santili C, Betoni Guglielmetti LG. Knee anteromedial compartment dissection: Final results and anterior oblique ligament description. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1329-1337. [PMID: 34432303 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The anteromedial region of the knee is little explored in the literature and may play an important role in anteromedial rotatory instability. The purpose of this study is to describe a ligamentous structure in the anteromedial region of the knee identified in a series of anatomical dissections of cadaveric specimens. Twenty-one cadaveric knees were dissected to study the medial compartment. Exclusion criteria were signs of trauma, previous surgery, signs of osteoarthritis, and poor preservation state. The main structures of this region were identified during medial dissection. After releasing the superficial medial collateral ligament of the tibia, the anterior oblique ligament (AOL) was isolated. The morphology of the structure and its relationship with known anatomical parameters were determined. For the statistical analysis, the means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables. A 95% confidence interval was defined as significant. Student's t-tests were used for continuous variables. After dissection, a distinct ligamentous structure (AOL) was found in the medial region of the knee. This structure was found in 100% of the cases, was located extracapsularly and originated in the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle, running obliquely toward the tibia. When crossing the joint, the ligament presented a fan-shaped opening, exhibiting a larger area at the tibial insertion. The AOL had a mean thickness of 6.83 ± 1.51 mm at its femoral origin and 13.39 ± 2.64 at its tibial insertion. It had a significantly (p = 0.0001) longer mean length with the knee at 90° of flexion (35.27 ± 6.59 mm) than with the knee in total extension (27.89 ± 5.46 mm), indicating that the ligament is tensioned in flexion. A new structure was identified in the anteromedial compartment of the knee with a ligamentous appearance. Further studies are necessary to identify its importance on knee stability. This study demonstrates the anatomy of a new medial structure of the knee. As a result, there will be a better understanding of the stability of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro B Jorge
- Department of Sports Trauma, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Melanie M Horita
- Department of Sports Trauma, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aires Duarte
- Department of Sports Trauma, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Santili
- Department of Sports Trauma, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nakamae A, Sumen Y, Tsukisaka K, Deie M, Fujimoto E, Ishikawa M, Omoto T, Adachi N. A larger side-to-side difference in anterior knee laxity increases the prevalence of medial and lateral meniscal injuries in patients with ACL injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:1560-1567. [PMID: 33970292 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate factors that influence the prevalence of medial and lateral meniscal injuries at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in patients with ACL injuries. METHODS Patients with ACL injuries at 9 institutions were enrolled in this multicentre study. Age, sex, duration between injury and surgery, pivot shift test grade, anterior knee laxity determined using the Kneelax 3 arthrometer, and other variables were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Meniscal conditions were evaluated via arthroscopy. RESULTS In all, 830 patients were enrolled. The prevalence of medial and lateral meniscal tears was 32.0% (266 knees) and 26.5% (220 knees), respectively. Significant factors that influenced the prevalence of medial meniscal injuries were age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03; P = 0.000], side-to-side differences in instrumented anterior knee laxity before surgery (OR 1.12; P = 0.002), duration between injury and surgery (≥ 12 months) (OR 1.86; P = 0.023), and pivot shift test grade (OR 1.36; P = 0.014). Significant factors of lateral meniscal injury were side-to-side differences in anterior knee laxity before surgery (OR 1.12; P = 0.003) and the male sex (OR 1.50; P = 0.027). CONCLUSION Greater anterior knee laxity, age, a longer duration between injury and surgery, and a higher pivot shift test grade predicted medial meniscal injury. Greater anterior knee laxity and the male sex predicted lateral meniscal injury. In patients with ACL injuries, the importance of side-to-side differences in anterior knee laxity should be rediscovered from the viewpoint of meniscal conditions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Nakamae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Sumen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, JA Onomichi General Hospital, 1-10-23, Hirahara, Onomichi, Hiroshima, 722-8508, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsukisaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mazda Hospital, 2-15, Aosakiminami, Huchu-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima, 735-8585, Japan
| | - Masataka Deie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 21 Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Eisaku Fujimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chugoku Rosai Hospital, 1-5-1, Hiro-Tagaya, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0193, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Takenori Omoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Moran J, Schneble CA, Katz LD, Fosam A, Wang A, Li DT, Kahan JB, McLaughlin WM, Jokl P, Hewett TE, LaPrade RF, Medvecky MJ. Examining the Bone Bruise Patterns in Multiligament Knee Injuries With Peroneal Nerve Injury. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:1618-1626. [PMID: 35384729 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221087406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tibiofemoral bone bruise patterns seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are associated with ligamentous injuries in the acutely injured knee. Bone bruise patterns in multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) and particularly their association with common peroneal nerve (CPN) injuries are not well described. PURPOSE To analyze the tibiofemoral bone bruise patterns in MLKIs with and without peroneal nerve injury. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS We retrospectively identified 123 patients treated for an acute MLKI at a level 1 trauma center between January 2001 and March 2021. Patients were grouped into injury subtypes using the Schenck classification. Within this cohort, patients with clinically documented complete (motor and sensory loss) and/or partial CPN palsies on physical examination were identified. Imaging criteria required an MRI scan on a 1.5 or 3 Tesla scanner within 30 days of the initial MLKI. Images were retrospectively interpreted for bone bruising patterns by 2 board-certified musculoskeletal radiologists. The location of the bone bruises was mapped on fat-suppressed T2-weighted coronal and sagittal images. Bruise patterns were compared among patients with and without CPN injury. RESULTS Of the 108 patients with a MLKI who met the a priori inclusion criteria, 26 (24.1%) were found to have a CPN injury (N = 20 complete; N = 6 partial) on physical examination. For CPN-injured patients, the most common mechanism of injury was high-energy trauma (N = 19 [73%]). The presence of a grade 3 posterolateral corner (PLC) injury (N = 25; odds ratio [OR], 23.81 [95% CI, 3.08-184.1]; P = .0024), anteromedial femoral condyle bone bruising (N = 24; OR, 21.9 [95% CI, 3.40-202.9]; P < .001), or a documented knee dislocation (N = 16; OR, 3.45 [95% CI, 1.38-8.62]; P = .007) was significantly associated with the presence of a CPN injury. Of the 26 patients with CPN injury, 24 (92.3%) had at least 1 anteromedial femoral condyle bone bruise. All 20 (100%) patients with complete CPN injury also had at least 1 anteromedial femoral condyle bone bruise on MRI. In our MLKI cohort, the presence of anteromedial femoral condyle bone bruising had a sensitivity of 92.3% and a specificity of 64.6% for the presence of CPN injury on physical examination. CONCLUSION In our MLKI cohort, the presence of a grade 3 PLC injury had the greatest association with CPN injury. Additionally, anteromedial femoral condyle bone bruising on MRI was a highly sensitive finding that was significantly correlated with CPN injury on physical examination. The high prevalence of grade 3 PLC injuries and anteromedial tibiofemoral bone bruising suggests that these MLKIs with CPN injuries most commonly occurred from a hyperextension-varus mechanism caused by a high-energy blow to the anteromedial knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Moran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher A Schneble
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lee D Katz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andin Fosam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Don T Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph B Kahan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William M McLaughlin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter Jokl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Medvecky
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Huang TC, Liu ZW, Hong CK, Wang CH, Hsu KL, Kuan FC, Su WR. The lateral femoral notch sign and coronal lateral collateral ligament sign in magnetic resonance imaging failed to predict dynamic anterior tibial laxity. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:402. [PMID: 35488226 PMCID: PMC9052684 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the relationship between the lateral femoral notch sign as well as the coronal lateral collateral ligament (LCL) sign and anterior tibial translation using the GNRB arthrometer in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Methods Forty-six patients with ACL injuries were retrospectively included from May 2020 to February 2022; four patients were excluded due to incomplete data. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed for the lateral femoral notch sign and the coronal LCL sign. The GNRB arthrometer was used to evaluate the dynamic anterior tibial translation of the knee, and the side-to-side differences (SSDs) in tibial translation between the injured knee and healthy knee were calculated at different force levels. Two types of slopes for displacement-force curves were acquired. Results Six patients (14.3%) had the positive lateral femoral notch sign (notch depth > 2.0 mm), and 14 patients (33.3%) had the positive coronal LCL sign. The SSD of the anterior tibial translations under different loads as well as the slopes of displacement-force curves were the same in the positive and negative notch sign groups (p all > 0.05) and between the positive and negative coronal LCL sign groups (p all > 0.05). Meanwhile, the measured notch depth and notch length were also not significantly correlated with the anterior tibial translation SSD in the GNRB. Conclusion The presence of the lateral femoral notch sign and the coronal LCL sign did not indicate greater dynamic tibial laxity as measured using the GNRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ching Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan, 70428
| | - Zhao-Wei Liu
- Physical Therapy Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kai Hong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan, 70428. .,Skeleton Materials and Bio-compatibility Core Lab, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Hsiu Wang
- Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lan Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan, 70428.,Skeleton Materials and Bio-compatibility Core Lab, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Chuan Kuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan, 70428.,Skeleton Materials and Bio-compatibility Core Lab, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ren Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan, 70428.,Skeleton Materials and Bio-compatibility Core Lab, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Innovation Headquarter, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Moran J, Katz LD, Schneble CA, Li DT, Kahan JB, Wang A, Porrino J, Fosam A, Cheng R, Jokl P, Hewett TE, Medvecky MJ. A Novel MRI Mapping Technique for Evaluating Bone Bruising Patterns Associated With Noncontact ACL Ruptures. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221088936. [PMID: 35480066 PMCID: PMC9036340 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221088936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone bruise patterns in the knee can aid in understanding the mechanism of injury in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures. There is no universally accepted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mapping technique to describe the specific locations of bone bruises. Hypothesis: The authors hypothesized that (1) our novel mapping technique would show high interrater and intrarater reliability for the location of bone bruises in noncontact ACL-injured knees and (2) the bone bruise patterns reported from this technique would support the most common mechanisms of noncontact ACL injury, including valgus stress, anterior tibial translation, and internal tibial rotation. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were 43 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between 2018 and 2020, with MRI within 30 days of the injury on a 3.0-T scanner, documentation of a noncontact mechanism of injury, and no concomitant or previous knee injuries. Images were retrospectively reviewed by 2 radiologists blinded to all clinical data. The locations of bone bruises were mapped on fat-suppressed T2-weighted coronal and sagittal images using a novel technique that combined the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) tibiofemoral articular cartilage surgical lesions diagram and the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring (WORMS) mapping system. Reliability between the reviewers was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), where ICC >0.90 indicated excellent agreement. Results: The interrater and intrarater ICCs were 0.918 and 0.974, respectively, for femoral edema mapping and 0.979 and 0.978, respectively, for tibial edema mapping. Significantly more bone bruises were seen within the lateral femoral condyle compared with the medial femoral condyle (67% vs 33%; P < .0001), and more bruises were seen within the lateral tibial plateau compared with the medial tibial plateau (65% vs 35%; P < .0001). Femoral bruises were almost exclusively located in the anterior/central regions (98%) of the condyles as opposed to the posterior region (2%; P < .0001). Tibial bruises were localized to the posterior region (78%) of both plateaus as opposed to the anterior/central regions (22%; P < .0001). Conclusion: The combined mapping technique offered a standardized and reliable method for reporting bone bruises in noncontact ACL injuries. The contusion patterns identified using this technique were indicative of the most commonly reported mechanisms for noncontact ACL injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Moran
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lee D. Katz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher A. Schneble
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Don T. Li
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph B. Kahan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jack Porrino
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andin Fosam
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan Cheng
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter Jokl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Medvecky
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Matthews JR, Sonnier JH, Prodoehl JP, Saucedo ST, Avendano JP, Johns W, Freedman KB, Ciccotti MG, Cohen SB. Distal Hamstring Muscle Injuries. JBJS Rev 2022; 10:01874474-202203000-00007. [PMID: 35263313 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.21.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
» Distal hamstring muscle injuries, although relatively uncommon, can potentially lead to substantial morbidity in athletes; prolonged rehabilitation times and high rates of reoccurrence have been documented. » Overall, magnetic resonance imaging is considered the "gold standard" for evaluation of hamstring injuries because it allows assessment for concomitant pathology and can clarify return-to-sport timelines. » Complete tears of the distal biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles respond well to surgical repair, whereas complete tears of the distal semitendinosus can be successfully treated nonoperatively or with surgical resection. » Future research may be necessary to further optimize treatment of these injuries and to determine the efficacy of biologic adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Matthews
- Division of Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Hayden Sonnier
- Division of Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Samuel T Saucedo
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Avendano
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - William Johns
- Division of Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin B Freedman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael G Ciccotti
- Division of Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven B Cohen
- Division of Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Taree A, Charen D, Huang HH, Poeran J, Colvin A. Analysis of surgery rates among 25 national collegiate athletic association sports. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:30-37. [PMID: 33306441 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1862632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While injuries among collegiate athletes are common and well-studied, there have been no studies comparing which sports and injury types have the highest operation rates. This information would be valuable for athlete governing bodies and providers to improve player safety. Our hypothesis was the surgery incidence rates vary substantially between sports and injury types, with football and knee injuries representing the sport and injury type with the highest respective surgery rates. METHODS This was a descriptive epidemiology study of all injuries requiring surgery as recorded in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) for academic years 2004-2005 to 2013-2014. Surgery incidence rates (and 95% confidence intervals, CI) were calculated for each sport (per 10,000 athletic exposures [AE]) and for the most common injury types, by academic year. In addition, absolute numbers of performed surgeries were calculated as well as rates of return to sport. RESULTS Sports with the highest surgery incidence rate (per 10,000 AEs) were women's gymnastics (8.9; 95% CI 7.2-10.9), men's football (6.1; 95% CI 5.8-6.4), and men's wrestling (5.3; 95% CI 4.5-6.3). Absolute numbers of injury-related surgeries performed were greatest for men's football (n = 31,043), women's basketball (6,625), and men's basketball (5,717). Anterior cruciate ligament tears had the greatest surgery incidence rate per 100,000 AEs for all sports combined (7.95; 95% CI = 7.5 to 8.5), and also represented the injuries with the lowest rate of return to sport. CONCLUSION Women's gymnastics, men's football, and men's and women's basketball are NCAA sports with an elevated risk of injury requiring of surgery. The results from this study can guide the NCAA and providers regarding which sports should be the focus of future research, new injury prevention strategies, and healthcare personnel allocation during events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Taree
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Charen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hsin-Hui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jashvant Poeran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexis Colvin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Kim SH, Seo JH, Kim DA, Lee JW, Kim KI, Lee SH. Steep posterior lateral tibial slope, bone contusion on lateral compartments and combined medial collateral ligament injury are associated with the increased risk of lateral meniscal tear. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:298-308. [PMID: 33687540 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the risk factors for lateral meniscus and root tears in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. METHODS A total of 226 patients undergoing acute ACL reconstruction were included in the study sample. Exclusion criteria were revisions, fractures, chronic cases, and multiple ligament injuries, with the exception of medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries. The patients were divided into groups based on the presence of lateral meniscus and root tears by arthroscopy. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), injury mechanism (contact/non-contact), Segond fracture, side-to-side laxity, location of bone contusion, medial and lateral tibial and meniscal slope, mechanical axis angle, and grade of pivot shift. RESULTS Overall lateral meniscus (LM) tears were identified in 97 patients (42.9%), and LM root tears were found in 22 patients (9.7%). The risk of an LM tear in ACL-injured knees increased with bone contusion on LTP (odds ratio [OR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.419-8.634; P = 0.007), steeper lateral tibial slope (OR, 1.133; 95% CI 1.003-1.28; P = 0.045), MCL injury (OR, 2.618; 95% CI 1.444-4.746; P = 0.002), and non-contact injury mechanism (OR, 3.132; 95% CI 1.446-6.785; P = 0.004) in logistic regression analysis. The risk of LM root tear in ACL-injured knees increased with high-grade pivot shift (OR, 9.127; 95% CI 2.821-29.525; P = 0.000) and steeper lateral tibial slope (OR, 1.293; 95% CI 1.061-1.576; P = 0.011). CONCLUSION The increased risk of LM lesions in acute ACL-injured knees should be considered if significant risk factors including bone contusion on lateral compartments, MCL injury, and a steeper lateral tibial slope are present. Moreover, high-grade rotational injury with steeper lateral tibial slope are also significant risk factors for LM root tears, and therefore care should be taken by clinicians not to miss such lesions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hyundae General Hospital, Chung-Ang Univ., Namyangju-Si, Kyunggi-Do, Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeung-Hwan Seo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Korea
| | - Dae-An Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Korea
| | - Joong-Won Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Korea
| | - Kang-Il Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Korea
| | - Sang Hak Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Joint Diseases and Rheumatism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Korea.
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47
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Current trends in the anterior cruciate ligament part II: evaluation, surgical technique, prevention, and rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:34-51. [PMID: 34865182 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evaluation and management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most widely researched topics in orthopedic sports medicine, giving providers ample data on which to base their practices. The ACL is also the most commonly treated knee ligament. This study reports on current topics and research in clinical management of ACL injury, starting with evaluation, operative versus nonoperative management, and considerations in unique populations. Discussion of graft selection and associated procedures follows. Areas of uncertainty, rehabilitation, and prevention are the final topics before a reflection on the current state of ACL research and clinical management of ACL injury. Level of evidence V.
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Beel W, Mouton C, Tradati D, Nührenbörger C, Seil R. Ramp lesions are six times more likely to be observed in the presence of a posterior medial tibial bone bruise in ACL-injured patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:184-191. [PMID: 33661324 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether posterior tibial slope (PTS), meniscal slope (MS), and bone bruise pattern (BBP), as observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), differed between patients with or without medial meniscus ramp lesions at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The hypothesis was that patients with a ramp lesion had a higher PTS and MS, with a different BBP than patients without a ramp lesion. METHODS Fifty-six patients undergoing ACLR were selected from an in-house registry and separated into 2 groups: (1) the RAMP group included patients with a primary ACLR and a medial meniscus ramp lesion diagnosed intraoperatively; (2) the CONTROL group included patients with a primary ACLR without ramp lesion after arthroscopic exploration of the posteromedial knee area. The two groups were matched for age, sex and type of concomitant meniscal lesions. The medial/lateral-PTS/MS and BBP were subjected to blinded evaluation on the preoperative MRI of the reconstructed knee. RESULTS Twenty eight patients (21 males; 7 females) were included in each group. No significant difference could be observed between groups in terms of demographical characteristics, PTS, and MS. A posteromedial tibial plateau (PMTP) bone bruise was more often observed in the RAMP group (n = 23/28) compared to the CONTROL group (n = 12/28) (p < 0.01). The RAMP group was 6.1 (95%CI [1.8; 20.8]) times more likely to present a PMTP bone bruise. The likelihood of having a bone bruise in both the medial and lateral compartments was 4.5 (95%CI [1.2; 16.5]) times higher in the RAMP group. However, a BBP only involving the lateral tibiofemoral compartment was more likely to be observed in the CONTROL group (n = 10/28) compared to the RAMP group (n = 3/28, p < 0.05 - odds ratio 4.6 (95%CI [1.1; 19.2]). CONCLUSION Ramp lesions were 6.1 and 4.5 times more likely to be observed in the presence of a posteromedial tibia plateau bone bruise or a combined bone bruise respectively in both the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartment in patients undergoing ACLR. The tibial and meniscal slopes did not differ between patients with or without ramp lesions undergoing ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Beel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d'Eich, 78, rue d' Eich, 1460, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Caroline Mouton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d'Eich, 78, rue d' Eich, 1460, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Daniele Tradati
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Nührenbörger
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Department of Sports Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d'Eich, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Romain Seil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d'Eich, 78, rue d' Eich, 1460, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. .,Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. .,Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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Moran J, Katz LD, Schneble CA, Li D, Kahan JB, Wang A, Porrino J, Jokl P, Hewett TE, Medvecky MJ. Injury to the Meniscofemoral Portion of the Deep MCL Is Associated with Medial Femoral Condyle Bone Marrow Edema in ACL Ruptures. JB JS Open Access 2021; 6:JBJSOA-D-21-00069. [PMID: 34841192 PMCID: PMC8613370 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.oa.21.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary goal of the present study was to investigate injury to the deep medial collateral ligament (MCL), specifically the meniscofemoral ligament (MFL) portion, and its association with medial femoral condyle (MFC) bone marrow edema in acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures. The secondary goal was to examine the association between MFL injury and medial meniscal tears (MMTs) in these same patients. Methods Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 55 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction surgery were retrospectively reviewed by 2 board-certified musculoskeletal radiologists. MRI scans were examined for MFC edema at the insertion site of the MFL. This site on the MFC was referred to as the central-femoral-medial-medial (C-FMM) zone based on the coronal and sagittal locations on MRI. The presence or absence of bone marrow edema within this zone was noted. The prevalence, grade, and location of superficial MCL and MFL injuries were also recorded on MRI. The correlations between MFL injuries and the presence of MFC bone marrow edema were examined. Lastly, the presence and location of MMTs were also recorded on MRI and were confirmed on arthroscopy, according to the operative notes. Results On MRI, 40 (73%) of the 55 patients had MFL injuries. MFL injuries were significantly more common than superficial MCL injuries (p = 0.0001). Of the 27 patients with C-FMM bruising, 93% (25 patients) had MFL tears (p < 0.00001). In addition, of the 40 patients with an MFL injury, 63% (25 patients) had C-FMM bruising (p = 0.0251). Chi-square testing showed that MMTs and MFL injuries were significantly associated, with 12 (100%) of 12 patients with MMTs also having a concomitant MFL injury (p = 0.0164). Conclusions The prevalence of MFL injury in ACL ruptures is high and MFC bone marrow edema at the MFL insertion site should raise suspicion of injury. MFL injuries can present with clinically normal medial ligamentous laxity in ACL ruptures. Additionally, MFL injuries were significantly associated with posterior horn MMTs, which have been shown in the literature to be a potential risk factor for ACL graft failure. Clinical Relevance As deep MCL injuries are difficult to detect on physical examination, our findings suggest that the reported MFC edema in ACL ruptures can act as an indirect sign of MFL injury and may aid in the clinical detection. Additionally, due to the anatomical connection of the deep MCL and the meniscocapsular junction of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, if an MFL injury is suspected through indirect MFC edema at the insertion site, the posterior horn of the medial meniscus should also be assessed for injury, as there is an association between the 2 injuries in ACL ruptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Moran
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lee D Katz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher A Schneble
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Don Li
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph B Kahan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Annie Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jack Porrino
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter Jokl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Michael J Medvecky
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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50
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Knapik DM, Mack CD, Lee R, Heersink W, Tanenbaum JE, Wetzel RJ, Voos JE. Epidemiology of Tibial Fractures in Professional American Football Athletes From 2013 to 2019. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211040878. [PMID: 34790831 PMCID: PMC8591654 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lower extremity injuries occur with high frequency in National Football League (NFL) athletes and cause high burden to players and teams. Tibial fractures are among the most severe lower extremity injuries sustained in athletes and are associated with prolonged time loss from sport. Purpose: To determine the number of tibial fractures in NFL athletes from the 2013 to 2019 NFL seasons and describe athlete demographics, fracture characteristics, and details of injury onset. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective review of the NFL injury database was performed to identify all NFL athletes sustaining tibial fractures over the 2013 to 2019 NFL seasons. Athlete characteristics, injury characteristics, days missed, and treatment (operative vs nonoperative) were examined. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate means, standard deviations, ranges, and percentages. Results: A total of 64 tibial fractures were identified in 60 athletes, resulting in a median loss of 74 days. Defensive secondary athletes had the highest number of injuries (n = 10; 16%), followed by running backs (n = 9; 14%), while 61% of these injuries occurred during NFL regular-season games, primarily between weeks 13 and 17. The most commonly reported activity during injury was athletes being tackled, with a direct impact to the tibia being the most common mechanism of injury. Lateral tibial plateau fractures were the most frequently reported, while distal tibial fractures resulted in the greatest number of days lost. The median time lost for injuries requiring surgery was 232 days compared with 56 days for injuries treated using conservative management. Conclusion: The highest proportion of tibial fractures were injuries to defensive secondary athletes and athletes being tackled while sustaining a direct impact to the leg, primarily to the lateral tibial plateau. Tibial fracture injuries were commonly sustained during NFL regular-season games, primarily during the final 4 weeks of the NFL regular season. Further investigations examining performance and career longevity in athletes sustaining tibial fractures are warranted to help improve the health and safety of NFL athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Knapik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - William Heersink
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph E Tanenbaum
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Wetzel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James E Voos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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