• Brain metastases
• Breast cancer
• HER2
• Radiation
• Recurrence
• Surgery

• Humans
• Female
• Brain Neoplasms/secondary
• Brain Neoplasms/surgery
• Brain Neoplasms/mortality
• Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
• Breast Neoplasms/pathology
• Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
• Breast Neoplasms/surgery
• Breast Neoplasms/mortality
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Adult
• Neurosurgical Procedures/methods
• Treatment Outcome
• Radiosurgery
• Prognosis

• antitumor
• calycosin
• cancer
• mechanism
• tumor

• Isoflavones/therapeutic use
• Isoflavones/pharmacology
• Humans
• Phytoestrogens/therapeutic use
• Phytoestrogens/pharmacology
• Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Cell Proliferation/drug effects
• Apoptosis/drug effects
• Cell Movement/drug effects
• Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
• Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology

• Breast cancer
• CD147
• Drug resistance
• Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT)
• MAPK/ERK signaling pathway

• Female
• Humans
• Breast Neoplasms/genetics
• Breast Neoplasms/pathology
• Cadherins/metabolism
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cell Movement
• Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
• Fluorouracil
• MAP Kinase Signaling System
• Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
• MCF-7 Cells
• Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
• Signal Transduction
• Vimentin/genetics
• Vimentin/metabolism
• Basigin/genetics

• 82201722 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 20210302123491 the Basic Research Program (Free Exploration) of Shanxi Province, China
• 2022XM58 Four "Batches" Innovation Project of Invigorating Medical through Science and Technology of Shanxi Province
• 20210302124277 the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province, China
• 2020007 the scientific research project of Shanxi Province Health Commission
• 2021YJ06 the scientific research fund of Shanxi Bethune Hospital
• Four “Batches” Innovation Project of Invigorating Medical through Science and Technology of Shanxi Province

• COVID-19 outbreak
• Cancer management
• Immune system
• Infection
• SARS-CoV-2
• Therapy
• mRNA vaccines

• Humans
• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• Pandemics
• Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
• Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Neoplasms/therapy

• MEDnoTE srl

• breast cancer
• chemotherapy
• loco-regional treatment
• metastasis
• surgery

• Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
• Chemoembolization, Therapeutic
• Combined Modality Therapy
• Embolization, Therapeutic
• Humans
• Liver Neoplasms/secondary
• Liver Neoplasms/therapy
• Medical Oncology
• Treatment Outcome

Despite advancements in therapies, brain metastasis in patients with triple negative subtype of breast cancer remains a therapeutic challenge. Activated microglia are often observed in close proximity to, or within, malignant tumor masses, suggesting a critical role that microglia play in brain tumor progression. Annexin-A1 (ANXA1), a glucocorticoid-regulated protein with immune-regulatory properties, has been implicated in the growth and metastasis of many cancers. Its role in breast cancer-microglia signaling crosstalk is not known.

The importance of microglia proliferation and activation in breast cancer to brain metastasis was evaluated in MMTV-Wnt1 spontaneous mammary tumor mice and BALBc mice injected with 4T1 murine breast cancer cells into the carotid artery using flow cytometry. 4T1 induced-proliferation and migration of primary microglia and BV2 microglia cells were evaluated using 2D and coculture transwell assays. The requirement of ANXA1 in these functions was examined using a Crispr/Cas9 deletion mutant of ANXA1 in 4T1 breast cancer cells as well as BV2 microglia. Small molecule inhibition of the ANXA1 receptor FPR1 and FPR2 were also examined. The signaling pathways involved in these interactions were assessed using western blotting. The association between lymph node positive recurrence-free patient survival and distant metastasis-free patient survival and ANXA1 and FPR1 and FPR2 expression was examined using TCGA datasets.

Microglia activation is observed prior to brain metastasis in MMTV-Wnt1 mice with primary and secondary metastasis in the periphery. Metastatic 4T1 mammary cancer cells secrete ANXA1 to promote microglial migration, which in turn, enhances tumor cell migration. Silencing of ANXA1 in 4T1 cells by Crispr/Cas9 deletion, or using inhibitors of FPR1 or FPR2 inhibits microglia migration and leads to reduced activation of STAT3. Finally, elevated ANXA1, FPR1 and FPR2 is significantly associated with poor outcome in lymph node positive patients, particularly, for distant metastasis free patient survival.

The present study uncovered a network encompassing autocrine/paracrine ANXA1 signaling between metastatic mammary cancer cells and microglia that drives microglial recruitment and activation. Inhibition of ANXA1 and/or its receptor may be therapeutically rewarding in the treatment of breast cancer and secondary metastasis to the brain.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-022-01514-2.

• Breast cancer
• Cancer immunotherapy
• DNA-based vaccine
• Dendritic cell vaccines
• Peptide-based vaccine

Background: The role of surgery and surgery type in de novo stage IV breast cancer (BC) is unclear.

Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort study that included the data of 4,108 individuals with de novo stage IV BC abstracted from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) data resource from 2010 to 2015. The patients were stratified into the non-surgery group, breast-conserving (BCS) surgery group, and mastectomy group. Inverse probability propensity score weighting (IPTW) was then used to balance clinicopathologic factors. Overall survival (OS), as well as the breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), was assessed in the three groups using Kaplan–Meier analysis and COX model. Subgroups were stratified by metastatic sites for analysis.

Results: Of the 4,108 patients, 48.5% received surgery and were stratified into the BCS group (574 cases) and mastectomy group (1,419 cases). After IPTW balance demographic and clinicopathologic factors, BCS and mastectomy groups had better OS (BCS group: HR, 0.61; 95% CI: 0.49–0.75; mastectomy group: HR, 0.7; 95% CI: 0.63–0.79) and BCSS (BCS group: HR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.47–0.75; mastectomy group: HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.63–0.81) than the non-therapy group. Subgroup analyses revealed that BCS, rather than mastectomy, was linked to better OS (HR, 0.66; 95% CI: 0.48–0.91) and BCSS (HR, 0.63; 95% CI: 0.45–0.89) for patients with bone-only metastasis. For patients with viscera metastasis or bone+viscera metastases, BCS achieved similar OS (viscera metastasis: HR, 1.05; 95% CI: 0.74–1.48; bone+viscera metastases: HR, 1.01; 95% CI: 0.64–1.61) and BCSS (viscera metastasis: HR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.64–1.38; bone+viscera metastases: HR, 1.06; 95% CI: 0.66–1.73) in contrast with mastectomy.

Conclusions: Local surgery for patients with distant metastasis (DS) exhibited a remarkable survival advantage in contrast with non-operative management. BCS may have more survival benefits for patients with de novo stage IV BC with bone-only metastasis than other metastatic sites. Decisions on de novo stage IV BC primary surgery should be tailored to the metastatic pattern.

• IPTW
• SEER
• de novo stage IV BC
• metastatic patterns
• surgery

Bendamustine, a medication approved for the treatment of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has already shown anticancer activity in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Here, we present the results of a phase II trial of bendamustine in combination with capecitabine in pre-treated patients with MBC.

AGMT MBC-6 is a multicentre, open-label, single-arm phase II study in HER2-negative MBC. All patients were pre-treated with anthracyclines and/or taxans and had measurable disease. Patients received per os 1000 mg/m² capecitabine twice daily on days 1 to 14 in combination with 80 mg/m² bendamustine intravenously on days 1 and 8 of a 3-week cycle for a maximum of eight cycles, followed by a capecitabine maintenance therapy. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR).

From September 2013 to May 2015, 40 patients were recruited in eight Austrian centres. The median age was 60 years (range 29–77). Twenty-five per cent of patients had triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and 93% showed visceral involvement. With 17 partial and one complete remission, ORR was 46%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.5 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.1–10.7]. The most common non-haematological adverse events (AEs) of grade 3 were hand-foot syndrome (13%), fatigue (10%), nausea (8%), and dyspnoea (8%). One grade 4 non-haematological AE (hepatic failure) and three grade 4 haematological AEs (neutropenia) were observed. One patient died of restrictive cardiomyopathy, in which a relationship to capecitabine cannot be excluded, but seems unlikely.

The combination of capecitabine and bendamustine shows promising efficacy and moderate toxicity. Further evaluation of this drug combination is warranted.

The clinical trial AGMT MBC-6 was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, (https://clinicaltrials.gov/; identifier: NCT01891227).

• advanced breast cancer
• chemotherapy
• combination therapy

• Metastatic breast cancer
• Neighborhood socioeconomic index
• Surgery
• Survival

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Breast Neoplasms/surgery
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Income
• Middle Aged
• Residence Characteristics
• Social Class
• Young Adult

• K12 CA133250 NCI NIH HHS

In this study, we investigated the effects of calycosin on breast cancer cell progression and their underlying mechanisms. Calycosin dose- and time-dependently inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion by T47D and MCF-7 breast cancer cells by downregulating basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (BATF) expression. Moreover, BATF promoted breast cancer cell migration and invasiveness by increasing TGFβ1 mRNA and protein levels. Bioinformatics analysis, dual luciferase reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the presence of BATF-binding sites in the promoter sequence of TGFβ1 gene. Calycosin treatment inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells by significantly increasing E-cadherin levels and decreasing N-cadherin, Vimentin, CD147, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels through downregulation of BATF and TGFβ1. TGFβ1 knockdown reduced the migration and invasiveness of BATF-overexpressing breast cancer cells, whereas incubation with TGFβ1 enhanced the migration and invasiveness of calycosin-treated breast cancer cells. Our findings demonstrated that calycosin inhibited EMT and progression of breast cancer cells by suppressing BATF/TGFβ1 signaling. This suggests calycosin would be a promising therapeutic option for breast cancer patients.

• BATF
• TGFβ1
• breast cancer
• calycosin
• invasion and metastasis

To compare the efficacy and safety between pyrotinib (Pyr) and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in pre-treated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients.

A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science was performed in August 2020. Randomized clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety between different anti-HER2 regimens in patients pre-treated with trastuzumab (Tra) and a taxane in metastatic settings (≤second-line treatment) were included. A fixed effects network meta-analysis based on the Bayesian inferential framework was conducted for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs). Values of surface under cumulative ranking probability curve (SUCRA) were calculated to offer a ranking of all regimens.

Twelve studies with 4,353 subjects were identified. Nine regimens were included into the network: T-DM1, lapatinib-capecitabine (Lap-Cap), Tra-Cap, Cap, neratinib (Ner), pertuzumab (Per)-Tra-Cap, Pyr-Cap, atezolizumab (Ate)-T-DM1, and Ner-Cap. For PFS, Pyr-Cap was more favorable than T-DM1 (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.77, 0.70–0.86), Lap-Cap (0.64, 0.59–0.69), Tra-Cap (0.63, 0.56–0.70), Cap (0.50, 0.45–0.56), Ner (0.59, 0.51–0.69), Per-Tra-Cap (0.68, 0.59–0.79), and Ner-Cap (0.72, 0.64–0.81). For OS, Pyr-Cap showed further improvement than Lap-Cap (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.71, 0.52–0.99), Cap (0.68, 0.49–0.96), and Ner (0.65, 0.45–0.94). For ORR, Pyr-Cap was significantly superior than Cap (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 7.87, 1.22–56.51). No significant difference was observed in grade ≥3 AEs among all the regimens. Pyr-Cap ranked in the highest in PFS, OS, ORR, and grade ≥3 AEs (SUCRA = 99.4, 89.7, 86.4, and 89.3%).

These results indicate that Pyr may be more effective than T-DM1 in HER2+ MBC patients pre-treated with Tra and a taxane. However, it may be associated with more grade ≥3 AEs.

• human epidermal growth factor
• metastatic breast cancer
• network meta-analysis
• pyrotinib
• trastuzumab emtansine

• Delta like canonical Notch ligand 3
• Immune infiltration
• Invasive breast cancer
• P53 signaling pathway
• Prognosis biomarker

Background: Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors are frequently used anti-cancer agents in hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. This study assessed the course of research and development (R&D) for CDK4/6 inhibitors in terms of publications over the past two decades.

Methods: The Web of Science (WOS) and PubMed databases were searched to identify publications related to research on CDK4/6 inhibitors since 2001. The VOS Viewer software was used to analyze co-occurring keywords to stratify the publication data and collaborations in research.

Results: There were 1395 publications related to research on CDK4/6 inhibitors since 2001. Eight of the top 10 institutions originated from the USA and the other two were a Swiss Pharmaceutical Company and French Research Institute. Bardia A, the first author for some of the articles published in the USA, was the most prolific with 25 publications. The journal with the most publications was Cancer Res with 162 publications. Basic research comprised six of the 10 most frequently cited publications and the rest consisted of three reviews and a clinical trial. The most common keywords for publications since 2011 were “palbociclib”, “abemaciclib”, “ribociclib” and “double blind”, indicating the successful development of CDK4/6 inhibitors as anticancer drugs.

Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive review of the CDK4/6 inhibitors R&D history. The data imply that drug development in this field is a decade-long process and clinical trials have been performed before clinical applications. Thereafter, research was conducted on the adverse effects and drug resistance associated with the inhibitors.

• CDK4/6 inhibitor
• anti-cancer agents
• basic research
• clinical trial
• publications

Patients with advanced-stage breast cancer often demonstrate pancreatic metastases. However, pancreatic metastases resection from breast cancer has been rarely performed, with only 20 cases having been reported to date.

A 49-year-old woman presented to our hospital in September 2003 with complaints of uncontrollable oozing from her left breast tumor. Computed tomography revealed a left breast tumor approximately 9.3 cm in diameter as well as heterogeneously enhanced solid mass lesions with necrotic foci in the pancreatic tail and body, up to 6.2 cm, which were radiologically diagnosed as pancreatic metastases from breast cancer. An emergent left simple mastectomy was performed to control bleeding. After epirubicin and cyclophosphamide hydrate treatment failed to improve her condition, the pancreatic metastases responded to weekly paclitaxel treatment, but eventually regrew. The patient underwent distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy, left adrenalectomy, partial stomach resection, and paraaortic lymph nodes excision in December 2004 after no other metastasis was confirmed. Furthermore, she received radiation therapy for left parasternal lymph node metastasis 6 months later. The patient recovered well. Consequently, she has no evidence of disease > 15 years after pancreatectomy.

This is the first reported case of pancreatectomy for pancreatic metastases from breast cancer, which was simultaneously diagnosed. Patients with no metastasis other than resectable pancreatic metastases and breast cancer and who possess some sensitivity for chemotherapy may benefit from pancreatectomy.

• Breast cancer
• Oligometastases
• Pancreatectomy
• Pancreatic metastasis

• alpelisib
• drug screens
• granulosa cell tumors
• ovarian cancer
• targeted treatment

• . Granulosa Fund Philine van Esch

Background: In metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, no biomarker predicting benefit to a bevacizumab-containing therapy has been established yet. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in angiogenesis and treatment resistance and therefore could be of predictive value. Methods: Profiling of 754 miRNAs was performed in tumor samples of 58 MBC patients treated with a bevacizumab-containing first-line regimen (learning set). Based on progression-free survival (PFS), patients were divided into responders (R) and non-responders (NR). Differentially expressed miRNAs between R and NR were analyzed in a cohort of 57 patients treated with first-line chemotherapy without bevacizumab (control set), to exclude miRNAs providing prognostic information. MiRNA candidates significantly associated with PFS in multivariate analysis were further validated in tumor samples of 203 patients treated within the phase III trial TANIA randomizing between chemotherapy either alone or with bevacizumab after progression on first-line bevacizumab. Results: Low expression of miR-20a-5p (multivariate p = 0.035) and miR-21-5p (multivariate p = 0.004) were significantly associated with longer PFS in the learning set, but not in the control set. In samples from the TANIA trial, low expression of miR-20a-5p was also significantly associated with longer PFS (hazard ration (HR) 0.60; 95%-CI 0.37–0.89; p = 0.012) and longer overall survival (OS; HR 0.54; 95%-CI 0.32–0.83; p = 0.007) in the bevacizumab arm but not in the chemotherapy-only arm (PFS: HR 0.73, p = 0.119; OS: HR 1.01; p = 0.964). For miR-21-5p no significant association with PFS or OS in both treatment arms was observed. Conclusion: MiR-20a-5p expression in breast cancer tissue was predictive for a greater benefit from bevacizumab-containing therapy in two independent cohorts.

• bevacizumab
• breast cancer
• miR-20a-5p
• microRNA
• predictive biomarker

• Breast surgery
• Prognosis
• Stage IV breast cancer
• Stratified analysis

Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide, however its molecular pathogenesis still needs in-depth investigation. Here we first revealed that the olfactory receptor family 2, subfamily T, member 6 (OR2T6) was significantly over-expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast tissues. OR2T6 expression was tightly correlated with higher TNM staging, positive lymph node metastasis, and associated with poorer patients' overall and disease-free survival. And OR2T6 enhanced the proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of breast cancer cell lines in vitro (MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231). Mechanically, it promoted the expression of mesenchymal markers (Vimentin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin) while inhibited E-cadherin expression, suggesting that OR2T6 played a key role in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Moreover, the human gene expression microarray clarified that MAPK/ERK pathway could be initiated by OR2T6 at mRNA level, which was further confirmed at protein level by western blot analysis. Thus, we concluded that OR2T6, as a novel oncogene, contributed to the progression of breast carcinoma by the initiation of EMT and MAPK/ERK pathway.

• MAPK/ERK pathway
• OR2T6
• breast carcinoma
• epithelial-mesenchymal transition
• prognosis

• Brain metastases
• Breast cancer
• HER2
• Radiation
• Recurrence
• Subtype

• Adult
• Aged
• Biomarkers, Tumor
• Biopsy
• Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Brain Neoplasms/radiotherapy
• Brain Neoplasms/secondary
• Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Breast Neoplasms/pathology
• Cause of Death
• Female
• Humans
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
• Neoplasm Staging
• Prognosis
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Retrospective Studies
• Treatment Outcome

• Age
• Disparities
• Metastasis
• Overall survival
• SEER

• Breast cancer liver metastasis; Radiofrequency ablation; Hepatic resection; Prognosis; Meta-analysis

Cancer immunotherapy has evolved dramatically with improved understanding of immune microenvironment and immunosurveillance. The immunogenicity of breast cancer is rather heterogeneous. Specific subtypes of breast cancer such as estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, human EGF receptor 2 (HER2)-positive, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have shown evidence of immunogenicity based on tumor–immune interactions. Several preclinical and clinical studies have explored the potential for immunotherapy to improve the clinical outcomes for different subtypes of breast cancer. This review describes the immune microenvironment of HER2-positive breast cancer and summarizes recent clinical advances of immunotherapeutic treatments in this breast cancer subtype. The review provides rationale and ongoing clinical evidence to the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and adoptive T cell immunotherapy in breast cancer. In addition, the present paper describes the most relevant clinical progress of strategies for the combination of immunotherapy with standard treatment modalities in HER2-positive breast cancer including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy.

• HER2
• breast cancer
• checkpoint inhibitors
• immunotherapy
• vaccines

• PI3K/AKT
• PTEN
• PUF60
• breast cancer
• proliferation
• tumorigenesis

• Akt
• Everolimus
• Hormone receptor positive/Her2-negative breast cancer
• PI3K
• TORC1/2
• mTOR

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases which are generally associated with poor prognosis. Up to now, no targeted treatment beyond anti-VEGF therapy has been approved for TNBC and cytotoxic agents remain the mainstay of treatment. Ixazomib is a selective and reversible inhibitor of the proteasome, which has been mainly investigated in the treatment of multiple myeloma. In a preclinical study TNBC cells were treated with the first-generation proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with cisplatin and synergistic efficacy was demonstrated. Clinical data are available for carboplatin plus bortezomib in metastatic ovarian and lung cancers showing remarkable antitumor activity and good tolerability (Mol Cancer 11:26 2012, J Thorac Oncol 4:87–92 2009, J Thorac Oncol 7:1032–1040, 2012). Based on this evidence, the phase I/II MBC-10 trial will evaluate the toxicity profile and efficacy of the second-generation proteasome inhibitor ixazomib in combination with carboplatin in patients with advanced TNBC.

Patients with metastatic TNBC pretreated with at least one prior line of chemotherapy for advanced disease with a confirmed disease progression and measurable disease according to RECIST criteria 1.1 are eligible for this study. Patients will receive ixazomib in combination with carboplatin on days 1, 8, and 15 in a 28-day cycle. The phase I part of this study utilizes an alternate dose escalation accelerated titration design. After establishing the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the efficacy and safety of the combination will be further evaluated (phase II, including 41 evaluable patients). All patients will continue on study drugs until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or discontinuation for any other reason. Primary endpoint of the phase II is overall response rate, secondary endpoints include progression-free survival, safety, and quality of life. This trial is open for patient enrollment since November 2016 in six Austrian cancer centers. Accrual is planned to be completed within 2 years.

Based on preclinical and clinical findings an ixazomib and carboplatin combination is thought to be effective in metastatic TNBC patients. The MBC-10 trial is accompanied by a broad biomarker program investigating predictive biomarkers for treatment response and potential resistance mechanisms to the investigational drug combination.

EudraCT Number: 2016–001421-13 received on March 31, 2016, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02993094 first posted on December 15, 2016. This trial was registered prospectively.

• Breast cancer
• Carboplatin
• Ixazomib
• Platinum
• Proteasome inhibitor
• Triple-negative

• HER2 status
• Metastatic breast cancer
• Oral vinorelbine
• Progression-free survival

• asbestos
• combinatorial chemotherapy
• epithelioid mesothelioma
• immunotherapy
• malignant mesothelioma
• targeted therapy

• Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
• Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
• Clinical Trials as Topic
• Combined Modality Therapy
• Humans
• Immunotherapy
• Lung Neoplasms/mortality
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Lung Neoplasms/therapy
• Mesothelioma/mortality
• Mesothelioma/pathology
• Mesothelioma/therapy
• Mesothelioma, Malignant
• Molecular Targeted Therapy
• Treatment Outcome

• AVX901
• INO-1400
• NeuVax
• breast cancer
• vaccines