Novel approaches for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia

Figure 1 Arrhythmia substrate is deep (blue arrow), but the radiofrequency ablation lesions are not that deep. RF: Radiofrequency.

Figure 2 Endocardial and epicardial voltage mapping. A: The voltage map of the endocardium shows an area of scar. The map is color-coded to represent bipolar electro-gram voltage (red: Dense scar, 0.5 mV; purple: Normal tissue, 1.5 mV, intervening colors represent voltage values in between); B: The voltage map of the epicardium shows a larger area of scar.

Figure 3 Transcoronary alcohol ablation. Coronary angiography of the left anterior descending artery shows a septal perforator with a course to the site of earliest activity. A balloon catheter occludes this branch and ethanol is infused (blue arrows). The ablation catheter is placed at the region of earliest activity (red circle).

Figure 4 Bipolar ablation. Bipolar radiofrequency ablation between the right and left ventricular septum using two catheters.