Gastric cancer incidence trends in China: 1989-2018 registry data, 2022 Bayesian age-period-cohort estimates, ecological correlates

doi:10.5306/wjco.125511

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology

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2218-4333

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World J Clin Oncol. Sep 24, 2026; 17(9): 125511
Published online Sep 24, 2026. doi: 10.5306/wjco.125511

Table 1 Correlation coefficient (r) between various influencing factors and age standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population of gastric cancer in China

Influencing factors	Year	n	Urban r (95%CI)	Correlation method	Rural r (95%CI)	Correlation method
Helicobacter pylori infection	1989-2018	6	0.533 (-0.457 to 0.996)	Pearson	0.993^a (0.976 to 1.000)	Pearson
Smoking	1991-2015	9	0.167 (-0.603 to 0.878)	Spearman	0.500 (-0.555 to 0.948)	Spearman
Drinking	1989-2018	30	-0.047 (-0.396 to 0.272)	Spearman	-0.373^a (-0.652 to -0.033)	Spearman
High salt pickled food	1992-2017	10	0.435 (-0.200 to 0.908)	Pearson	0.847^a (0.690 to 0.962)	Pearson
Processed meat	1992-2017	10	0.455 (-0.283 to 0.914)	Spearman	0.745^a (0.114 to 1.000)	Spearman
Fresh vegetables	1989-2018	30	0.338 (-0.087 to 0.703)	Spearman	0.866^a (0.675 to 0.934)	Spearman
Fresh fruits	1989-2018	30	-0.749^a (-0.878 to -0.507)	Spearman	-0.929^a (-0.973 to -0.810)	Spearman
Disposable income	1989-2018	30	-0.717^a (-0.889 to -0.422)	Spearman	-0.956^a (-0.980 to -0.883)	Spearman
Refrigerator ownership	1989-2018	30	-0.712^a (-0.901 to -0.406)	Spearman	-0.956^a (-0.980 to -0.884)	Spearman
COD in industrial wastewater	1992-2018	27	0.503^a (0.256 to 0.703)	Pearson	0.875^a (0.765 to 0.951)	Pearson
Ammonia nitrogen in industrial wastewater	1992-2018	27	0.393 (-0.005 to 0.714)	Spearman	0.811^a (0.570 to 0.929)	Spearman
COD in municipal domestic sewage	1998-2018	21	-0.074 (-0.534 to 0.387)	Spearman	-0.204 (-0.729 to 0.272)	Spearman
Ammonia nitrogen in municipal domestic sewage	1998-2018	21	0.234 (-0.113 to 0.538)	Pearson	-0.163 (-0.768 to 0.291)	Pearson
Urban population ratio	1989-2018	30	-0.686^a (-0.831 to -0.486)	Pearson
Rural population ratio	1989-2018	30			0.952^a (0.904 to 0.986)	Pearson

^aP < 0.05.

All correlations are calculated using observed incidence data from 1989-2018; Bayesian age-period-cohort projected 2022 estimate was excluded. For each variable, the table below reports effective sample size (n), covered study years, and correlation method (Pearson/Spearman). All correlation outputs are exploratory descriptive temporal associations only and cannot indicate causality. COD: Chemical oxygen demand.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Coefficient of determination (R²) for statistically significant influencing factors

Urban	R²	Rural	R²
Fresh fruits	0.561	Helicobacter pylori infection	0.986
Disposable income	0.514	Disposable income	0.914
Refrigerator ownership	0.507	Refrigerator ownership	0.914
Urban population ratio	0.471	Rural population ratio	0.906
COD in industrial wastewater	0.253	Fresh fruits	0.863
		COD in industrial wastewater	0.766
		High salt pickled food	0.717
		Ammonia nitrogen in industrial wastewater	0.658
		Processed meat	0.555

R² values are derived from bivariate correlations on observed 1989-2018 dataset; projected 2022 data was excluded. These R² represent unadjusted ecological temporal associations and do not indicate causal strength. COD: Chemical oxygen demand.

Full Size Table

Citation: Ren L, Zhang W, Sun L, Li WW, Xiao J, Wang W, Zhao CL, Han C. Gastric cancer incidence trends in China: 1989-2018 registry data, 2022 Bayesian age-period-cohort estimates, ecological correlates. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(9): 125511
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v17/i9/125511.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.125511

Ren L, Zhang W, Sun L, Li WW, Xiao J, Wang W, Zhao CL, Han C. Gastric cancer incidence trends in China: 1989-2018 registry data, 2022 Bayesian age-period-cohort estimates, ecological correlates. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(9): 125511 [DOI: 10.5306/wjco.125511]

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