• classification
• fetus
• prenatal diagnosis
• type I persistent left superior vena cava
• ultrasound

• Humans
• Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods
• Pregnancy
• Female
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Adult
• Vena Cava, Superior/diagnostic imaging
• Vena Cava, Superior/abnormalities
• Vena Cava, Superior/embryology
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava/diagnostic imaging
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava/classification
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava/embryology
• Reproducibility of Results
• Retrospective Studies

• Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (23JRRA1391)
• Gansu Provincal Major Science and Technology Innovation Project for the Cultivation of Young Talent in the Health Industry (GSWSQNPY2024-05)

• atrial septum
• coronary sinus
• ischemic stroke
• stroke

• coronary sinus rhythm
• electrocardiogram-aided tip localization
• persistent left superior vena cava
• sigmoid colon cancer
• totally implanted venous device

• Dilated coronary sinus
• Interventional cardiology
• Procedure complications
• Pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty
• Vascular anomalies

• Animals
• Dogs
• Balloon Valvuloplasty/veterinary
• Dog Diseases/surgery
• Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Dog Diseases/diagnosis
• Dog Diseases/congenital
• Echocardiography/veterinary
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava/veterinary
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava/complications
• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/veterinary
• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/diagnostic imaging

• Absent right superior vena cava
• Case report
• Mitral insufficiency
• Single left superior vena cava
• Surgical options
• Unroofed coronary sinus

• breast cancer
• persistent left superior vena cava
• venous infusion port

• Humans
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Catheterization, Central Venous/methods
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava
• Thoracic Wall/abnormalities
• Thoracic Wall/diagnostic imaging
• Thoracic Wall/surgery
• Breast Neoplasms/surgery
• Vena Cava, Superior/abnormalities
• Vena Cava, Superior/diagnostic imaging
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods

• Cardiac resynchronization therapy
• Defibrillator
• Pacemaker
• Persistent left superior vena cava

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Aged
• Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/methods
• Middle Aged
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava/diagnostic imaging
• Treatment Outcome
• Switzerland
• Germany
• Retrospective Studies
• Heart Failure/therapy
• Vena Cava, Superior/abnormalities
• Vena Cava, Superior/diagnostic imaging

• Atrial fibrillation
• Atrial tachycardia
• PSLVC
• Para-Hisian
• RSVC
• Triangle of Koch

• Canine
• Myxomatous mitral valve disease
• Reference intervals
• Subaortic stenosis

• Dogs
• Animals
• Male
• Female
• Echocardiography/veterinary
• Reference Values
• Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Mitral Valve Insufficiency/veterinary
• Mitral Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging

• Catheter
• Left
• Persistent
• Port-A-Cath
• SVC

• atrial fibrillation
• interruption of the inferior vena cava
• persistent left superior vena cava
• radiofrequency catheter ablation

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• Azygos vein
• Brachiocephalic vein
• Children
• Computed tomography
• Congenital heart disease
• Inferior vena cava
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Superior vena cava

• abnormal drainage
• epicardial lead
• left atrium
• pacemaker implantation
• persistent left superior vena cava

• congenital anomaly
• coronary sinus
• defibrillator
• pacemaker
• persistent left superior vena cava

Breast cancer poses a great threat to females worldwide. There are various therapies available to cure this common disease, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Implantable venous access ports (IVAP, referred to as PORT) have been widely used for breast cancer chemotherapy. Venous malformations are possible conditions encountered during PORT implantation. Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a common superior vena cava malformation. Most patients have normal right superior vena cava without affecting hemodynamics, so patients often have no obvious symptoms.

We incidentally found that two patients had PLSVC while a PORT was implanted via the internal jugular vein. Due to chemotherapy for breast cancer, PORT was successfully implanted under the guidance of ultrasound into these 2 patients. Positive chest X-ray examination after the operation showed that the catheter ran beside the left mediastinum and the end was located in the seventh thoracic vertebra. The patients had no catheter-related complications and successfully completed the course of chemotherapy. Ultrasonography found that the ratio of PORT outer diameter to PLSVC inner diameter was less than 0.45, which was in line with the recommendations of relevant literature and operating guidelines. The purpose of this article is to introduce two rare cases and review the relevant literature.

Correct assessment of PLSVC status and ultrasound-guided PORT placement generally does not affect breast cancer patients chemotherapy.

• Implantable venous access port
• Persistent left superior vena cava
• Chemotherapy
• Coronary sinus
• Case report

• Cardiovascular Abnormalities
• Computed Tomography, X-Ray
• Differential Diagnosis
• Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

• Dong-A University

• Double superior vena cava (DSVC)
• classification
• computed tomography (CT)
• quantification

• Atria
• Cardiovascular anomaly
• Coronary sinus
• Gross anatomy
• Persistent left superior vena cava

Persistence of the left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a congenital anomaly reported in 0.3–0.5% of patients. Due to the multiple and complex anatomical variations, transvenous lead placement can become challenging. We report the case of a 47-year-old patient diagnosed with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF—27%), who was referred to our clinic for implantation of a dual-chamber cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. During the procedure we encountered an abnormal guidewire trajectory and after venographic examination we established the diagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava. After difficult implantation of a 7F defibrillation lead through the coronary sinus, we managed to place the atrial lead through a narrow brachiocephalic vein into the right atrial appendage. In this paper, we aim to illustrate the medical and technical implications of implanting a cardioverter defibrillator in patients with PLSVC, highlighting the benefit of identifying and utilizing both the innominate vein, and the left superior vena cava and coronary sinus for placement of multiple leads, which would otherwise have been impossible.

• Cardiovascular imaging
• PLSVC
• dilated coronary sinus
• four-dimensional echocardiography; real-time three-dimensional echocardiography.
• multislice-computer tomography
• persistent left superior vena cava

• Left superior vena cava
• congenital

A persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most frequent anomaly of the venous drainage system. While both a right and left superior vena cava (SVC) are usually present, a unique, left-sided SVC, also known as an isolated PLSVC, accounts for only 10–20% of cases. It is frequently associated with arrhythmias and other congenital cardiac anomalies. Though it is usually an asymptomatic condition, it may pose significant problems whenever central venous access is needed. We report a case of an isolated PLSVC that was diagnosed incidentally during pacemaker implantation for sinus node dysfunction. The venous anomaly was associated with subvalvular aortic stenosis determined by a subaortic membrane; this particular association of congenital cardiovascular anomalies is a rare finding, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We aim to highlight the clinical and practical implications of this condition, as well as to discuss the embryonic development and diagnostic methods of this congenital defect.

• absent right superior vena cava
• dilated coronary sinus
• discrete subaortic stenosis
• pacemaker implantation
• persistent left superior vena cava

• Cardiac anomalies
• Clinical significance
• Computerized tomography
• Differential diagnoses
• Persistent left superior vena cava

• Coronary sinus
• Intrathoracic venous anomaly
• Isolated persistent left superior vena cava
• Left-sided superior vena cava
• PLSVC
• Persistent left superior vena cava
• TIPS
• Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

• Absent right superior vena cava
• Arrhythmia
• Computed tomography
• Persistent left superior vena cava

• absent coronary sinus
• adult
• atrioventricular canal defect
• complete heart block
• left atrium
• superior vena cava

• atrioventricular septal defect
• common atrium
• congenital heart disease
• coronary sinus
• superior vena cava

• computed tomography
• congenital malformations
• diagnostic imaging
• oesophageal atresia
• thoracic malformations

• CHD
• anatomy
• cardiovascular surgery
• congenital heart disease
• myocardial protection

• Aortic coarctation (MeSH)
• Echocardiography (MeSH)
• Genetic diseases
• Persistent left superior vena cava
• Prenatal (MeSH)
• Prenatal diagnosis (MeSH)
• Ultrasonography

• Congenital heart disease
• Coronary sinus
• Left superior vena cava
• Persistent

• Adolescent
• Asymptomatic Diseases
• Brachiocephalic Veins/embryology
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Coronary Sinus/abnormalities
• Coronary Sinus/diagnostic imaging
• Female
• Heart Defects, Congenital/complications
• Heterotaxy Syndrome/complications
• Humans
• Incidental Findings
• Infant
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Regional Blood Flow
• Situs Inversus/complications
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed
• Vena Cava, Inferior/abnormalities
• Vena Cava, Superior/abnormalities
• Vena Cava, Superior/diagnostic imaging
• Vena Cava, Superior/embryology

• deep vein thrombosis
• peripherally inserted central venous catheter
• persistent left superior vena cava
• superior vena cava

• Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
• Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
• Arm
• Catheterization, Peripheral/adverse effects
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/complications
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
• Ovarian Neoplasms/complications
• Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Vascular Malformations/complications
• Vena Cava, Superior/abnormalities
• Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis
• Venous Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging
• Venous Thrombosis/etiology

• Device closure
• Patent foramen ovale
• Transesophageal echocardiography

• Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods
• Follow-Up Studies
• Foramen Ovale/anatomy & histology
• Foramen Ovale/diagnostic imaging
• Foramen Ovale/surgery
• Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging
• Foramen Ovale, Patent/surgery
• Humans

• congenital heart defects
• superior vena cava
• ultrasonography

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a common vena cava malformation, and drains blood into the right atrium via the dilated coronary sinus in most cases. It is usually asymptomatic and detected incidentally during invasive procedures or imaging. Whether the hemodialysis catheters can be placed in PLSVC is still controversial now (Stylianou et al. Hemodial Int 11:42-45, 2007).

Here we report a rare case of catheterization through PLSVC in an end-stage renal disease (ESRD) male patient whose PLSVC connected with pulmonary vein with insufficient blood flow eventually. Among the other 28 cases included in the literature review, 16 cases were non-tunneled catheter and 12 cases were cuffed, tunneled catheter and most of them could provide adequate blood flow.

PLSVC is a rare malformation and mostly asymptotic, we believe that PLSVC drains blood into the right atrium with enough inner diameter and blood flow can serve as an alternative site for conventional dialysis access. However, the feasibility of hemodialysis catheterization through it and measures to avoid serious complications are still needed to be discussed.

• Case report
• Hemodialysis catheter
• Persistent left superior vena cava

• congenital
• persistent left superior vena cava
• right superior vena cava
• venous drainage

• cardiovascular medicine
• dialysis
• interventional radiology
• renal medicine

• Durant’s maneuver
• abdominal insufflation complications
• absent right superior vena cava
• carbon dioxide embolism
• intraoperative gas embolism
• persistent left superior vena cava
• right heart gas-lock

We present a case of 13-year-old female with Turner syndrome (TS), who presented with unexplained lower limbs swelling and ejection systolic murmur at the left second intercostal space. Suspicion of mild aortic coarctation was made by echocardiography. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed a complete interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) below the left subclavian artery with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) and absent right SVC, defined as an isolated PLSVC. The patient underwent successful surgical correction after unsuccessful trial of transcatheter stent placement. We present this case of asymptomatic IAA to draw attention to the importance of CTA in diagnosing such rare anomalies and ruling out asymptomatic major cardiovascular abnormalities in patient with TS.

• Coarctation of aorta
• Turner syndrome
• interrupted aortic arch
• left-sided superior vena cava

• Computed tomography
• Coronary sinus
• Echocardiogram
• Vascular malformation

To determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) among low‐risk pregnancies. We have also compared electrocardiography (ECG) parameters of infants with PLSVC with those of normal controls.

At our institute, fetal echocardiogram is routinely performed in the midtrimester. We retrospectively reviewed the records of prenatally diagnosed PLSVC cases from 2010 to 2014. The ECG findings in infants with isolated PLSVC were compared with those of age‐matched controls.

Sixty‐five cases of fetal PLSVC were detected during the study period. It represents 0.36% (65/18 188) of all fetal echocardiographic examinations during the study period. Twenty cases (30.8%) had other cardiac anomalies, seven cases (10.8%) were associated with extracardiac anomalies, and four cases (6.2%) had both cardiac and extracardiac anomalies, whereas in 34 cases (52.3%), the anomaly was isolated. There were no significant differences in ECG parameters between neonates with PLSVC and normal controls.

Detection of PLSVC should prompt careful search for associated anomalies. Isolated PLSVC is a benign vascular anomaly and the outcomes are excellent. © 2016 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

What's Already Known About This Topic?

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) can be accurately diagnosed prenatally and can be associated with cardiac and extracardiac anomalies.

What Does This Study Add?

We establish the incidence and clinical characteristics of PLSVC in low‐risk pregnancies.