Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with gallstone disease in the United States hospitalized patient population

Table 1 Age- and sex-standardized characteristics of hospitalizations

	No gallstone disease (n = 13760769)	All gallstone disease (n = 534015)	P value
NAFLD (%)	1.0	3.3	< 0.001
Age, yr (mean ± SD)	48.8 ± 27.6	63.2 ± 18.1	< 0.001
Gender (%)
Male	43.7	35.7	< 0.001
Female	56.3	64.3	< 0.001
Race (%)
White	64.9	72.1	< 0.001
Black	15.4	11.8	< 0.001
Hispanic	12.4	11.2	< 0.001
Others	7.3	4.9	< 0.001
Payment (%)
Medicare	39.4	58.0	< 0.001
Medicaid	23.5	13.6	< 0.001
Private insurance	29.9	22.8	< 0.001
Others (includes self-pay)	7.1	5.5	< 0.001
Co-morbidities (%)
Alcohol abuse	1.6	2.3	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	13.2	18.9	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	22.6	33.4	< 0.001
Hypertension	29.8	43.0	< 0.001
Metabolic syndrome	0.1	0.2	< 0.001
Nicotine dependence	29.6	40.1	< 0.001
Obesity	7.5	5.4	< 0.001

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Table 2 Logistic regression odds ratios for the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with gallstone disease

	Age-adjusted			Multivariate-adjusted1
	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
All
Gallstone disease2	2.99	2.94-3.03	< 0.001	2.75	2.70-2.79	< 0.001
Gallstones	6.85	6.67-7.03	< 0.001	6.32	6.15-6.48	< 0.001
Cholecystectomy	2.14	2.10-2.18	< 0.001	1.97	1.93-2.01	< 0.001
Men
Gallstone disease	3.09	3.01-3.17	< 0.001	2.90	2.82-2.97	< 0.001
Gallstones	7.32	7.05-7.59	< 0.001	6.67	6.42-6.93	< 0.001
Cholecystectomy	1.95	1.88-2.02	< 0.001	1.85	1.79-1.92	< 0.001
Women
Gallstone disease	2.93	2.88-3.00	< 0.001	2.63	2.58-2.69	< 0.001
Gallstones	6.48	6.26-6.72	< 0.001	6.05	5.83-6.27	< 0.001
Cholecystectomy	2.25	2.20-2.30	< 0.001	2.01	1.96-2.06	< 0.001

¹Adjusted for age, gender, race, alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, nicotine dependence, and obesity.

²Gallstone disease includes both gallstones and cholecystectomy. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.