• COVID-19
• Longitudinal volumetric changes
• Mendelian randomization
• Subcortical structures

• clinical management
• covid-19
• etiopathogenesis
• neurological manifestations
• prognostic implications
• rehabilitation

• COVID-19
• diffusion MRI
• neuroimaging
• neuropsychological assessment
• structural MRI

• Female
• Male
• Humans
• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19
• Brain
• White Matter
• Neuroimaging
• Neuropsychological Tests
• Water

• Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)

• covid-19
• magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
• neurological manifestations
• neurology
• vessel wall imaging (vwi)

• Humans
• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• COVID-19 Testing

• ADC
• COVID-19
• Diffusion weighted imaging
• Neuroinflammation

• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Male
• COVID-19/complications
• COVID-19/diagnostic imaging
• COVID-19/pathology
• Brain/pathology
• Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Gray Matter

• COVID-19
• Immunosenescence
• Long COVID
• Neuroinflammation
• Neuroinvasion
• Neuropsychiatry
• SARS-CoV-2

• Acute stroke
• COVID-19
• Critically ill patients
• Intensive care unit
• Mechanical ventilation
• Thrombectomy

During the COVID-19 pandemic, electroencephalography (EEG) proved to be a useful tool to demonstrate brain involvement. Many studies reported non-reactive generalized slowing as the most frequent pattern and epileptiform activity in a minority of patients.

To investigate the prevalence of diffuse unreactive background attenuation or suppression and its correlation with outcome in a cohort of COVID-19 patients.

The EEGs recorded during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic were retrospectively evaluated to identify the main pattern and focus on the occurrence of a low-voltage background, either attenuated (10–20 μV) or suppressed (< 10 μV). We sought a correlation between in-hospital mortality and low-voltage EEG. In a subsample of patients, biomarkers of inflammation, hypoxemia and organ failure were collected. Brain imaging was also evaluated.

Among 98 EEG performed in 50 consecutive patients, diffuse unreactive slowing was the most prevalent pattern (54%), followed by unreactive attenuation or suppression pattern (26%), being the latter significantly correlated with an unfavourable outcome (p = 0.0004). Survivors showed significantly lower interleukine-6 values compared to non-survivors. Patients with attenuated EEG and non-survivors also showed lower PaO₂/FiO₂ values. Neuroradiological findings were very heterogeneous with a prevalence of lesions suggestive of a microangiopathic substrate.

EEG attenuation or suppression may be more frequent than previously reported and significantly associated with a poor outcome. SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in encephalopathy and reduced EEG voltage through mechanisms that are still unknown but deserve attention given its negative impact on prognosis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel viral pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 primarily involves the lungs. Nucleic acid testing based on reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of respiratory samples is the current gold standard for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Imaging modalities have an established role in triaging, diagnosis, evaluation of disease severity, monitoring disease progression, extra-pulmonary involvement, and complications. As our understanding of the disease improves, there has been substantial evidence to highlight its potential for multi-systemic involvement and development of long-term sequelae. Molecular imaging techniques are highly sensitive, allowing non-invasive visualization of physiological or pathological processes at a cellular or molecular level with potential for detection of functional changes earlier than conventional radiological imaging. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the evolving role of molecular imaging in evaluation of COVID-19 sequelae. Though not ideal for diagnosis, the various modalities of molecular imaging play an important role in assessing pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sequelae of COVID-19. Perfusion imaging using single photon emission computed tomography fused with computed tomography (CT) can be utilized as a first-line imaging modality for COVID-19 related pulmonary embolism. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/CT is a sensitive tool to detect multi-systemic inflammation, including myocardial and vascular inflammation. PET in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging helps in better characterization of neurological sequelae of COVID-19. Despite the fact that the majority of published literature is retrospective in nature with limited sample sizes, it is clear that molecular imaging provides additional valuable information (complimentary to anatomical imaging) with semi-quantitative or quantitative parameters to define inflammatory burden and can be used to guide therapeutic strategies and assess response. However, widespread clinical applicability remains a challenge owing to longer image acquisition times and the need for adoption of infection control protocols.

• Molecular imaging
• Nuclear medicine
• Functional imaging
• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2
• Sequelae

The presence of neurological symptoms within the clinical range of COVID-19 disease infection has increased. This paper presents the situation of a 45-year-old man having the medical antecedent diabetes mellitus, who presented to the emergency department with fever, headache, and respiratory symptoms, nine days following vaccination with the Ad26.COV2-S COVID-19 vaccine. The patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 based on nasal polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two weeks after the presentation, he developed Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome, an autoimmune phenomenon, with painful left ophthalmoplegia. Significant improvement was seen in terms of his discomfort; however, ptosis and ocular mobility improved only moderately after treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone, and the patient was discharged on a new insulin regimen. The patient returned after four weeks and the neurological exam results showed significant signs of right hemiparesis, mixed aphasia, incomplete left ophthalmoplegia, severe headache, and agitation; after a few days, the patient experienced a depressed level of consciousness and coma. The patient’s clinical condition worsened and, unfortunately, he died. MRI brain images revealed multiple ischemic strokes, meningitis, infectious vasculitis, and hemorrhagic encephalitis, which are all serious complications of COVID-19.

• COVID-19 infection
• Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
• hemorrhagic encephalitis
• infectious/autoimmune vasculitis

• COVID-19
• hemorrhagic encephalitis
• mucormycosis