• Fortification
• Low-fat dairy
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Restless legs syndrome
• Vitamin D

• Adult
• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Cholecalciferol/therapeutic use
• Cholecalciferol/administration & dosage
• Dairy Products
• Food, Fortified
• Obesity, Abdominal/complications
• Obesity, Abdominal/diet therapy
• Pilot Projects
• Premenstrual Syndrome/drug therapy
• Premenstrual Syndrome/diet therapy
• Restless Legs Syndrome/drug therapy
• Restless Legs Syndrome/blood
• Restless Legs Syndrome/etiology
• Vitamin D Deficiency/complications
• Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy

• IR.NIMAD.REC.1396.027 National Institute for Medical Research Development
• IR.NIMAD.REC.1396.027 National Institute for Medical Research Development

• diet composition
• dietary patterns
• eating behaviors
• premenstrual syndrome

• Humans
• Premenstrual Syndrome
• Female
• Diet
• Feeding Behavior
• Adult
• Nutritional Status

• Endometriosis
• Endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers
• Immune response
• Immunotherapy
• Ovarian neoplasms

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Female
• Humans
• Young Adult
• China/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diet
• Food Preferences
• Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology
• Students/psychology
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Universities

• Premenstrual syndrome
• Severity
• Supplementation
• Symptom
• Vitamin D

• Female
• Humans
• Vitamin D
• Quality of Life
• Premenstrual Syndrome/drug therapy
• Vitamins/therapeutic use
• Dietary Supplements

• DII
• Dietary Inflammatory Index
• construct validation
• cytokines
• inflammation
• young women

• Humans
• Female
• Young Adult
• Interleukin-10
• Inflammation
• Diet
• Biomarkers
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents

• psychology
• health care

• Female
• Humans
• Cholecalciferol/therapeutic use
• Prospective Studies
• Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy
• Premenstrual Syndrome/psychology
• Counseling
• Life Style

• endometriosis
• immunology
• inflammatory factor
• pathogenesis
• therapeutic strategy

• Female
• Humans
• Endometriosis/pathology
• Infertility, Female/therapy
• Macrophages
• Killer Cells, Natural
• Immunotherapy/adverse effects

• menstrual-related symptoms
• premenstrual syndrome
• primary dysmenorrhea
• risk factors

• Female
• Humans
• Young Adult
• Adult
• Dysmenorrhea/etiology
• Dysmenorrhea/complications
• Prevalence
• Menstruation Disturbances/epidemiology
• Menstruation Disturbances/complications
• Premenstrual Syndrome/complications
• Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology
• Menstruation

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an incapacitating condition characterized by loss of interest, anhedonia and low mood, which affects almost 4% of people worldwide. With rising prevalence, it is considered a public health issue that affects economic productivity and heavily increases health costs alone or as a comorbidity for other pandemic non-communicable diseases (such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, etc.). What is even more noteworthy is the double number of women suffering from MDD compared to men. In fact, this sex-related ratio has been contemplated since men and women have different sexual hormone oscillations, where women meet significant changes depending on the age range and moment of life (menstruation, premenstruation, pregnancy, postpartum, menopause…), which seem to be associated with susceptibility to depressive symptoms. For instance, a decreased estrogen level promotes decreased activation of serotonin transporters. Nevertheless, sexual hormones are not the only triggers that alter neurotransmission of monoamines and other neuropeptides. Actually, different dietary habits and/or nutritional requirements for specific moments of life severely affect MDD pathophysiology in women. In this context, the present review aims to descriptively collect information regarding the role of malnutrition in MDD onset and course, focusing on female patient and especially macro- and micronutrient deficiencies (amino acids, ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs), folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, minerals…), besides providing evidence for future nutritional intervention programs with a sex-gender perspective that hopefully improves mental health and quality of life in women.

Vitamin D has an established role in female reproduction. There is also evidence for an association between vitamin D levels and menstrual problems such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea. Curcumin, is a bioactive polyphenol constituent of turmeric, that can potentially interact with vitamin D receptors and its molecular targets. This study evaluated the effects of curcumin on vitamin D levels in young women with PMS and dysmenorrhea.

In this randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial, women with PMS and dysmenorrhea were divided randomly into experimental and control groups to receive one capsule (500 mg of curcuminoid+ 5 mg piperine, or placebo) daily, from approximately 7 days before until 3 days after menstruation for three consecutive menstrual cycles. Serum vitamin D levels, renal function, and liver enzymes were also measured before and after intervention.

A total of 76 subjects (38 in each group) were recruited into the trial. Curcumin significantly increased the median (IQR) serum levels of vitamin D [from 12.8 ng/ml (7.0–24.6) to 16.2 ng/ml (6.4–28.8); P = 0.045], compared with placebo [from 18.6 ng/ml (2.2–26.8) to 21.3 ng/ml (5.2–27.1); P = 0.17]. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and direct bilirubin were reduced by the end of trial in the curcumin group (p < 0.05), but did not change significantly in the control group (p > 0.05). Finally, no significant differences in levels of fasting blood glucose were detected between curcumin and placebo groups.

Curcumin supplementation in women with PMS and dysmenorrhea led to a significant improvement of vitamin D, liver function enzyme test, but did not affect blood glucose.

The trial was registered on Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials registry (Trial ID: IRCT20191112045424N1 on 23 January 2020; available at https://www.irct.ir).

Vitamin D status has been associated with the presence and severity of several premenstrual symptoms (PMSx) in some, but not all studies. Inconsistencies among findings may be explained by unaccounted genetic variation in the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

To determine whether associations between vitamin D status and individual PMSx are influenced by VDR genotype.

Seven hundred sixteen women aged 20-29 years old from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health study provided plasma samples and completed a questionnaire on the presence and severity of 15 common PMSx. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was measured and participants were categorized into sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L) and insufficient (< 50 nmol/L) vitamin D status groups. DNA was obtained from blood samples to genotype for a common VDR single nucleotide variant, rs796858. Using logistic regression, odds of experiencing PMSx were compared between vitamin D-sufficient and insufficient women, stratified by genotype.

Among CC homozygotes, insufficient vitamin D status was associated with higher odds of experiencing premenstrual fatigue (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.40, 4.56) and nausea (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.00, 5.95). Among TT homozygotes, insufficient vitamin D status was associated with lower odds of experiencing fatigue (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.20, 0.97) and increased appetite (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.22, 1.04). Insufficient vitamin D status was associated with higher odds of increased appetite in women with the CT genotype (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.03, 3.07). VDR genotype modified the association between vitamin D status and the following PMSx: increased appetite (interaction p = 0.027), fatigue (interaction p = 0.016), and nausea (interaction p = 0.039).

We found evidence that VDR genotype may modify the association between 25(OH)D and some PMSx. Insufficient 25(OH)D was associated with a higher risk of premenstrual fatigue in those with the CC genotype, but lower risk in those with the TT genotype.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12263-021-00696-2.

• PMS
• breast pain
• generalized aches and pains
• premenopausal women
• premenstrual syndrome
• vitamin D

• Dysmenorrhea
• Hs-CRP
• Neutrophil
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Vitamin A

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems for women, especially during their reproductive age. Various studies have examined the effects of vitamins D and E and ginger supplements. This study aimed to investigate the individual effects of each of these supplements on dysmenorrhea.

This single-blind clinical trial was conducted in 2016 on students aged 18 to 25 years who complained of mild to severe dysmenorrhea. The participants were randomly assigned into 4 groups: vitamin D, vitamin E, ginger, and placebo. The effects of the supplements on the severity of dysmenorrhea were evaluated in 2 successive cycles using the visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire.

Initially, 240 female students were enrolled in the study; thereafter, 40 students were excluded from the study owing to follow-up loss. The average VAS score for dysmenorrhea in the entire study population was 7.13±0.80 before the intervention; the mean VAS score after the first and second months of supplement use was 5.37±1.51 and 4.93±1.48, respectively. The highest reduction in pain severity was observed in the ginger group (F=74.54, P<0.001).

Vitamin D, vitamin E, and ginger significantly reduced the severity of dysmenorrhea, with ginger having the most significant effect followed by vitamin D and vitamin E. Given the low risk of these supplements, more studies must be conducted on their use as opposed to analgesics.

• Dysmenorrhea
• Ginger
• Menstrual cycle
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin E

• Down syndrome
• autism spectrum disorder
• child development disorders
• infant
• newborn
• prevention
• vitamin D

• Autism Spectrum Disorder/blood
• California
• Case-Control Studies
• Child, Preschool
• Developmental Disabilities/blood
• Female
• Humans
• Infant, Newborn
• Logistic Models
• Male
• Neonatal Screening
• Vitamin D/blood

• R21 ES021330 NIEHS NIH HHS
• P50 MH106438 NIMH NIH HHS
• R01 ES015359 NIEHS NIH HHS
• P30 ES023513 NIEHS NIH HHS
• P01-11269 NIH HHS
• R01 ES025574 NIEHS NIH HHS
• K12 HD051958 NICHD NIH HHS

• PSST questionnaire
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Vitamin D
• Young girls

• PMS
• Vitamin D
• meta-analysis
• premenstrual syndrome
• systematic review

• Calcium
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Vitamin D

• Dairy product
• Dysmenorrhea
• Parathyroid hormone
• Visual analogue scale
• Vitamin D

• 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
• Premenstrual symptoms
• Vitamin D

• adult women
• cytokines
• inflammation
• self-reported symptoms
• vitamin D

It is estimated that up to 75% of premenopausal women experience at least one premenstrual symptom and 8–20% meet clinical criteria for premenstrual syndrome. Premenstrual syndrome substantially reduces quality of life for many women of reproductive age, with pharmaceutical treatments having limited efficacy and substantial side effects. Physical activity has been recommended as a method of reducing menstrual symptom severity. However, this recommendation is based on relatively little evidence, and the relationship between physical activity, premenstrual symptoms, and premenstrual syndrome remains unclear.

We evaluated the relationship between physical activity and premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual symptoms among 414 women aged 18–31. Usual premenstrual symptom experience was assessed with a modified version of the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences. Total, physical, and affective premenstrual symptom scores were calculated for all participants. Eighty women met criteria for moderate-to-severe premenstrual syndrome, while 89 met control criteria. Physical activity, along with dietary and lifestyle factors, was assessed by self-report.

Physical activity was not significantly associated with total, affective, or physical premenstrual symptom score. Compared to the women with the lowest activity, women in tertiles 2 and 3 of activity, classified as metabolic equivalent task hours, had prevalence odds ratios for premenstrual syndrome of 1.5 (95% CI: 0.6–3.7) and 0.9 (95% CI: 0.4–2.4), respectively (p-value for trend = 0.85).

We found no association between physical activity and either premenstrual symptom scores or the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome.

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Body Mass Index
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Exercise
• Female
• Humans
• Odds Ratio
• Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis
• Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Recreation
• Young Adult

• University of Massachusetts, Amherst

• Blood coagulation
• serum proteomics
• sexual dimorphism
• vitamin D

• Adolescents
• Mood disorders
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Vitamin D

• blood pressure
• diastolic pressure
• menstrual cycle
• premenstrual syndrome

• Biomarkers
• correlation
• cytokines
• inflammation
• plasma
• urine

The objective of this study was to investigate whether there was a correlation between catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism, which is believed to play a role in the etiology of psychotic disorders, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

Fifty-three women with regular menstrual cycles, aged between 18 and 46 years and diagnosed with PMS according to the American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology criteria were included in this study as the study group, and 53 healthy women having no health problems were selected as the controls. Venous blood was collected from all patients included in the study and kept at -18℃ prior to analysis.

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic features such as age, body mass index, number of pregnancies, parity, and number of children. No statistically significant difference was observed in terms of COMT gene polymorphism (p=0.61) between women in the PMS and the control groups. However, a significant difference was found between arthralgia, which is an indicator of PMS, and low-enzyme activity COMT gene (Met/Met) polymorphism (p=0.04).

These results suggested that there was no significant relationship between PMS and COMT gene polymorphism. Since we could not find a direct correlation between the COMT gene polymorphism and PMS, further studies including alternative neurotransmitter pathways are needed to find an effective treatment for this disease.

• Catechol-o-methyltransferase
• Etiology
• Neurotransmitter
• Premenstrual syndrome

Moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects 8–20 percent of premenopausal women. Previous studies suggest that high dietary vitamin D intake may reduce risk. However, vitamin D status is influenced by both dietary vitamin D intake and sunlight exposure and the association of vitamin D status with PMS remains unclear.

We assessed the relation of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), total calcium and parathyroid hormone levels with risk of PMS and specific menstrual symptoms in a case–control study nested within the prospective Nurses’ Health Study II. Cases were 401 women free from PMS at baseline who developed PMS during follow-up (1991–2005). Controls were women not experiencing PMS (1991–2005), matched 1:1 with cases on age and other factors. Timed luteal phase blood samples were collected between 1996 and 1999 from cases and controls. We used conditional logistic regression to model the relation of 25OHD levels with risk of PMS and individual menstrual symptoms.

In analyses of all cases and controls, 25OHD levels were not associated with risk of PMS. However, results differed when the timing of blood collection vs. PMS diagnosis was considered. Among cases who had already been diagnosed with PMS at the time of blood collection (n = 279), 25OHD levels were positively associated with PMS, with each 10 nmol/L change in 25OHD associated with a 13% higher risk. Among cases who developed PMS after blood collection (n = 123), 25OHD levels were unrelated to risk of PMS overall, but inversely related to risk of specific menstrual symptoms. For example, each 10 nmol/L increase was associated with a significant 21% lower risk of breast tenderness (P = 0.02). Total calcium or parathyroid hormone levels were unrelated to PMS.

25OHD levels were not associated with overall risk of PMS. The positive association observed among women already experiencing PMS at the time of 25OHD measurement is likely due to confounding by indication related to use of dietary supplements to treat menstrual symptoms. Results from prospective analyses, which were less likely influenced by this bias, suggest that higher 25OHD levels may be inversely related to the development of specific menstrual symptoms.

• 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D
• 1,25(OH)2D
• 25-OHD
• 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3
• DBP
• Elocalcitol
• Endometrium
• Gc
• Gc-protein derived macrophage-activating factor
• GcMAF
• HOXA 10 gene
• HOXA10
• IBD
• MMP
• OPN
• Osteopontin
• VD
• VD binding protein
• VD responsive element
• VDRE
• Vitamin D binding protein
• group-specific component
• homeobox A10
• inflammatory bowel disease
• matrix metalloproteinase
• vitamin D

• Animals
• Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
• Autoimmunity
• Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives
• Calcitriol/blood
• Calcitriol/pharmacology
• Chronic Pain/etiology
• Dietary Supplements
• Dysmenorrhea/drug therapy
• Dysmenorrhea/etiology
• Endometriosis/complications
• Endometriosis/immunology
• Endometriosis/metabolism
• Endometrium/metabolism
• Endometrium/pathology
• Female
• Homeobox A10 Proteins
• Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
• Humans
• Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
• Infertility, Female/etiology
• Infertility, Female/prevention & control
• Mice
• Osteopontin/genetics
• Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
• Vitamin D/administration & dosage
• Vitamin D/immunology
• Vitamin D/metabolism

• premenstrual symptoms
• primary dysmenorrheal
• vitamin d
• parathyroid hormone
• dairy products

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Dysmenorrhea/physiopathology
• Female
• Humans
• Parathyroid Hormone/blood
• Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology
• Premenstrual Syndrome/physiopathology
• Prevalence
• Vitamin D/blood
• Young Adult

• female tract
• sperm quality
• oocyte quality
• environmental
• effects

• Animals
• Female
• Humans
• Infertility, Female/complications
• Pandemics
• Pregnancy
• Reproduction
• Vitamin D/physiology
• Vitamin D Deficiency/complications
• Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology

• R21 HD066355 NICHD NIH HHS

To determine the prevalence of premenstrual cyclic symptoms in perimenopausal age.

Women attending Bhavan's SPARC Maitreyi's Health Care Programme (HCP) for women around 40 years of age were included in the study. Last 200 women who attended from April 2002 to October 2004 are included for analysis. Out of these 107 qualified for final analysis as others were post hysterectomy or post menopausal. Thirty five symptoms listed under premenstrual tension syndrome were analysed.

Forty one women (38.3%) had 3 or more symptoms whilst 15 (14.0%) had 5 or more cyclic symptoms. Five women (4.7%) reported that the symptoms were severe. Eleven women had seeked treatment for premenstrual tension syndrome (PMTS). The commonest symptom was mastalgia or heaviness of breasts. Next was whilst also was reported by several women. Women reported anger attacks and reported depression.

PMTS was common between 36 and 55 years. About half of them have experienced 3 more symptoms and 1 in 20 may require treatment.

• Premenstrual tension
• perimenopause
• premenstrual tension syndrome