Bioactive materials and biosensing technologies are emerging as pivotal tools in the early detection and management of oral cancer, a disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have facilitated the development of innovative biosensors that utilize bioactive materials for non-invasive diagnostics, particularly through salivary analysis. These biosensors, including electrochemical, optical, and molecular types, target specific biomarkers such as DNA, RNA, and proteins associated with oral cancer. For instance, metal oxide nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles have shown promise in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of these diagnostic tools. The integration of these nanomaterials allows for real-time monitoring of biomarker levels in saliva, providing a rapid and accurate means of detecting oral cancer at its nascent stages. Furthermore, the utilization of biosensors can circumvent the limitations of traditional biopsy methods, which are often invasive and time-consuming. By focusing on salivary diagnostics, researchers aim to develop point-of-care testing devices that can be used in various settings, thus improving accessibility to early screening for at-risk populations. This innovative approach not only enhances diagnostic accuracy but also holds potential for personalized treatment strategies by enabling continuous monitoring of disease progression and response to therapy. As research continues to evolve, the combination of bioactive materials with advanced biosensing technologies promises to revolutionize oral cancer diagnostics, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes through earlier intervention and tailored therapeutic approaches.

Oral cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, with delayed diagnosis being a major contributing factor. Although salivary biomarkers have been explored for over three decades, the need for reliable, non-invasive diagnostic methods that enable early detection and continuous monitoring of OSCC remains unmet. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the latest advancements in salivary biomarker research, focusing on emerging biomarkers such as interleukin-6, interleukin-8, microRNAs and DNA methylation patterns, as well as metabolites and microbiota, all of which show significant promise for early OSCC detection. In addition to discussing well-established biomarkers, we explore recent technological developments that increase the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers, such as mass spectrometry, multiplex assays, and nanobiosensors. These developments are complemented by the integration of artificial intelligence for data analysis, which enables more accurate, point-of-care diagnostics that could revolutionize oral cancer screening. This review not only consolidates current knowledge but also addresses the challenges that hinder the widespread clinical adoption of salivary diagnostics, such as saliva variability and assay standardization. By overcoming these barriers, salivary biomarker-based diagnostics have the potential to transform OSCC detection, offering a non-invasive, cost-effective solution that can improve early diagnosis and patient outcomes.

Dental diseases represent a significant global health concern, with traditional treatment methods often proving costly and lacking in long-term efficacy. Emerging research highlights nanoparticles as a promising, cost-effective therapeutic alternative, owing to their unique properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of antimicrobial and antioxidant nanoparticles in the management of dental diseases. Silver and gold nanoparticles have shown great potential for inhibiting biofilm formation and thus preventing dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Various dental products can integrate copper nanoparticles, known for their antimicrobial properties, to combat oral infections. Similarly, zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance the antimicrobial performance of dental materials, including adhesives and cements. Titanium dioxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles possess antimicrobial and photocatalytic properties, rendering them advantageous for dental materials and oral hygiene products. Chitosan nanoparticles are effective in inhibiting oral pathogens and reducing inflammation in periodontal tissues. Additionally, curcumin nanoparticles, with their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, can enhance the overall performance of dental materials and oral care products. Incorporating these diverse nanoparticles into dental materials and oral care products holds the potential to significantly reduce the risk of infection, control biofilm formation, and improve overall oral health. This review underscores the importance of continued research and development in this promising field to realize the full potential of nanoparticles in dental care.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a serious illness with a high rate of mortality. A high dose of theranostic drugs with efficient diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities should be required. Chemo-photothermal therapy is presently recognized as a secure method of cancer treatment that specifically targets tumour tissue or cells. Additionally, the success of cancer therapy is increased by the use of targeted nanoparticles. The current study aims to investigate the interaction between phototherapy and the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma treatment combination HA-GEM-MoS2/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) loaded with gemcitabine and molybdenum disulphide. NCs were synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TEM, and DLS analyses. The present investigation shows that the synthesized HA-MoS2/ZnO nanocomposites were elongated spherical in shape and their sizes ranged from 62.3 to 75.7 nm according to the estimation using XRD results, which is consistent with TEM findings. Further, HA-MoS2/ZnO nanocomposites could effectively encapsulate the GEM, showing dual pH and thermal triggered drug release behaviour. The result of cell uptake tests clearly demonstrated improved cellular uptake of synthesized nanocomposites following HA and GEM-loaded NCs in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. In addition, combination therapies caused the highest incidence of cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma, according to cytotoxicity experiments and showed a good compatibility. In vitro studies prove that HA-GEM-MoS2/ZnO nanocomposites enhanced tumour treatment that combines chemotherapy and photothermal therapy to remove the tumour and prevent relapses. Still, no studies have been done to see if gemcitabine-encapsulated HA-MoS2/ZnO NCs inhibit human hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Hence, the current study can give a new paradigm for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and the outcome may be helpful to improve the quality of cancer patient's life.

Limiting and preventing oral diseases remains a major challenge to the health of populations around the world, so finding ways to detect early-stage diseases (e.g., caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer) and aiding in their prevention has always been an important clinical treatment concept. The development and application of electrochemical detection technology can provide important support for the early detection and non-invasive diagnosis of oral diseases and make up for the shortcomings of traditional diagnostic methods, which are highly sensitive, non-invasive, cost-effective, and less labor-intensive. It detects specific disease markers in body fluids through electrochemical reactions, discovers early warning signals of diseases, and realizes rapid and reliable diagnosis. This paper comprehensively summarizes the development and application of electrochemical biosensors in the detection and diagnosis of common oral diseases in terms of application platforms, sensing types, and disease detection, and discusses the challenges faced by electrochemical biosensors in the detection of oral diseases as well as the great prospects for future applications, in the hope of providing important insights for the future development of electrochemical biosensors for the early detection of oral diseases.

This review addresses the design of immunosensors, which employ ZnO nanostructures. Various methods of modifying ZnO nanostructures with antibodies or antigens are discussed, including covalent and non-covalent approaches and cross-linking techniques. Immunosensors based on different properties of ZnO nanomaterials are described and compared. This article provides a comprehensive review of electrochemical immunosensors based on ZnO nanostructures and various detection techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and other electrochemical methods. In addition, this review article examines the application of optical detection techniques, including photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL), in the development of immunosensors based on ZnO nanostructures.